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ISSN 2617-2909 (print) ISSN 2617-2119 (online)
Journ. Geol.Geograph.
Geoecology, 27(3), 520-528 doi:10.15421/111876
V.V. Yavorska, I.V. Hevko,V.A. Sych, K.V. Kolomiyets Journ.Geol.Geograph.Geoecology, 27(3), 520-528
Periodization of the studies of territorial organization of recreation and tourism
V.V. Yavorska1, I.V. Hevko2, V.A. Sych1, K.V. Kolomiyets1
1Odesa I .I. Mechnykov National University, Odesa, Ukraine, e-mail: [email protected] 2Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University
Abstract. The article deals with the main periods of formation of views on the territorial Received 24.10.2018; organization of recreation and tourism from the moment of the establishment of tourism
Received in revised form 17.11.2018; as an independent sphere of activity to the present. It is stressed that a great deal of Accepted 18.11.2018 scientific works are devoted to the territorial organization of recreation and tourism,
which has a hierarchical multilevel structure with a system of various connections. The purpose of this study is to periodize the scientific approaches to the territorial organization of recreation and tourism, as well as to identify current trends in this field. It was established that the first period is based on the understanding of tourism as a systemic phenomenon, during this period the concept of territorial recreational systems was developed, and at the same time, the basis of the study of the causes of territorially uneven development of tourism was laid. At this stage, researchers began to pay more attention to the role of behaviour, and to general psychological factors that motivate potential consumers of tourist products, to the perception of tourists of destinations. The second period is characterized by the spread of the concept of tourist destination and the beginning of the use of clusters in the tourism sector. The third period is marked by the center-peripheral model of tourism development, the possibility of transformation of the territorial organization of tourism through globalization processes, the emphasis on the environmental components of tourism activity. The most developed means of organizing a territory is recreation and tourism zoning, which traditionally serves as the scientific basis of territorial planning and tourism complex management, and is important in the implementation of tourism infrastructure development programmes. Among the current trends in the spatial organization of tourism activities the process of clusterization is noted, which spatially occurs both on the local and global levels. One of the characteristic features of the cluster as the concentration of interacting and simultaneously competing enterprises is the developed network of horizontal ties, the importance of cooperation at different levels for synergetic effect. It is determined that the characteristic feature of the recreational-tourist cluster is not only the complementarity of the enterprises belonging to it, but also the impossibility of operating them outside the recreational and tourist sphere.
Keywords:recreation, tourism destination, territotial organization, territorial recreational system, tourism cluster.
Перюдизащядослщжень територ1альнот оргашзаци рекреацн та туризму
В.В. Яворська1, 1.В. Гевко2, В.А. Сич1, К.В. Коломieць1
1Одеський нацюнальний ушверситет iMeHi 1.1. Me4HUKoea,e-mail: [email protected]
2Тернотльський нацюнальний педагогiчний ушверситет iMeHi Володимира Гнатюка
Анотащя. В статп розглянуто основш перюди наукових дослщжень територ1ально! оргашзаци рекреаци та туризму вщ моменту становлення туризму, як самостшно! сфери д1яльност1 до сучасних тенденцш. Наголошено, що проблем1 територь альнш оргашзаци рекреаци та туризму, яка мае 1ерарх1чну багатор1вневу структуру з системою р1зномаштних зв'язюв, при-свячено чимало наукових праць. Метою дослщження е перюдизащя наукових шдход1в до територ1ально! оргашзаци рекреацп та туризму, а також виявлення сучасних тенденцш в цш науковш сферь Встановлено, що перший перюдбазуеться на розумшш туризму як системного явища, саме в цей перюд розроблено концепщю територ1альнихрекреацшних систем, такожбулизакладенюсновидослщження причин територ1альнонер1вном1рногорозвитку туризму. В цей час науковщ почали бшьше звертат иувагу на роль поведшки, та взагал1 психолопчш фактори, яю мотивують потенцшних споживач1в туристсь-ких продук™, на сприйняття туристами дестинацш. Другий перюд характеризуеться поширенням концепци туристсько! дестинаци та початком застосуванням кластер1в у туристичнш сферь Третш перюдвщзначаеться центр-перифершною мо-деллю розвитку туризму, можливютю трансформаци територ1ально! оргашзаци туризму завдяки глобал1зацшним процесам, акцентуванням на еколопчш складов! туристично! д!яльность Доведено, що найбшьш розробленим засобом оргашзаци територи е рекреацшно-туристичне районування, яке традицшно виступае в якост науково! бази територ1ального плану-вання та управлшня туристичним комплексом, мае значення при реал!заци программ розвитку туристично! шфраструктури. Серед сучасних тенденцш в просторовш оргашзаци туристсько! д!яльност вщзначений процесс кластеризации який в про-
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Journal of Geology Geography and Geoecology
Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua
сторовому вiдношеннi вiдбуваeться як на локальному, так i на глобальному рiвнях. Встановлено, що одним з впливовших факторiв, завдяки якому вiдбуваeться трансформащя туристично-рекреацiйного простору, е процес глоба^зацй.
