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Вестник Казанского технологического университета. 2015. Т.18, №3 UDC 532.13:536.22
J. Safarov, B. Ahmadov, S. Mirzayev, A. Shahverdiyev, A. V. Klinov, E. Hassel
DENSITY OF 1-BUTANOL AT TEMPERATURES T=(253.15 to 468.67) K
Keywords: fuel, 1-butanol, density, vibration tube densimeter, saturation line.
Density p/kgm'3 of 1-butanol at ambient p0, saturated pressures ps and temperatures at T=(253.15 K to 468.67) K was studied using an Anton-Paar vibration tube densimeters DMA 5000M and DMA HPM. The experimental uncertainties of measurements using a DMA 5000M vibration tube densimeter is Ap = ±510'3 kg ■m' and using a DMA HPM vibration tube densimeter Ap = ±310-1 kgm'3. A fundamental literature analysis of density of 1-butanol has been done and experimental values were compared with the available literature values. Obtained density values of 1-butanol were fitted to a polynomial equation.
Ключевые слова: топливо, 1-бутанол, денсиметр вибрационной трубки, линия насыщения.
Плотность p/kg m'3 1-бутанола при атмосферном давлении p0, давлении на линии насыщения ps и температурах при T= (253.15 до 468.67) К был изучен используя денсиметров вибрационной трубки DMA 5000M и DMA HPM фирмы Anton-Paar. Экспериментальные погрешности измерений используя денсиметра вибрационной трубки DMA 5000M находиться в пределах Ap = ±510'3 kg m'3 и использование денсиметра вибрационной трубки DMA HPM находиться в пределах Ap = ±310'1 kg m'3. Фундаментальных анализ литературы плотности 1-бутанола был сделан и экспериментальные данные были сравнены с доступными литературными данными. Полученные значения плотности 1-бутанола была описана с помощью полиномиального уравнения.
Introduction
To use of 1-butanol as additive to diesel fuel is effective and practical application for this purpose increasing at the last years. 1-butanol has higher energy density than ethanol, which is purpose of the Renewable Fuel Standard and can be produced from biomass [1-3].
A challenge is caused by the use of 1-butanol as a fuel at very high pressures. Current fuel injection systems of compression-diesel engines reach pressures up to 200 MPa for transport systems. In a near future, injection systems can be designed for higher pressures up to 400 MPa. Number of injections, amount of fuel at such high pressures per cycle can be expanding and the time of one injection process can be reduced. Upon injection of the fuel in a cylinder, large depressurization of the fuel results in a significant change of the viscosity and other properties of the fluid [4]. That is why it is so important to have reliable knowledge of thermophysical properties of the fuel under high pressures. Study of basic thermophysical properties (density, vapor pressure, viscosity, speed of sound, heat capacity etc.) of 1-butanol would allow modeling, understanding, and optimizing the processes in an internal combustion engine.
A new method for the analysis of thermophysical properties of liquids at high pressures and over wide range of temperature was developed by our research group [5]. The entire research of application of that method to 1-butanol consists from the following parts:
- (p,p,T) properties of at T = (253.15 to 468.15) K and at pressures up to p = 200 MPa,
- vapor pressure measurements P/Pa at T = (274.15 to 468.15) K [6],
- heat capacity measurements cp0/(J-kg-1-K-1) at T = (253.15 to 468.15) K and ambient pressure [7].
- The density p/(kg-m-3) of at ambient and saturated pressures and temperatures T = (253.15 to 468.67) K [this work].
In this publication, the density p/kg-m-3 of 1-butanol at ambient and saturated pressures were analysed using the measured and literature values. The main purpose of this investigations is the confirmation of quality of measured results of density of 1-butanol at p = 0.101 MPa, at saturation pressure ps and to use of them together with the (p,p,T) values (which will come in our next paper) and values from [6-7] during the definition of thermophysical properties of 1-butanol at high temperatures and pressures.
After the analysis of available literature information of normal boiling temperature of 1-butanol, we can decide that it is appr. Ts=390.65 K. Measurement of density at elevated pressures (after normal boiling temperature) allow construction of an EOS and propagation of the knowledge of all thermophysical properties to high pressures.
Literature publications on density p/kg-m-3 of 1-butanol have been critically reviewed and the summary of these works [8-42] are presented in Table 1. The first density investigation of 1-butanol was carried out by Clarke et al. [8], in 1927.
