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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Tashov Kh.R.
Associate Professor Bukhara state University, Uzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan Ergasheva M.K. Bukhara state University, Uzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan
CONTENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PRIMARY WORKS ON FINE
GEOGRAPHY
Annotation: Books of ancient Greek philosophers which might contribute to appear Geography and scientific heritages of some authors (Gekatey, Herodot, Aristotel) are described in this article.
Key words: Gekatey, Herodot, Aristotel, Eratosfen, P. Jeyms, J. Martin, J. Thomson, Mashenko, A. G. Isachenko, Y. G. Saushkin, Sh. Zokirov, X. Toshov, descriptive geography, general knowledge of earth, studying of countries, physical geography, "Periodos ges ", "History ".
Among the geographers of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of the history of descriptive geography, the monographs published by Sh.S.Zokirov and H.R.Toshov also provide extensive information [2; 3.]. This article summarizes the history of the development of fine geography.
The earliest information on descriptive geography can be found in the work of the first millennium Hecate (546-480 BC) entitled Periodos ges ("Parts of the Earth"). This work started a new direction in terms of content and essence. This was the geographical direction of pictorial geography.
Although the word geography was not used in the play, parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa (Libya) were known to the ancient Greeks. Only a few small fragments of this work have survived. For this reason, different opinions have been expressed about the geographical representations of Hecate. For example, P. James (1972) and Yu.G. Saushkin considered Hecate to be the first geographer of ancient Greece. According to Yu.G. Saushkin, P. James believed that "Hecate was not a theorist, he expanded the horizons of geographical description by depicting the world as honestly as possible." Researcher J. Thomson (1953) wrote: "Hecate's work has a certain scientific interest in climate, plants, animals and the customs of peoples, so it deserves to be called general geography, the first geography known to us to one degree or another." . A.G. Isachenko (1971) agreed with this opinion and considered that the work of Hecate could be considered as the initial form of the direction of country studies [4, 27 p].
AG Isachenko also agreed with YG Saushkin when translating the book by P. James and J. Martin. Although Dj. Hekatey described his geographical
descriptions at the level of those times, he was originally a historian. Representatives of the science of history were also seriously interested in the geographical features of different countries, trying to accurately describe them. This was the case with another Greek historian, the famous Herodotus (484-425 BC) in his nine-volume History. This work has been preserved almost completely. There is also a Russian translation (Mashchenko, 1880) that has been translated into English and provided with commentary.
In this work of Herodotus a great deal of attention was paid to the geographical description of the near and far lands known to the Greeks at that time. In the time of Herodotus, the territorial boundary of a part of the earth known to the Greeks was slightly wider than that of Hecate. For example, while Hecate considered the western shores of the Caspian Sea to be the shores of the Eastern Ocean, Geradot described the Caspian Sea as a closed sea that did not merge with the North or East Ocean. It also provides valuable information on the climate, flora, fauna, general structure of the earth's surface, the history of living and geography of the lands far north and east of the Black and Caspian Seas, including the Scythian country, and in the east to the Indus River. left a note. For example, on pages 201-205 of Volume 1 of History, we find the following images of the Caspian Sea and its environs: "The Araks River (as the Amu Darya is named) flows from the land of the Matiens at the source of the Gin (Indian River). It was owned by Cyrus (king of Iran) with 300 canals and forty branches. All but one of them end up in swamps. It is said that the people who live here eat fish and wear clothes made of sealskin. A single branch of the Araks flows through the bare lands and empties into the Caspian Sea. It is a separate sea that is not connected to other seas. The sea (Black Sea) and the sea (Atlantic) far from the Hercules (Gibraltar) and the Eritrean (Red) Sea, which the Greeks sail in different directions, form a single sea. The Caspian Sea is separate, it has a length of 15 days on a rowboat, and 8 days on the widest point. It stretches the Caucasus along the west coast of the sea, a very wide and very high mountain in size ... so that the Caspian Sea is bounded on the west by the Caucasus, and on the east by a vast plain bounded by an invisible sea. Much of this vast plain is occupied by massagets. "
Thus, in the works of the ancient Greeks, the foundation of general land science was laid. Also, the separate analytical study of the components of nature, as well as the interconnectedness of the Earth's crust, was reflected in the works of Aristotle.
The foundations of the direction of geography were connected with the names of historians Hecate and Herodotus. Thus, we can say that as early as the VI-IV centuries, a solid foundation was laid for the emergence of geography as an independent science. All that was left was to generalize the available data in a certain order. This task was now performed by another Greek scientist, the famous Eratosthenes.
CONCLUSION
In their monographs, Sh. Zokirov and H. Toshov quoted the well-known German geographer Friedrich Rattsel (1903): "It is impossible to study geography without knowing its history. This is a peculiarity of this science. If it is useful to know one's own history in other sciences, it is necessary in geography, "he said, emphasizing the importance of knowing the history of one's own science for a geographer. Such ideas were expressed by the authors of the textbook on the history of chemistry B.Umarov and T.Niyazhanov "Understanding of chemistry begins with the study of its history!" noted (p. 11).
The works created by the ancient Greek scientists during their scientific activity contributed to the development of the science of fine geography. In the end, the content of these works literally belongs to natural geography.
Reference:
1. Джеймс П., Мартин Дж. Все возможные миры: Пер. с англ./ Под. ред. и с послесл. Д 40 А.Г.Исаченко. М.: Прогресс, 1988. - 672 с.: ил.
2. Зокиров Ш.С., Тошов Х.Р. География тарихи. Монография. "Дурдона" нашриёти, Бухоро. 2015. - 182 б.
3. Зокиров Ш.С., Тошов Х.Р. География тарихи. Монография. "Дурдона" нашриёти, Бухоро. 2018. - 216 б.
4. Исаченко А.Г. Развитие географических идей. М. Мысль. 1971. - с. 416
5. Саушкин Ю.Г. История географических идей // Мир географии. Геогра -фия и географы. Природная среда. М.: Мысль, 1984. С. 60-77.
6. Umarov B., Niyazxonov Т. Kimyo tarixi. T. Navro'z. - 2015. 576 b.
