CC BY
10
UDK: 13.00.02
Anarbekova A.A.
Chirchiq State Pedagogical Institute
Tashkent region
CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF ATTRIBUTIVE SYNTAGMS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Annotation: The article deals with the theoretical, comparative analyses of sytagms word combinations, phrases and other combinations in the grammatical contrastive structure of the English and Uzbek languages.
Key words: Phrase, syntagm, word combinations, theoretical, analyses, contrasive, language, structure, attributive, sentence, different, opinion, scolars, etc. Annatation, key words, literature. Contrastive Study of Attributive Syntagms in the English and Uzbek Languages
In linguistics, a syntagm is an elementary constituent segment within a text. Such a segment can be a phoneme, a word, a grammatical phrase, a sentence, or an event within a larger narrative structure, depending on the level of analysis. Syntagmatic analysis involves the study of relationships (rules of combination) among syntagmas.
What is the syntagm? "The word "syntagm" comes from the Greek (-syntaqma - literally something to unite) -linguistics. 1) Decisive element with the meaning of the element and emphasis, appointed by the combination of words and word parts, for example: Rus. везущий воду - водовоз; 2) Word or word group; 3) Whole syntactic intonation and a unit of meaning" (Jaffarov, Garayev & Jaffarova, 1981; Словарь иностранных слов (1949)). 5As can be seen, the origin of syntagma belongs to the Greek language. Here, the theoretical interpretation of the syntagma referred to the rhetorical figure of the language. According to Greek rhetoric, "syntagm" is defined as a word, group of words, or a whole sentence. The word "syntagm" is of the Greek origin which means to "connect to something". Therefore, the question is translated and explained in linguistics as follows: 1) Words or phrases that are formed by defining the semantic connections and detectable element, e.g., Rus. совхоз, колхоз European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 218 2) Word or group of words; 3) A holistic syntactic or semantic intonation unity. 6
Thus, our understanding of the syntagma is as follows:
Syntagma is composed of two members of the joint. It serves as the function of determining and being determined. It is used in the oral language, i.e. in oratory.
1 Jaffarov, Garayev& Jaffarova, 1981; Словарь иностранных слов (1949
2 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 218
Sentences are divided into certain rhythmic groups, which are determined by the phonetic syntagma.7 It is possible that analogically words are divided into syllables. In general, the term "syntagma" in linguistics has many meanings. For example, O.S. Akhmanova gave six definitions of "syntagma" in her dictionary of linguistic terms8 .
Furthermore, syntagma in semantic context is a group of rhythmic words. In this case, syntagma is represented as a phonetic phenomenon. This aspect of syntagmas is analyzed in detail in the works of M. Gramm, L. Shcherba, V.V. Vinogradov, A.N.Gvozdev, and others. In fact, the problem of syntagma does not have a long history in linguistics. Even independent scientific research works have not been written about this question. However, it should be noted that this area created too many ideas. Also, there is a serious difference between linguistic specialists and researchers. Thus, there are many different approaches to the definition of the syntagma. Although speech segmentation is a more phonetic character, i.e. related to the mechanism of pronunciation, partitioning in our speech on the different parts are based on grammatical and semantic effects of regularity.
In linguistics, there are other approaches in determining the syntagma. The existing concept of modern science binomial syntagmas is associated with the name of the famous Swiss philosopher and linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. 9They identified the syntagma as a connection or association of two or more characters. Consequently, they make words, phrases, sentences, or sentence member to be complex. Another outstanding linguist, Baudouen de Kourtene, also used the syntagma as a word. In science, there were also approaches which were discussed. An example of this approach is the syntagma which is regarded as a syntactic phenomenon in the works of Sh.Bally, S.O. Kartsevsky, F.F. Fortunatov,
B.V. Tomashevsky etc. These linguists believe that the syntagma can be divided rhythmically and linearly together inside its members in another word. Syntactically, syntagma is indivisible. This is because in this case, the members of syntagmas act together to form a single meaning. For comparison, brother's book - green (color, valuable) - which was looking new was bought two years ago in Bucharest. Syntagma is regarded as unity. It is formed by combining two members which has two functions. One of the members acts as "defining", while the other acts as a "definable one".10 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/219 Here, the syntagma can act as words and phrases, morphemes, and separate sentences. Examples include: to buy a car; green trees of the forest of our village; If you became a miller, call for brave Koroghlu (Azerbaijani proverb). Syntagma has been described by some other scientists. For example,
3 Abduazizov A.A. English phonetic, «yKmyBHH» T. 1972 r.
4 Oxford University. Oxford Dictionary of Current English. - USA: Oxford University press, 2006.
5Saussure, F. de. Kurs obshchei lingvistiki. Moscow, 1933. (Translated from French.)