Smyth and Stoops [10], in 1929 studied the dielectric polarisation and density p of 1-butanol at T = (193.15 to 363.15) K using a capacity bridge and a pycnometer. The probable uncertainties of density measured at low temperatures was Ap/p= ±0.07 % and in those above T=273.15 K not more than Ap/p= ±0.03 %.
Singh and Shemilt [12], in 1955 experimentally determined the density of 1-butanol at T = = (428.95 to 558.87) K and up to pressures above the critical point. Pressures were measured by a Barrett dead weight test gauge. The density values showed a mean deviation around Ap= ±0.15 % for the liquid densities and Ap= ±0.6 % for the vapor densities.
Ling [14], in 1958 studied the density of 1-butanol at T = (303.15 to 368.15) K and at atmospheric pressure using a specific gravity balance method. The
temperature in the measuring cell was controlled by a Bronwill constant temperature circulator to AT= ±0.1 K.
Table 1 - Literature density p/kg-m"3 at atmospheric and saturation pressures of 1-butanol
First Author Lit. Year Method and installation Measured Properties Temperature, T/K Pressure, p/MPa Uncertainty Purity Company of purchase
Clarke [8] 1927 P, T 287.55 to 298.15 0.101
Smyth [10] 1929 PM P, T 193.15 to 363.15 0.101 Low temp.: 0.07 % Above 0 °C: > 0.03 % LP
Singh [12] 1955 P, T 428.95 to 558.87 0.101 ±0.0002 g/cc C.P. grade distilled
Ling [14] 1958 P, T 303.15 to 368.15 0.101
Ambrose [15] 1963 VM P, T 440.08 to 549.85 0.101 ±0.1 % x = 99.96 mole % LP
Dannhauser [16] 1963 P, T 200.00 to 560.00 0.101
Efremov [17] 1966 AK P, T 273.15 to 561.15 0.101 to Ps CP CSFCR
Hales [20] 1976 P, T 293.15 to 490.00 0.101 ±0.15 kg-m"3 x > 0.9996 mole fr. NA
Katayama [21] 1976 P, L, T 213.15 to 273.15 0.101 w > 99 % NCL
Diaz Peña [22] 1979 PFT P, k, T 298.15 to 333.15 0.101 0.5 % (k) Riedel
Kubota [26] 1987 AP, HPPM p, v, T 283.15 to 348.15 0.1 to 206.1 < 0.09% w > 99.9% WPCI
Wong [27] 1990 VTD DMA 60/512p p, P, T 298.20 to 348.20 0.1013 to 6.8912 ±0.5 kg-m"3 w > 99.9% AC
Ulbig [28] 1997 VTD -DMA 60/512p p, P, T 278.15 to 323.15 0.101 to 60 ±5-10"2 kg-m"3 w > 99.0 % Merck
Tronco so [30] 2004 VTD DSA 48 P, u, T 278.15 to 318.15 0.101 ±0.1 kg-m"3 > 99.8 mole % Fluka
Yang [31] 2006 VTD DA 505 P, T 293.15 to 363.15 0.101 ±5-10"2 kg-m"3 x > 0.993 mole fr. TRC
Mehra [32] 2007 PM P, n, u, T 298.15 to 318.15 0.101 ± 0.057 % w > 99 % Merck
Coquelet [33] 2007 VTD DMA 5000 P, T 283.15 to 333.15 0.101 ± 110"2 kg-m"3 w > 99.8 % RH
González [34] 2007 VTD DSA 5000 P, u, n, T 293.15 to 303.15 0.101 ± 2-10"3 kg-m"3 w > 0.998 mass fr. Merck
Zorebski [35] 2008 Unilab MG-2 P, T 293.15 to 313.15 0.101 ±5-10"2 kg-m"3 ± 510-5 w.c. Sigma
Mokhtarani [36] 2009 VTD DMA 5000 P, n, T 283.15 to 333.15 0.101 ±5-10"2 kg-m"3 ± 5.2-10-6 w.c. Fluka
Yan [37] 2009 VTD DMA 4500 P, n, T 298.15 to 338.15 0.101 ±5-10"2 kg-m"3 w > 0.995 mass fr. SCR
Wang [38] 2010 VTD DMA 5000M P, no, T 288.15 to 348.15 0.101 ±5-10"3 kg-m"3 w > 99.8 mass % TS
Farhan [39] 2010 VTD DMA 60/602 T, P, £ 293.15 to 313.15 0.101 ±3-10"2 kg-m"3 w = 0.998 mass fr. Aldrich
Wei [40] 2010 VTD DMA 55 P, n, T 293.15 to 313.15 0.101 ±5-10"2 kg-m"3 w > 0.99 mass fr. TCIC
Bravo-Sánchez [41] 2010 VTD DMA 5000 P, n, T 303.15 to 343.15 0.101 ±3-10"2 kg-m"3 x > 0.999 mole fr. S-A
Torín-Ollarves [42] 2012 VTD DMA HPM p, P, T 273.15 to 333.15 0.101 to 140 ±0.7 kg-m"3 x > 0.995 mole fr. Fluka
Safarov [this work] 2015 VTD DSA 5000M, DMA HPM p, P, T 253.15 to 468.67 0.101 to 200 ±5-10"3 kg-m"3 ±3-10"2 kg-m"3 x > 0.999 mole fr. EMPURA Merck
