CC BY
7Coordination training system for annual training cycle of elite blind biathletes
UDC 796.9
Dr. Hab., Associate Professor V.V. Zebzeev1 D.I. Ivanov1
PhD, Associate Professor L.V. Melnikova1 PhD, Associate Professor O.S. Zdanovich1 Tchaikovsky State Academy of Physical Culture and Sports, Tchaikovsky, Perm Territory
Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract
Objective of the study was to test and analyze benefits of a coordination training system for elite blind biathletes in an annual training cycle.
Methods and structure of the study. The coordination training system was tested at Snezhinka Winter Sports Federal Training Center in September 2020 to June 2021. We sampled for the study the elite blind biathletes (n=7, including 3, 2 and 2 Class B1, B2 and B3 biathletes, respectively). The blind biathlon sample training was complemented by the coordination training system in 2-week field trainings and other training and competitive periods within an annual training cycle.
Progress of the blind biathlon sample in the annual training cycle was tested in the following three periods: preparatory period; beginner coordination training (CT1) and final coordination training (CT2) ones. The coordination skills were tested by a computerized Stabilan 01-02 stabilometry test system that generates test data with a sampling frequency of 50 Hz per second. The test set included Qualification, Target Shooting and Stability tests that produced the following tests data: BMC (body mass center) total (mm); confidence ellipse size (mm2); equilibrium function quality (%); movement redirecting sharpness ratio (%); front/ back/ left/ right deviation (mm); and the total movement zone (mm2). The sample was tested in a relatively quiescent state, with the test data processed by a standard mathematical statistics toolkit. We used a nonparametric Wilcoxon test for related samples - since the sample was very limited.
Results and conclusion. The new coordination training system for elite blind biathletes in an annual training cycle was tested beneficial due to the practices centered on the integrated coordination skills in the preparatory period; followed by the skiing balance and coordination skills improvement practices in the beginner coordination training period (with the shooting skills given a lower priority in this period); and a special focus on the shooting accuracy improvement practices in the final coordination training period (with the skiing coordination skills given a lower priority in this period).
Keywords: coordination training, annual training cycle, elite biathletes, blind sports.
Background. The Russian Ministry of Sports Decree No. 31 of January 27, 2014 "On approved Federal Sports Training Standard for Blind Sports" has given an impetus to the adaptive sports community to further advance the Paralympic sports training theory and practice [6]. Biathlon is ranked among the most popular blind sports disciplines due to the sport-specific motor skills and standards needed for success in skiing and shooting laser rifles in prone positions. Presently the blind biathlon competitions are regulated by the International Blind Sports Association (IBSA) with the athletes classified by the actual visual impairments into: Class B1 of either blind or having very low visual acuity, unable to see day light; Class B2 able to see hands, with visual acuity up to 2/60 (0.03) or
with a vision focusing field up to 5 degrees; and Class B3 with visual acuity ranging from 2/60 to 6/60 (0.030.01) and/or with a vision focusing field from 5 to 20 degrees [3, 4, 6].
Classical biathlon training methods and tools can hardly be applied in modern blind biathlon due to the blind biathletes' motor skills in the skier-ski and athlete-weapon systems being very specific in every detail, component and sequence as they need to be customized for the rifle type and weight; competitive distance; numbers of the firing lines; shooting positions, etc. [1]. A few analysts [2, 4, 6] emphasize that the competitive techniques in modern blind biathlon are coordination-skills-specific; although our practical experience of the blind biathlon elite's trainings in an
Table 1. Stabilometric test data of the elite blind biathlon sample by classes
Tests Class B1 (n=3) Class B2 (n=2) Class B3 (n=2)
M±m A, % p M±m A, p M±m A, nn
PP 4,4±0,2 0 *1-2 3,1±0,3 0 *1-2 3,7±0,6 0 *1-2
BMC total, mm CT1 3,68±0,3 17,8 *1-3 2,7±0,4 13,8 **1-3 2,8±1,0 27,7 *1-3
CT2 2,8±0,2 27,2 *2-3 2,3±0,2 16,0 *2-3 2,0±0,2 33,3 *2-3
Confidence ellipse size, mm2 PP 171±84,2 0 *1-2 84±17,6 0 *1-2 89±4,2 0 *1-2
CT1 127±47,8 29,5 *1-3 65±22,6 25,5 **1-3 52±16,9 52,5 **1-3
CT2 82±18,5 39,6 *2-3 48,5±24,7 29,1 *2-3 30±11,3 53,7 *2-3
Equilibrium function quality, % PP 76,6±31,1 0 *1-2 73±4,2 0 *1-2 52,8±21,2 0 *1-2
CT1 76,9±24,6 0,4 **1-3 76,6±0,9 4,8 *1-3 76,1±4,5 36,2 *1-3
CT2 82,6±17,1 7,1 *2-3 80,6±2,1 5,1 **2-3 83,7±4,6 9,5 *2-3
Movement redi- PP 10,9±6,3 0 *1-2 14,2±11,8 0 *1-2 28,5±2,4 0 *1-2
recting sharp- CT1 7,65±7,2 35,0 *1-3 12,9±1,6 9,6 *1-3 25,9±2,9 9,6 *1-3
ness ratio,% CT2 5,14±6,7 39,2 *2-3 9,3±2,1 32,4 *2-3 22,9±6,0 12,3 *2-3
Front deviation, mm PP 39±25,1 0 *1-2 31,5±3,5 0 *1-2 62±49,4 0 *1-2
CT1 67±12,6 52,8 *1-3 73±3,5 79,4 *1-3 71,5±55,8 14,2 *1-3
CT2 128±18,4 62,6 *2-3 105±32,5 36 *2-3 107±29,6 39,8 *2-3
Back deviation, mm PP 65±2,6 0 *1-2 64±1,4 0 *1-2 49,5±16,2 0 *1-2