6 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/219
Ferdinand de Saussure has described it in a word (re-lire), phrase (de grace), or sentence (il ya) in the presence of the members to create any complex combination or junction of two or more signs11 . Consequently, Badouen de Kurtene has used the syntagma in the meaning of "word"12. Some French phonetists (especially, P.Passy- H.A.) referred to the syntagma as a group of breathing. L.V.Scherba considers syntagma as the completeness of the meaning of rhythmic groups of words in a sentence. Furthermore, V.V. Vinogradov writes about syntagma: "It is very difficult to find two scientists who understand and give the same meaning to this term". Thus, it appears that syntagma can be called both phonetic and syntactic unit. In linguistics, there are different opinions about
syntagma. 13
Some linguists believe that syntagma is a group of words rhythmically combined and which expresses a complete thought (L.V. Scherba, V.V. Vinoqradov). In addition, others (F. de Saussure, Sh.Bally, F.Mikush,
B.V.Tomashevsky, S.I. Kartsevsky) referred to syntagma as not a phonetic, but as a syntactic event. Academician L.V. Scherba is the founder of the theory of syntagma. Thus, he named it phonetic event. He shared his clear thoughts on this new sense. L.V. Scherba writes: "In the process of speech-views integrity, expressing a single meaning wholeness consists of a rhythmic group, including several phonetic units, I call them syntagma" (Щерба, 1953). It should be noted that in the same book at page 84, L.V. Scherba has given the syntagma as a "phrase" and "rhythmic group" together with the headlines "syntactical segmentation of the flow of speech". It is obvious that though L.V. Scherba was spoken from a phonetic point of view, at the same time, he shows that the syntagma is connected with syntax and it connects with phonetics according to the condition of pause and stress in the process of syntactic event. As a result, syntagma is marked as a syntactic and phonetic event. L.V. Scherba also noted the syntagma as the idea of integrity as well. He shows that syntagma at the same time is a semantic-syntactic unit. 14
Scherba's learning of syntagma still shows its strength. This is however just as A.N. Gvozdyev considers the syntagma as L.V.Scherba shows (Гвоздев, 1958). 15European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/220 .
In one of his articles, the academician V.V.Vinogradov has noted the syntagma to be full of syntactic unit. He opined that it should be approached from this point of view. In another article, he stated: "Syntagma is the main category of stylistic syntax."16 (Ученые записки Московского Университета, вып. 150,
7 Соссюр, 2004
8 Хомякова Е. Г. Практика лингвистического анализа событийной ситуации // Научное мнение. № 9 (Филологические науки, искусствоведение и культурология). 2015.
9 Виноградов В.В. "Вопросы синтаксиса современного русского языка". - Москва, 1950.
10 Shcherba, L. V. Fonetika frantsuzskogo iazyka, 7th ed. Moscow, 1963. Main types of syntagms
11 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/220
12 Виноградов В.В. "Вопросы синтаксиса современного русского языка". - Москва, 1950.
1952) Subsequently, A.A. Reformatsky has approached the syntagma from other aspect. He has given the following definition to it: "Syntagma is the combination of two other members in the relationship of subordination". While saying two members, he meant two words, namely: two members of sentence. A.A. Reformatsky's thoughts and opinions about syntagma coincide with that of Saussure.17 Thus, we can say that their instructions (teaching) have not brought anything new to the world of linguistics. A.A. Reformatsky also showed some types of internal syntagma in the Russian language. 1) With derived word generated, for example, syntagma сад - being determined (the root of the word), and ик - determined (endings). 2) Consists of compound word, for example, syntagma паровоз, колхоз, совхоз, водовоз, etc. These are simply lexemes. According to the author, it has no importance for syntax. Thus, some characteristic or features of syntagma are as follows: Syntagma combines two members;
- This and other member of syntagma can belong to other syntagma;
- There is a subordination relationship between components of syntagma. Furthermore, subordination relationship can mostly be found in complex sentences. As mentioned above, though syntagma is a unit of syntax (namely syntax - H.A.), it does not learn only syntagma, but also explores sentences. Therefore, taking a look at one example: Young doctor examined the patients thoroughly. - In the sentence:
1) Young doctor, 2) doctor examined, 3) examined, 4) examined the patients, 5) the patients, 6) examined thoroughly. 18
- We have these syntagmas which clearly shows that these syntagmas are built on the basis of the following relations: the first one is in the attributive relation, the second one is in the predicative relation, the third one is in the predicative relation, the fourth one is in the predicative relation too, the fifth one is in the attributive relation, the sixth one is in the relative relation.