Ключовi слова: рекреащя, туристична дестинащя, територiальна оргашзащя, територiальна рекреацшна система, тури-стичний кластер.
Introduction. The most important characteristic of a territory, along with its physical and geographical parameters and resources, is the level of its organization, both of the territory itself and the human activity on it. The effectiveness of activities in any sphere, along with other factors, also depends on its spatial organization. The notion of "organization" has no universal definition, because it integrates several more simple concepts. An "organization" is an internal order, coherence, interaction of more or less differentiated and autonomous parts of the whole, which are determined by its structure. Territorial organization characterizes the geospatial structure of socioeconomic components of the landscape. Like the very life of society, territorial organization has a hierarchical multilevel structure with a system of diverse relationships (Topchijev, 2005).
In modern conditions, the territorial organization of society undergoes significant changes at all levels - from local to global. Recreation and tourism in this case are no exception. Recreational-tourism activity directly depends on regional factors, including geopolitical situation, natural-recreational resources, historical-cultural heritage and their territorial combinations -complexes. Study of the problems of the territorial organization of recreation and tourism can be considered prior, for it creates the basis for further economic, sociological, environmental and other researches. Despite the fact that the non-productive sphere was considered within the framework of the Central Place Theory of such classics as W. Crystaller and A. Lösch in the 1930's, the elements of the territorial organization of tourism were directly investigated only in the 1960's after forming the system of scientific views on tourism as an independent branch of scientific knowledge. Since then, many domestic and foreign authors have focused their works on the problem of territorial organization of tourism activities. Thus, the purpose of the study is to periodize of scientific approaches to the territorial organization of recreation and tourism, and also to determine the current trends in this scientific sphere. Material and methods of research. Analysis of publications. The beginning of active research on the territorial organization of tourism can be considered the early 1970s. It is worth noting the work of such researchers as A. Y. Aleksandrova, O. O. Beidyk, C. A. Gunn, N. Leiper, O. O. Lyubitseva, E. Metyson, V. I. Stafiychuk, D. M.
Stechenko, O. G. Topchiyev and others. However, despite the large number of works on this problem, many of its aspects remain poorly developed, which conditions the relevance and theoretical significance of systematizing existing scientific views. The prevailing tendences in the territorial organization and spatial tourism models are the criteria for distinguishing periods. Results and Discussion. The first period of the study of the territorial organization of tourism took place in the beginning of the second half of the XX century, and is connected with the consideration of tourism as a system object in both domestic and foreign studies, which is associated with the development of the system-structural approach in science over that period. In addition, the second half of the XX century is characterized by the general humanization of science, increased interest in humans, the study of mental processes, including those related to the needs of tourism . In the early 1970's, scholars developed the concept of a tourist system, consisting of several subsystems. The theoretical basis of the research on the territorial organization of recreational areas is the concept of territorial recreational systems (TRS), developed by V. S. Preobrazhensky (Preobrazhenskij, 1988).TRS is a complex managed and partially self-directed demo-ecological system consisting of interconnected subsystems: natural and cultural complexes, engineering structures, service personnel, management and tourists, with functional and territorial integrity. Each of the subsystems performs its functions and has specific characteristics, and the management personnel is engaged in coordinating activities, ensuring the coordinated functioning of the system as a whole. In turn, there are factors that influence the needs of individuals, groups of people or society in general: natural, demographic, psychological, medical and biological, etc. It should be emphasized that territorial recreational systems have a limited functional orientation , they were developed only for resort and recreational activities.