CT1 64±8,6 1,6 **1-3 61,5±7,7 4,0 **1-3 58±12,7 15,8 *1-3
CT2 47±13,7 30,6 *2-3 54,5±19,0 12,1 * 59±11,3 1,7 **2-3
Right deviation, mm PP 93±38,9 0 *1-2 80,5±67,1 0 *1-2 112,5±3,5 0 *1-2
CT1 98±37,7 5,2 **1-3 81±66,4 0,6 *1-3 117,5±4,9 4,3 *1-3
CT2 126±41,5 25,0 *2-3 114±62,2 33,8 *2-3 126,5±2,1 7,4 **
Left deviation, mm PP 42±7,9 0 *1-2 72±52,3 0 *1-2 36,5±6,3 0 *1-2
CT1 47±27,6 11,2 **1-3 87±57,9 18,9 *1-3 68±33,9 60,3 *1-3
CT2 112±8,7 81,8 *2-3 98±36,7 11,9 *2-3 113±21,2 49,7 **2-3
PP 6952±949,6 0 *1-2 7779±72,1 0 *1-2 8220±2789 0 *1-2
Total movement CT1 11097±2525 45,9 *1-3 10193±48,0 26,9 *1-3 12324±5877 40,0 *1-3
zone, mm2 CT2 19516±4242,5 55,0 *2-3 14175±116,6 32,7 *2-3 19687±3320 46,0 *2-3
Note: PP preparatory period; CT1 beginner CTperiod; CT2 final CTperiod; *p<0,05, **p>0,05, 1-2 intergroup PP versus CT1 difference, 1-3 intergroup PP versus CT2 difference, 2-3 intergroup CT1 versus CT2 difference
annual training cycle has demonstrated that this issue is still underexplored and deserves a special systematic study.
Objective of the study was to test and analyze benefits of a coordination training system for elite blind biathletes in an annual training cycle.
Methods and structure of the study. The coordination training system was tested at Snezhinka Winter Sports Federal Training Center in September 2020 to June 2021. We sampled for the study the elite blind biathletes (n=7, including 3, 2 and 2 Class B1, B2 and B3 biathletes, respectively). The blind biathlon sample training was complemented by the coordination training system in 2-week field trainings and other training and competitive periods within an annual training cycle.
Progress of the blind biathlon sample in the annual training cycle was tested in the following three periods: preparatory period; beginner coordination training (CT1) and final coordination training (CT2) ones. The coordination skills were tested by a computerized
Stabilan 01-02 stabilometry test system that generates test data with a sampling frequency of 50 Hz per second. The test set included Qualification, Target Shooting and Stability tests that produced the following tests data: BMC (body mass center) total (mm); confidence ellipse size (mm2); equilibrium function quality (%); movement redirecting sharpness ratio (%); front/ back/ left/ right deviation (mm); and total movement zone (mm2). The sample was tested in a relatively quiescent state, with the test data processed by a standard mathematical statistics toolkit. We used a nonparametric Wilcoxon test for related samples -since the sample was very limited.
Results and discussion. Based on our practical blind biathlon elite training experience, we developed the following three coordination training modules for the TYC. Module 1 was designed to facilitate progress of integrated coordination-skills for both of the blind biathlon events, with practices in gyms and on biathlon tracks using shooting and skiing simulators plus
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special training tasks to excel the technical transitions from one blind biathlon event to the other. This training module was used in the preparatory period. Module 2 was designed for the beginner coordination training period (CT1) and centered on the skiing balance trainings, whilst the shooting skills were given a lower priority in the trainings. And Module 3 gave a top priority to the shooting coordination skills to excel the prone shooting techniques on the snow. This module was used in final (key) part of the coordination training service (CT2).
The 60-min coordination-skills-centered trainings were run once in a weekly microcycle, with the above coordination training modules integrated into the regular blind biathlon training system: see the coordination training progress test data in the Table hereunder. The test data analysis showed a persistent progress in stabilometric test rates since the preparatory period till the end of CT2 period - that may be interpreted as indicative of the coordination training model being beneficial for the traditional blind biathlon elite training system.
Furthermore, we found every blind biathlon class subsample demonstrating progress with the coordination training service as verified by the CT1/ CT2 tests in comparison with the preparatory period test data on a few test scales. Special progresses were verified by the test data growths in the following ranges: BMC total: 16-33.3%; confidence ellipse size: 29.1-53.7%; equilibrium function quality: 4.8-36.2%; movement redirecting sharpness ratio: 9.6-39.2%, front/ back/ right/ left deviations:14.2-79.4%, 12.1-47%, 0.633.8%, and 11.9-81.8%, respectively; and the total movement zone: 26.9-55% (p<0.05).
Conclusion. The new coordination training system for elite blind biathletes in an annual training cycle was tested beneficial due to the practices centered on the
integrated coordination skills in the preparatory period; followed by the skiing balance and coordination skills improvement practices in the beginner coordination training period (with the shooting skills given a lower priority in this period); and a special focus on the shooting accuracy improvement practices in the final coordination training period (with the skiing coordination skills given a lower priority in this period).
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