PM, pycnometer; NA, none available; VM, volume measurements; LP - Laboratory product (synthesis); AK, Ampula-Capillary; CP, chemical pure; CSFCR, Cherkassiy state factory of chemical reagents; PFT, piezometer filling techniques; NCL, Nakarai Chemicals Ltd.; AP, Adams piezometer; HPPM, high-pressure burette method; WPCI, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd; VTD, Vibrating tube densimeter; AC, Aldrich Chemicals; TRC, Tianjin Reagent Co.; RH, Riedel de Haen; TCIC, TOKYO Chemical Industry Company; SCR, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co; TS, Tianjin Saifu; S-A, Sigma-Aldrich; w, weight percent or
weight concentration; x, mole fraction; p, pressure; p, density; T, temperature; ps, specific volume; u, speed of sound; nD refractive index; £, dielectric permittivity; L,
Ambrose and Townsend [15] in 1963, determined the densities of 1-propanol and 1-butanol, together with their vapor pressures in the range from 5 atm. up to the critical point. Critical temperatures were determined by the visual sealed-tube method: pressures, including critical pressures, were determined in a glass and orthobaric densities at T = = (440.08 to 549.85) K. The uncertainties of measurements were: AT = ±0.2 K for temperatures and Ap = ±0.1 % for pressures.
Dannhauser and Bahe [16], in 1964 measured the density of 1-butanol at temperatures T = (200 to 560) K.
Efremov [17], in 1966 used the Ampula-Capillary method for the definition of ortobaric density of 1-butanol at temperatures T = (273.15 to 561.15) K.
Hales and Ellender [20], in 1976 presented the liquid densities of 1-butanol within the temperature range T = (293.15 to 490.00) K using a hydrostatic weight apparatus. The uncertainties of density results were Ap= ±0.15 kg-m-3 over this range of temperature. The thermal expansibility of 1-butanol were derived using the density values.
Katayama and Nitta [21], in 1976 measured the density of 1-butanol at atmospheric pressure and temperatures at T = (213.15 to 273.15) K. The values were used for the correlation of hydrogen and nitrogen solubility in 1-butanol.
Diaz Peña and Tardajos [22], in 1979 determined the isothermal compressibility of l-butanol at T = (298.15 to 333.15) K. The maximum error of individual measurements of compressibility was Akj= ±0.5 %.
Kubota et al. [26], in 1987 presented the specific volumes of 1-butanol at T=(283.15 to 348.15) K and from ambient pressure up to p=206.1 MPa. The experiments were carried out by a modified Adams piezometer and a high-pressure burette method. The pressure is measured by Heise Bourdon-tube gauges calibrated against a pressure balance with uncertainty less than Ap= ±0.10 MPa. The piezometer and burette containing the sample are placed in a liquid bath, where temperature controlled to within AT= +10 mK.
Wong and Hayduk [27], in 1990 measured the density of 1-butanol at temperatures T = (298.20 to 348.20) K and pressures up to 6.8912 MPa using an DMA 60/512p Anton Paar densimeter. The maximum experimental density uncertainties was Ap= ±0.5 kg-m-3.
Ulbig et al. [28], in 1997 studied the density of 1-butanol at pressures p = (0.1 to 60) MPa and temperatures T = (278.15 to 323.15) K. Densities p were determined using a high pressure vibrating tube densimeter DMA 60/512p. The pressure was controlled to Ap= ±0.01 MPa by a pressure gauge and the temperature in the vibrating tube with an accuracy of AT=±0.01 K. The uncertainties of density values was Ap= ±5-10-2 kg-m-3.