In addition, at that stage, the fundamentals of the study of the causes of territorially uneven development of tourism weredeveloped, as the significance of the concentration of natural and cultural-historical resources in the region was highlighted. It became clear that the theory of the central places of W. Cristaller and A. Lösch also works in the field of recreation and tourism, according to which the main generators and
receivers of tourist streams are socio-economicly developed centers with a high number of infrastructural objects. Peripheral regions are usual-lycharacterized by difficult transport accessibility and absence of comfortable accommodation facilities, while they have specific recreational resources for the development of non-traditional types of tourism.
It should be noted that the concept of TRS was developed further. Thus, C. A. Gunn included in this system not only tourists and the entire corresponding infrastructure, but also the managerial and informational component, which allows us to state that this constituted the beginning of research on the territorial organization of tourism. At the same time, besides natural and cultural factors, the author assigns a special role in the successful development of the territorial organization of tourism to the economic conditions: the financial condition of consumers, the degree of development of the sphere of entrepreneurship, competition, etc. C. A. Gunn has also mentioned the importance of human resources, as well as statemanagement and support to optimize the territorial organization of tourism activities (Gunn, 2002). Over that period , researchers began focusing more on the role of behaviour, and psychological factors that motivate potential consumers in general. An American researcher, S. S. Plaug, was first who analyzed the dynamics of resort areas from the historical perspective, considering the stage of development of the location related to the psychographic characteristics of the main contingent of visitors. He assumed that the contingent of visitors changed with the development of the tourist area. French geographer, J. Mioccek, emphasized the dynamic nature of the destination,determined four stages of the development of a territory and explained the emergence of new local centers in relation to the division of the tourist space into hierarchical levels - cores, areas, group systems of resorts (Miossec,1977). Important for further study of the spatial organization of tourism activity was the conceptual model of the tourist destination developed by the Canadian geographer J. Lundgren, in which the author developed tourist destinations in a hierarchical order: the central city (megapolis), peripheral cities, rural destinations, nature-oriented tourist areas (Aleksandrova, 2010).
By the end of the 20th century the processes of globalization had led to increased mobility of the population, the degree of its awareness in the field of travel and, accordingly, the emergence of new tourist destinations. In connection with this, the analysis of the territorial structure and organization of tourism, which requires the development of new approaches, became more complicated. The second
stage can be called a transitional period between the two main stages, characterized by the beginning of a radical change in paradigms in studies of the territorial organization of tourism. At this stage, the concept of tourist destination was becoming widespread. According to N. Leiperem, a tourist destination is a territory for interaction of tourists with infrastructure and tourist resources, and the tourist and information flows not only connect the deployment with other components of the tourist system (the region generating tourists and the transit region), but also exist within the very destination (Leiper, 1979). M. J. Lamont drew particular attention to the modernization of the presentation of a tourist destination in Leiper's model and proposed the modification of the classical element of the tourist destination (Tourist Destination Region) reflected in three hierarchical elements (destination area, region of tourist destination, destination point) associated with many routes and destinations; and secondly, proposed to divide transit routesinto the primary and secondary (Lamont, 2009). Since the mid-1980s, models of spatial patterns of tourist movements began to evolve, the main focus of which is on the system-linking - the movement of tourists. This class of models combines the so-called route models based on the distances function. The Czechoslovak scientist P. Mariot was one of the first to associate the place of the permanent residence of a tourist with a destination (tourist center) with three types of routes: routes for the delivery of tourists to a place of rest, routes for the delivery of tourists in the opposite direction and recreational routes.