Therefore, it was noted that two member syntagmas was built up in the relationship of subordination. The word doctor two times has been used European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e -ISSN 1857- 7431/ 221 in the composition of four syntagmas, while the word examined has been used four times. Based on this example, it can be concluded that the syntagmas differ from the word combinations according to the breadth of their coverage area. Here, it is only one of the syntagmas (young doctor). However, this is the same with syntactical combinations. Predicative combinations and being a two member syntagmas, once again shows that they are like phrases (word combinations). Also, it confirms that syntagma is a unit of syntax. Academician A.A. Akhundov considers the syntagma as a unit of the level of syntax. On the other hand, I consider this statement to be untrue. I show the two units of the level of syntax. "1) Word combinations as a syntactic model
13 Saussure, F. de. Kurs obshchei lingvistiki. Moscow, 1933. (Translated from French.)
14 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/
221
which consists of the forms of words based on syntactic connection and syntactic meaning. 2) Sentence given as a syntactic model consists of the combination of sentence model of the forms of word and word combinations". From this point of view, A.A. Akhundov's thoughts about syntagma are more interesting. He writes: "First of all, syntagma is considered as a phonetic unit, and is used based on the meaning of rhythm, intonation, and speech flow. Secondly, syntagma is used based on the meaning of the result of syntactic stylistic segmentation. Thus, in this case, it is regarded as a stylistic unit, consisting of determined and being determined binomial structural meaning". As a unit of syntax, the same syntagmas is divided into two groups, namely: 1) predicative, and 2) non-predicative syntagmas. The predicative syntagmas are the same in accordance with the sentence. As a rule, they are communicative. Furthermore, there is one predication. Thus, non-predicative syntagmas cover only word combinations. They usually have a nominative (naming) nature. As known, non-predicative syntagmas are divided into three parts: attributive, objective, and relative.19 Attributive syntagmas are the syntagmas established by the relation of approach. Objective syntagmas are formed by the management relation. Relative syntagmas are based on foreign relationship. Thus, it can be concluded that the predicative relations creates the syntagma by expressing a certain opinion. For example:
It is raining. My uncle returned from Samakand. My friend works in the village etc. Consequently, non-predicative relation is the relation which does not denote a predication. However, this relationship serves as the formation of three types of syntagmas. They are: 1) Attributive - namely, determining word is an attribute. We can give as an example to such syntagmas the (first) type substantive combinations in the Uzbek language.20 For example, European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/ 222Golden ring, red shirt, green grass, cold room, and so on (there is a relation of approach).
2) Objective - namely, the determining word is an object. For example, to read a novel, to learn the words, to tell a lie etc (it is created by management relationship).
3) Relative - that is, the determining member of the predicative (verb predicate) expresses a definite quality. Relative syntagma is the syntagma which is formed by verb and the combination of adverb denoting its manner of action.
Literature:
1 Jaffarov, Garayev& Jaffarova, 1981; Словарь иностранных слов (1949
2 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 218
15 Хомякова Е. Г. Практика лингвистического анализа событийной ситуации // Научное мнение. № 9 (Филологические науки, искусствоведение и культурология). 2015.
20 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/ 222
3 Abduazizov A.A. English phonetic, «Укитувчи» Т. 1972 г.
4 Oxford University. Oxford Dictionary of Current English. - USA: Oxford University press, 2006.
5 Saussure, F. de. Kurs obshchei lingvistiki. Moscow, 1933. (Translated from French.)
6 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 - 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/219
Соссюр, 2004
7 Хомякова Е. Г. Практика лингвистического анализа событийной ситуации // Научное мнение. № 9 (Филологические науки, искусствоведение и культурология). 2015.
8 Виноградов В.В. "Вопросы синтаксиса современного русского языка". -Москва, 1950.
9 Shcherba, L. V. Fonetika frantsuzskogo iazyka, 7th ed. Moscow, 1963. Main types of syntagms
10 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 -7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/220
11 Виноградов В.В. "Вопросы синтаксиса современного русского языка". -Москва, 1950.
12 Saussure, F. de. Kurs obshchei lingvistiki. Moscow, 1933. (Translated from French.)
13 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 -7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/ 221
14 Хомякова Е. Г. Практика лингвистического анализа событийной ситуации // Научное мнение. №2 9 (Филологические науки, искусствоведение и культурология). 2015.
15 European Scientific Journal July 2016 edition vol.12, No.20 ISSN: 1857 -7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431/ 222