Troncsoso et al. [30], in 2004 determined the density and speeds of sound of 1-butanol at T = (278.15 to 318.15) K. The uncertainty of density measurements was Ap= ±0.1 kg-m-3 and speed of sound in Au= ±0.1 m-s-1. From these data, excess molar volumes, excess isentropic compressibilities, and excess isobaric molar heat capacities were calculated.
saturation pressure; ps saturation density; K, compressibility; n, viscosity; v, Solubility; w.c., water content.
Yang et al. [31], in 2006 determined densities and viscosities of the binary mixtures of diethyl carbonate (DEC) with 1-butanol at T = (293.15 to 363.15) K. The density measurements were carried out using a high precision vibrating-tube Density/Specific Gravity Meter DA 505 with the density uncertainty as Ap= ±5-10-2 kg-m-3.
Mehra [32], in 2007 measurements the density, viscosity and speed of sound for 1-butanol, benzene-butanol and toluene-butanol mixtures in the temperature range T = (298.15 to 318.15) K. The densities of samples were measured using a pre-calibrated bicapillary pyknometer, the accuracy of the data being within Ap= ±0.057 %. The excess molar volume, deviation in isen-tropic compressibility, excess intermolecular free length, deviation in viscosity, excess acoustic impedance, excess internal pressure, excess enthalpy and excess Gibb's free energy of activation of viscous flow have been calculated.
Coquelet et al. [33], in 2007 measured density of boldine + 1-butanol binary mixtures at temperatures from T = (283.15 to 333.15) K using an Anton-Paar DMA 5000 vibrating tube densimeter with a certified precision of Ap= ±1-10-2 kg-m-3.
González et al. [34], in 2007 measured the dynamic viscosities, densities, and speed of sound of 1-butanol and various mixtures at p = 0.1 MPa and at several temperatures T = (293.15 to 303.15) K. The density and speed of sound were measured using an Anton Paar DSA 5000M digital vibrating tube densimeter. Uncertainty in density measurement was Ap= ±2-10-3 kg-m-3. Excess molar volumes, molar isen-tropic compression, excess molar isentropic compression, and excess free energy of activation for the binary systems at the above mentioned temperatures were calculated.
Zor^bski et al. [35], in 2008 measured the density of 1-butanol and various mixtures in the temperature range from T = (293.15 to 313.15) K at 5 K intervals using a vibrating-tube densimeter Unilab MG-2. The expected uncertainty and precision of the measured densities was Ap= ±5-10-2 kg-m-3. From the experimental values, the excess molar volumes and isobaric thermal expansibilities were calculated.
Mokhtarani et al. [36], in 2009 measured densities and viscosities of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate [Bmim][NO3], and its binary mixtures with 1-butanol at T = (283.15 to 333.15) K. The Anton-Paar DMA 5000 digital densitometer was used for measuring of the density with an experimental uncertainty of less than Ap= ±5-10-2 kg-m-3. The densities and viscosities of 1-butanol were correlated by linear empirical equation.
Yan [37], in 2009 measured densities and viscosities of 1-butanol at temperatures T = (298.15 to 338.15) K and atmospheric pressure using a Anton Paar DMA 4500 vibrating-tube densitometer. The uncertainty in density measurements was Ap= ±5-10-2 kg-m-3.
Wang et al. [38], in 2010 determined the density of 1-butanol at T = (288.15 to 348.15) K and p = 0.101 MPa with an uncertainty of Ap= ±5-10-3 kg-m-3 using a DMA 5000 M vibrating-tube densitometer. A
flow-mixing isothermal microcalorimeter has been used during these investigations to determine the excess molar enthalpies HEU for various binary mixtures.
Farhan and Awwad [39], in 2010 studied the experimental densities, p/kg-m-3, relative permittivities, £ and refractive indices, nD of 1-butanol at T = (293.15 to 313.15) K. From density data, excess molar volumes, for the dihydrofuran-2(3#)-one + 1-butanol mixtures at various temperatures were calculated. The experimental procedures were carried out using a high-precision vibrating-tube digital densimeter (model DMA 60/602). The uncertainty of the density measurements was within Ap= ±3-10-2 kg-m-3.
Wei [40], in 2010 investigated densities and viscosities of 1-butanol at several temperatures T = (293.15 to 313.15) K and atmospheric pressure using a Anton Paar DMA55 vibrating-tube densimeter. The uncertainty of density measurements was Ap= ±5-10-2 kg-m-3.