Studies by foreign authors in the field of tourism and recreation are now also associated with the development of ideas about the passage of separate elements of the territorial organization of tourism through several development stages. The concept of the life cycle, proposed by English scientist R. Butler, has become the basis of research on what constitutes and how tourist destinations and their markets change over time (Butler, 1980). R. Butler noted that the reasons for the development and change of tourist areas or centers are: changing the preferences and needs of tourists, the transformation of tourist infrastructure, change (and even disappearance) of the natural and cultural monuments available in a given tourist center. His contribution to the study of the spatial-temporal development of tourism has also been made by the French geographer E. Gormssen, whose model, on the example of the development of seaside resorts in Europe, illustrates the link between the evolution of tourist destination and changes in the social structure of tourist flows, as well as the capacity
and variety of accommodation infrastructure (Gormsen, 1981).
Russian researchers Mironenko N.S. and Tverdohlebov introduced a similar notion of "recreational area" - a set of interconnected enterprises that meet the needs of vacationers on the basis of natural, cultural and historical resources, as well as economic conditions of the territory (Mironenko, Tverdohlebov, 1981). The main conditions and factors of development in the recreational area were identified by the authors as the natural and socio-economic environment. At the same time, a complex of socio-economic factors was divided into internal within a given region, and external ones that arise when exposed to the environment outside the area. Other authors, I. V. Zorin, A. I. Zorin identified two groups of factors for the development of the territorial organization of tourism activity: those which generate, that is, connected with the emergence of needs in the tourist and recreational system, and those that implement, with the natural and cultural-historical resources that can meet the needs of tourism, as well as socio-economic conditions (Zorin A., Zorin I., 2011) .
In the last quarter of the XX century, the "frame" approach that was used in socio-economic geography since the 1960s extended into research on the territorial organization of tourism extend. As plane elements tourist areas are considered, point elements - tourist and recreational facilities, and the connecting link are linear elements - the main tourist routes and transport highways. But the main supporting elements of the frame are knots - tourist centers, potential "poles of growth". The frame approach allows us to identify the most important tourist centers, the "axis of development", as well as to pay attention to promising elements of the frame from the point of view of tourism development.
Later, the search for a rational way of using tourist resources to meet the needs of the population and obtain economic benefits led to the fact that in the 1990s the ideas of M. Porter on production clusters began to spread among authors of tourism. One of the first researchers in this area was M. Monforth, who considered the tourist cluster as a set of enterprises, resources and infrastructure directly or indirectly involved in the provision of tourist services, focusing mainly on the characteristics of these components (Monfort, Vicente, 2000). Tourism has become massive, competition on the international tourist market has increased and also the search for benefits, which also influenced the popularization of the study of the territorial organization of tourism within clusters. With the advent of research on such
elements of the territorial organization of tourism and recreational clusters, attention has been drawn to two more important factors of their development: cooperation between cluster actors and the role of effective coordination of their activities by management.
So, at this period, the last decades of the XX century, the key forms of territorial organization were tourist clusters and destinations. As in the first period, research mainly contains a description of the components of a territorial organization, while maintaining a systematic and integrated approach. An increasingly important role was played by the economic factor, which was associated with a gradual awareness of the role of tourism for the socio-economic development of the regions and the country. During this period motivational, socio-cultural, ecological, marketing, forecasting, econometric models of tourism were introduced. This is primarily due to the multidisciplinarity of the phenomenon of tourism, which can be considered from the point of view: economics, geography, sociology, ecology, law. Sociologization of academic research in recreational geography continues: marketing researches, attempts to study the degree of attractiveness of tourist regions and to influence the emerging needs of the population are carried out in order to obtain not only economic, but also social effect.
From the beginning of the XXI century, the previous period was replaced by the third period of the development of studies of the territorial organization of tourism, which is characterized by versatility of ideas and directions. Modern researchers in the field of tourism continue to develop ideas that have arisen both in the first, and in the second periods. In our time, the concept of the Territorial Recreational System has been further developed. The Territorial Recreational System is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, the main purpose of which is to meet the recreational and tourist needs of people, which is a structure of interconnected elements in interaction with the environment.
The most developed definition of structuring a territory is recreation and tourism regionalization, which traditionally serves as the scientific basis of territorial planning and management of the tourist complex and is important in the implementation of development programmes of tourism infrastructure. The reason for the allocation of particular tourist or recreational areas is the peculiarities of territorial concentration and specialization of the sector of tourist and recreational services. The basis for distinguishing recreational areas or regions as a whole is three groups of criteria: natural, historical
and socio-economic, which have certain differences. In the general sense, all of these criteria groups affect the specialization of regions, the production of certain products or services, including recreational, which leads to the development of territorial division of labour. Thus, recreational regionalization is one of the types of specialized regionalization and is complex. Recreational regionalization makes it possible to distinguish, on a scientific basis, territories with a similar recreational specialization, that is, the allocation of territories of different taxonomic rank with a certain set of recreational resources and a corresponding set of services, different from other territories. Recreational regionalization, like any other, has a twofold essence .First, it should be regarded as an instrument for studying the territorial organization of the phenomenon under examination, in this case, recreation and tourism, and secondly, as a reflection of a certain stage of development of this phenomenon in a certain territory. A recreational area is a territory characterized by a combination of natural, historical and cultural, socio-economic recreational conditions and resources, and the corresponding degree of development of recreational specialization, which distinguishes it from other territories. When studying the conditions of recreational regionalization it is necessary to take into account that they create only preconditions for the functioning and development of these areas, and their actual implementation depends on the factors of formation of recreational areas, which include: the level of comfort and the duration of favourable climatic conditions and weather; variety of natural conditions and resources; saturation and territorial combination of historical and cultural monuments; the degree of attractiveness, attractiveness of natural, historical and cultural monuments for the bulk of tourists; the level of penetration of the district by the transport infrastructure; level of development of tourist infrastructure; level of service and qualification of the working personnel; natural capacity of the territory, etc.
One of the leading approaches at this stage is a systematic approach, aimed at studying all interactions both inside the system and with the outside world, which involves the allocation of certain components of this system of different levels of the hierarchy. In this connection, speaking about the systematic approach in studying the territorial organization of tourism, such a universal model as "center-periphery should be distinguished ", which was introduced into the regional economy and socio-economic geography by J. Friedman in the mid-1960s. According to Friedman's classical model, social space develops unevenly, which gives
rise to territorial disproportions (Friedmann, 1966). Organization of territories is characterized by different forms, the most widespread of which is the centre -periphery , in which around the territorial core like concentric circles are the near and distant periphery, connected by transport and communication corridors with different intensity of internal and external interactions with the core and other territories (the environment for a territory organized incertain way ). The global tourism market also has a heterogeneous spatial structure. Thus Aleksadrova A.Yu., based on 12 indicators, ranked 117 countries of the world and identified the Center for Global Tourism (France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Italy, Austria, USA, Canada, Japan); Semi-periphery of the world tourist space -newly industrialized countries of Asia, countries of Central and Eastern Europe; Periphery divided into advanced (Latin America) and deep (Africa, South Asia) (Alexandrova, 2014).
During this period cluster research in the field of tourism was widespread, including in Ukraine, as a transition from a centralized to a regional economy was taking place. It should be noted that the definition "cluster" in natural sciences has been used for a long time. Thus, researchers emphasize the fact that the scientific tourism literature clearly sees change in the fundamental concepts: the tourist center - the recreational area - the territorial recreational system - the resort - tourism destination - tourist cluster. So, let's pay attention to the distinctive features of the cluster and those concepts to the territorial entities that existed in national science. A territorial production complex (TPC) is a set of industrial enterprises in a certain territory, united by the comon usage of transport, geographical position and industrial infrastructure. Note that the term refers more to the centralized economy than to the spontaneously developing production complexes. The main difference between TPC and clusters in the interpretation of Michael Porter is the inevitability of competition within the cluster (Porter, 1990).
Regarding another definition - the territorial recreational system, then in this case, the most important feature that characterizes the functioning of the TRS in the conditions of the administrative-command economy is the centralized financing of accommodation facilities - sanatoriums, boarding houses, etc. Consequently, there was no economic link between the cost of building and operating TPCs, and hence the cost of the services provided and the real demand for these services, which were distributed with the payment of most of them from the same public funds. Therefore, the TRS was
more relevant to spatial planning than to a regional economy.