Bravo-Sánchez [41], in 2010 presented densities and viscosities of 1-butanol at temperatures T = (303.15 to 343.15) K. The density values were measured using a vibrating-tube densimeter DMA 5000 with the uncertainties better than Ap= ±3-10-2 kg-m-3. A temperature-dependent Redlich-Kister equation were used to calculate the excess molar volumes, viscosity deviations, and excess Gibbs energy of activation.
Torín-Ollarves et al. [42], in 2012 measured the densities of 1-butanol at pressures p = (0.1 to 140) MPa and temperatures T = (273.15 to 333.15) K with uncertainty in Ap= ±0.7 kg-m-3. The measurements were performed in a high-pressure DMA HPM vibrating tube densimeter. The density values were used to study the isothermal compressibility kt and the isobaric thermal expansivity ap. The isobaric heat capacities were also studied in this work over the range p = (0.1 to 25) MPa at two different temperatures T = (293.15 and 313.15) K.
After the analysis of the available literature values (Table 1), we concluded that during the last 40 years was no high accuracy experimental density investigations of 1-butanol in a possible wide temperature range. The previous measurements were carried out with old techniques and the uncertainties are not high. In this case, additional new measurements using a modern technologies are necessary for arbitration.
Experimental
Materials. Ultra-pure 1-Butanol EMPLURA® (w=99.995%) was purchased from Merck Schuchardt OHG, Germany (CAS No. 71-36-3, Art. Nr. 8.22262.2500). 1-butanol was thoroughly degassed in glass flasks with special vacuum leak-proof valves before measurements.
Experimental Procedure. The sample was degassed before the experiments under vacuum. The water content of 1-butanol is determined using Karl Fischer titration and found to be less than 20 ppm. Densities of 1-butanol at ambient p0 and saturated pressures ps were determined at temperatures T=(253.15 K to 468.67) K using a vibration tube densimeter installations AntonPaar DMA 5000M and DMA HPM.
Density measurements with a vibrating tube densimeter are based on the dependence of the period of oscillation of a unilaterally fixed U - tube on its mass. This mass consists of the U - tube material and the mass of the fluid filled into the U - tube. The Anton-Paar DMA 5000M vibration tube densimeter has glass tube and can measure the density of liquids up to p=3000 kg-m-3, temperatures T=(273.15 to 368.15) K and only at ambient pressures. The DMA HPM vibration tube densimeter (length 15 cm, the U radius is 1 cm, OD 6.35 mm, ID 2.8 mm, volume of the liquid in the tube was 2 cm3) which made from corrosion resistance, good fabri-cability material (Hastelloy C - 276, nickel-molybdenum-chromium-tungsten alloy) and can measure a density of liquids up to 140 MPa high pressures. The density and temperature intervals of DMA HPM installation are up to p=3000 kg-m-3 and T=(263.15 to 473.15) K, respectively. In this case, the high saturation pressure measurements after the normal boiling temperature of 1-butanol (around Ts=390.65 K) were carried out using the DMA HPM vibration tube densimeter. The temperature in the measuring cell of densimeter, where the U - tube located is controlled using a thermostat (F32 - ME Julabo, Germany) with an error of ±10 mK and is measured using a (ITS-90) Pt100 thermometer (Type 2141) with an experimental error of ±15 mK. Pressure is measured by pressure transmitters P-10 and HP-1 (WIKA Alexander Wiegand GmbH & Co., Germany) with a relative uncertainty of Ap/p= (0.1 and 0.5) % respectively, of the measured value. The mPDS2000V3 control unit measures the vibration period with an accuracy of Ar = +0.001 |is. According to the specifications of Anton - Paar and calibration procedures the observed repeatability of the density measurements at temperatures T = (263.15 to 473.15) K and pressures up to p = 140 MPa is within Ap = ±(0.1 to 0.3) kg-m-3 or Ap/p = ±(0.01 to 0.03) %. More information of working principles of used DMA HPM vibration tube densimeter described in details in our previous publications [43-44].
The definition of density at saturation pressures using the high pressure-high temperature DMA HPM vibration tube densimeter (usually, after the normal boiling temperature - Ts) need very careful vapor pressure values of liquids. Because, the measurements must be stopped, if the pressure will reach it saturation level. To build of this pressure during the measurements is easy using the pressure intensifier (Type 37-6-30, HIP, USA) and two valves (7 and 8) of installation (ref. [4344]). The rotation of the axis of these valves very accuracy are helping to control the saturation pressure possible constant, which is known before as the results of vapor pressure measurements [6].