A recreational area is a place or a whole region, intended for multi-purpose recreation or tourism; area allocated as a result of recreational regionalization. A tourist region is a territorial combination of economically interconnected tourist enterprises specializing in the maintenance of tourists, which facilitates meeting their needs in the best way possible, using existing natural and cultural-historical complexes of the territory and its economic conditions; a territory that has a large network of special facilities and services necessary
Special economic zones of tourist and recreational type (SEZ) are a certain part of the territory of Ukraine, which establish and operate a special legal regime of economic activity and the
for the organization of recreation or heal-ing(Kolomijec' at al., 2017). Clusters can be located on the territory of one or several regions and are territories of a specific type characterized by a clear specialization.
A tourism destination is a specific area which tourists choose to visit and spend some time in, the territory where the main processes of interaction of tourists with tourism infrastructure take place. Destinations have physical and administrative boundaries that define the management system of the destination, the image and perception and market competitiveness.
procedure for the application and operation of the legislation of Ukraine. Such zones should have, in addition to a unique natural resource potential for tourism and recreation, a developed network of
Table 1. Definition of "cluster"
Definition Author Year
Cluster (economic) M. Porter (Porter, 1990) 1990 A group of geographically related affiliated companies and their associated organizations operating in a particular area and characterized by joint activity and complementing each other
Regional cluster M. Enright (Enright., 2001) 1992 Geographical agglomeration of firms operating in one or more related branches of the economy
Tourist cluster I. B. Rubies (Rubies, 2001) 2001 Tourist cluster includes tourist resources and attractions, infrastructure, material base, service providers, related sectors and administrative mechanisms of integrated and coordinated activities that ensure that the expectations of tourists (clients) are met by visiting the chosen destination
Thematic tourist cluster K. Z. Adamova (Adamova, 2008) 2008 Special form of clusters in tourism are thematic tourist clusters, such as sports, adventure or cultural-cognitive. Each of them is formed on a homogeneous segment of the tourist market, covering a certain product niche
Tourist and recreational cluster V. I. Kruzhalyn (Kruzhalin, 2009) 2009 A group of geographically neighboring interacting companies and related government agencies that form and serve tourist flows and use the recreational potential of the territory
Tourist and recreational cluster O. O. Masligan M. V. Dychka (Maslygan and Dychka, 2012) 2012 Artificial, concentrated on the geographical feature-centred union of independent partners of a partnership around the core of the "source of resources". At the same time, independent partners of the partnership can be companies or interconnected complexes of companies that work together or serve individual segments of the industry and related organizations, institutions in other fields of activity.
Local tourist system L. Lazzercetti F. Capone P. Doan (Doan, 2013) 2013 The structure is singled out on the basis of socio-geographical links which specialize in tourism activity, it possesses the necessary natural and historical and cultural resources and functions operating through a network of closely interconnected enterprises (mostly small and medium ones), each of which is responsible for providing one or more of several types of services.
Tourist cluster D. I. Basyuk N.V. Korzh (Korzh and Basjuk, 2017) 2017 Group of companies concentrated geographically within the region, sharing tourist resources, specialized tourist infrastructure, local labour markets, carry out joint management and marketing activities.
communications, a logistical base for tourism and recreation, adequate provision of social infrastructure objects. Over time,the transformation of a SEZ into new forms of spatial organization, primarily clusters , would be possible.
As we see, every successive decade was marked by the emergence of a new concept on the basis of the initial - the tourist center. Thus, this series of concepts suggests that it is the regional characteristics that continue to seek their exact reflection in the corresponding concept. The cluster theory has not yet reached a rigid boundary and is still in development. The multidimensionality of the existing definitions of the tourist cluster, which is present in the domestic and foreign scientific literature, can be represented by the following approaches to the content of this concept (Table 1).