Results and discussion
The measured density values p/kg-m-3 of 1-butanol at temperatures T=(253.15 to 468.67) K are listed in Table 2.
The temperature steps were AT=(5 to 20) K. The uncertainties of density measurements using a DMA 5000M vibration tube densimeter is Ap = ±5-10-3 kg-m-3 and using a DMA HPM vibration tube densimeter Ap = ±3-10-1 kg-m-3. The measurements were repaid
many times and the best middle values were choosing for the tabulation and fitting of experimental results. Table 2 - Measured density values of 1-butanol at ambient and saturated pressures
T/K p/kg-m"3 T/K p/kg-m"3
253.15 839.07 353.15 760.92
263.15 831.93 373.15 742.42
273.15 824.59 393.15 722.38
283.15 817.41 413.15 700.62
293.15 809.64 433.15 676.41
298.15 805.77 453.16 650.17
313.15 794.35 468.67 627.64
333.15 778.27
The deviation between the various density measurements was estimated in the measurements uncertainty intervals.
The obtained experimental results were fitted using a polynomial equation:
(1)
where: a, - the temperature dependence coefficients of polynomial were tabulated in Table 3.
Table 3 - Values of the coefficients aj in eqn. (1)
ai
a0 = 1116.2955397481 a2 = 0.426275190868846-10"2
a1 = -1.8168360660109 a3 = -0.556981656746336-10"5
253.15 273.15 293.15 313.15 333.15 353.15 373.15 393.15 413.15 433.15 453.15 473.15
T /K
Fig. 1 - Plot of deviation of experimental pexp/(kg-m"3) and literature Piit./(kg-m-3) density values of 1-butanol at p -0.101 MPa versus temperature
The obtained density values of 1-butanol were compared with the available literature values (Table 1). The result of comparison shown in Figure 1. Form these comparison, it is seen that the most literature values available in the T=(273.15 to 353.15) K temperature interval. The density of 1-butanol in this temperature interval is possible to measure very accuracy using the various installations. In this case, our density results have good agreement with most literature values in this temperature interval. The average deviation of comparison can be evaluate as Ap/p= ±0.05 %. After the normal boiling temperature of 1-butanol, the results of comparison are increasing. There are five literature values at high temperatures and only the values of Hales and Ellender [20] have good Ap= ±0.0377 % average deviation with our results. The values of Efremov [17] have Ap= ±0.1432 % and Ambrose and Townsend [15] have Ap= ±0.4822 % average deviation from our results. The results of Singh and Shemilt [12] have Ap= ±2.5171 %
average deviation, which is very high and not impossibly for the density measurements. It can be explain as not accuracy values have the literature source [12].
Conclusion
The density of 1-butanol at temperatures T=(253.15 K to 468.67) K experimentally measured using the two automatic density installations based on the modern Anton-Paar vibration tube technology. The investigations in such wide range of temperature and with high quality was carried out for the first time. The obtained experimental results were fitted using a polynomial equation. All available literature densities of 1-butanol was analysed and experimental results were compared with them.
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© J. Safarov - Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, University of Rostock, [email protected]; B. Ahmadov - Department of Industrial Ecology and Safety of Habitability, Azerbaijan Technical University, [email protected]; S. Mirzayev -Department of Heat and Refrigeration Techniques, Azerbaijan Technical University, [email protected]; A. Shahverdiyev - Department of Heat and Refrigeration Techniques, Azerbaijan Technical University, Baku, Azerbaijan; A. V. Klinov - Head of Department of Chemical Engineering, Kazan National Research Technological University, [email protected]; E. Hassel - Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, University of Rostock, [email protected].
© Дж. Сафаров - научный сотрудник кафедры «Техническая термодинамика» Ростокского университета (Германия), [email protected]; Б. Ахмадов - кафедра промышленной экологии и безопасности жизнедеятельности Азербайджанского технического университета, [email protected]; С. Мирзаев - кафедра тепло- и хладотехники Азербайджанского технического университета, [email protected]; А. Шахвердиев - кафедра тепло- и хладотехники Азербайджанского технического университета; А. В. Клинов - д-р техн. наук, проф., зав. каф. процессов и аппаратов химической технологии КНИТУ, [email protected]; Э. Хассель - декан, зав. кафедрой «Техническая термодинамика» Ростокского университета (Германия), [email protected].