From the table above, we can see that the concept cluster combines different branches, different authors have different approaches to the definition of the tourist cluster and its composition, but the general feature is the allocation of such characteristics of the cluster as geographical concentration, interaction, cooperation and, as a consequence, diversification and deepening the specialization of tourist services. Allocation of clusters with all their internal and external connections allows us to identify actively developing tourist destinations. In accordance with the provisions of the center-peripheral concept, the most dynamically developing are peripheral areas, while the center is more stable. Accordingly, new clusters willmost actively occur on the periphery, while the center will be characterized by constant production links. At the same time, by combining the center-peripheral model and the cluster approach, it is important not to overlook the non-developing periphery. In some cases, such areas do not have the necessary resources, but areas may also be found that may potentially develop new clusters of tourism.
The use of a cluster form of development of the tourism services market takes into account the key features of the operation of tourist destinations, such as technological connectivity and complementarily of tourism activities; a significant proportion of small and medium-sized businesses engaged in the formation and maintenance of tourist flows; the integrity of tourism activity in the structure of the population's life cycle, spatial localization of the tourist product; route territorial organization of tourism. The main difference between the cluster in the field of recreation and tourism from industrial (industrial, agro-industrial, service, etc.) lies in its route territorial organization. The tourist route and its corresponding tourist flow connects objects, turning them from competing
intothe interacting elements of a system. On the other hand, the tourist needs a balanced product, which contains not only an attractive object, but also acceptable accommodation, food, entertainment, etc. This product should be developed from the very beginning and then promoted as a common matter of tourism operators and operators of tourism infrastructure. Thus, cluster formations help each of their participants to realize themselves as part of the whole. Moreover, clusters "work" on the image of not only companies, but the image of the entire region, and thus provide an opportunity for domestic tourist products and tourist destinations to enter the international tourist market.
A characteristic feature of the recreational and tourist cluster is not only the complementarity of the companies that belong to it, but also the impossibility of their functioning outside the recreational and tourist spheres. So the factors of association of territories in monospecialized clusters (Smochko, 2015) are considered by the Ukrainian researcher to include the following: the high quality of the landscape environment, which is considered through the prism of ecological and biological conditions of human living, which are formed under the conditions of spatial organization of resettlement of territories of a special type; transport accessibility - the importance of the factor lies in the fact that only special types of territories, provided with interconnected transport infrastructure and engineering infrastructure areas, can form monospecialized areas, centers and cores; presence of processes of concentration of the tourist market, reduction of the number of tour operators and travel agencies and understanding of the effectiveness of integrated tourism development. That is, one of the characteristic features of the cluster as the concentration of interacting and simultaneously competing enterprises is the developed network of horizontal connections, the importance of cooperation at different levels for the synergetic effect. There are examples of local (created at the municipal level, the levels of separate settlements), regional, national, transnational (include foreign companies in their members), cross-border (operating in the border areas of adjacent countries).
Thus, the modern period of scientific approaches to the territorial organization of tourism is associated with the further implementation of those concepts that were developed in earlier periods. But today, globalization, ecological and social security, the geopolitical situation, state policy in the field of tourism, the scientific and innovation base and human resources, as well as the psychological motives of tourists, are starting to act
as the key factors for the formation of the territorial organization of recreation and tourism.
In today's conditions, tourist and recreational space is undergoing a profound transformation in connection with the processes of globalization, which introduces new features : high dynamics of the market conditions of the tourist market, the unification of tourist products, dominance of the tourist market by large transnational tour operators, penetration into the regional and local hierarchical levels of tourism subculture, which often lead to imbalance in the socio-economic development of the regions concerned. Thus, the global process is based both on territorial coverage and on the organization of all elements of the recreational and tourist space. At the same time, the fact of the presence of a large number of external and internal factors affecting the territorial organization of tourism underscroes the dynamism and instability of modern tourist systems.
Conclusions. Summing up, we can say that the study of the territorial organization of recreation and tourism from the second half of the last century to the present can be divided into three periods. Each subsequent period contained the approaches and concepts of the previous one, but at the same time they developed in the light of new world scientific trends. For each period, the domination of certain models of recreation and tourism is typical. At present ,the process of globalization is becoming a driving force for the modernization of the territorial organization of tourism and recreation both locally and globally.
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