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149
РАЗДЕЛ II. ТЕОРИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ ПРАВА И ГОСУДАРСТВА;
ИСТОРИЯ УЧЕНИЙ О ПРАВЕ И ГОСУДАРСТВЕ
УДК 34
DOI: 10.18384/2310-6794-2019-2-43-64
MYTH OF CADMUS AS THE PROOF OF ANTIQUITY OF SLAVIC CIVILIZATION
S. Suljagic
Institute for Political Studies
36, Svetozara Markovica st., Belgrade 11000, Serbia
Abstract. In this paper the author used analytical-synthetic and comparative methods to analyse an ancient myth of the hero Cadmus from Caucasian Colchis who in the 2nd millennium BC established cities and spread literacy among the people of the Balkan Peninsula. Basic objective of the author of this paper is to prove that the myth of Cadmus proves ancient origin of Slavic civilization following the Great Flood which occurred in the 6th millennium BC. The conclusion of the comparative analysis of antique myths and archaeological artefacts related to the myth of Cadmus is that the actions and roles of Cadmus as a legislator, navigator, metallurgist, philosopher and hero who killed and tamed wild animals and his wife Harmonia as a pagan goddess of harmony and fine arts are metaphors for the first elements of Slavic civilization such as social communities, social institutions, literacy, legislation, philosophy, metallurgy, navigation, mythology and fine arts.
Keywords: Cadmus, Harmonia, antique mythology, Serbs, Triballs, Slavs, Illyrians, Slavic civilization, legislation, imperial power, heroism, ascetism, literacy.
© CC BY S. Suljagic, 2019.
The analysis of an ancient myth of Cadmus who in the 2nd millennium BC arrived from Caucasian Colchis to the Balkan Peninsula and established legislation, built cities and spread literacy among local Slavic people explains a claim of Constantinopolitan historian Laonicus Chalcocondyles that «he knows with certainty that Serbs Triballs are oldest people in the world»1 along with the fact that antique amphorae, vases and tablets with inscriptions «Heracles the Slav»2 and «Serbs Heracleides»3 regarding Cadmus' mythic counterpart Heracles were found in the sea and seacoast in the south of the Balkan and Apennine peninsulas. The analysis of the myth of Cadmus also explains the claims from medieval Russian Laurentius script and various world historians regarding the relation between Illyrian Slavs (modern Russians) who lived in the settlements of metallurgists and traders in Ladoga and Novgorod4 with Illyrian Slavs (modern Serbs) who lived in the Balkan Peninsula5 because the
Laonicus Chalcocondylae Atheniensis. Historia-rum Libri decem, interprete C. C. Tiguriano. Parisiis, 1650: «Serblo ... Triballos, autem gentes esse totius orbis antiquissimam et maximam, compertum habeo».
Mommsen Theodor, Die Unteritalishchen Dialekte. Leipzig,1850; Volanskii T., Pamjatniki pismenosti Slovjan do rizdva Hristovoga. Moskva, 1854 (tab I, lb, «Ieraklis Sclavenos»). Augustus Boeckhius, ed. Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum, Vol. 2, Berolini Ex Officina Acade-mica,1952, Cit. «Serbios Ieraklides». Археолог Рябинин нашел древнейшую на Руси Крепость // Старая Ладога: [сайт]. URL: http://www.oldladoga.ru/arheolog_ rjbinin_nashel_drevneishuyu_na.html (дата обращения: 01.02.2019). Лавренти^евски летопис (1337 г.), РНБ, Ф.п.ГУ.2; Kunstmann Heinrich, Die Slaven: ihr Name, ihre Wanderung nach Europa und die Anfänge der russischen Geschichte in historisch-onomastischer Sicht. Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1996, pp. 168-171; Kunstmann
myth of Cadmus explains a historical link of Japhetite Slavic Dardans from eastern Mediterranean with Japethite Scythic6 Dardans-Isedones from the territory of modern Estonia7 stretching from their territory passing through ancient port Ol-bia8 and Colchis9 all the way to the Balkan Peninsula. In general the myth of Cadmus describes the development of human civilization after the Great Flood which occurred 5.508 years BC10 according to the ancient Serbian and Russian calendar which was abandoned in Russia in time of emperor Peter the Great and in Serbia in time of King Milan Obrenovic11. The myth
Heinrich, Über de Herkunft der Polen von Balkan. Ih: DwS, 1984, № 29, cit. Urhunde aus Karlovac (KapnoBa^KM poflocnoB).
6 Ihre J. Glossarium Suiogothicum T. 1, Upsaliae, typis Edmannianis, 1769, Prooemium, p. XXVIII, «Pelasgi Scythicae originis omnino fuerint» («Pelasgians are of Scythian origin»).
7 Campbell John, The Hittites: Their Inscriptions and Their History. Vol. II, Toronto, Williamson&Co., 1890, p. 281, cit. Aristeas of Proconnesus
8 Herda A. De Archeologie a l' Historie 66, Megara and Miletos, Paris, Editions de Boccard, 2016, p. 27, cit Herodot, II, 158; Hartung U., Der Fortgang der Untersuchungen am Tell von Buto: Ein «Berg» an Informationen wartet auf Entschlüsselung. In G. Dreyer, Polz D. (eds.), Begegnung mit der Vergangenheit. 100 Jahre in Ägypten. Mainz, 2007, pp. 6068.
9 John Campbell, The Hittites: Their Inscriptions and Their History, Vol. II, Toronto, Williamson&Co., 1890, p. 281. On so-called Halybs (Saqalibs) from Pontus see Herodotus, History, 4.17; 52; Hecateus, 203, Homer, Illiad, 2.857; Tsetskhladze G. R., Treister M., The Metallurgy and Productin of Precious Metals in Colchis Before and After the Arrival of the Ionians, BMM 24.2, 1-32, 1995; T. Lazova, «Are the Halizones a Thracian Tribe? Some Glances at the Ancient Greek Tradition // Actes du II Congress International de Thracologie I. Bucharest, 1980, pp. 323-324.
10 Old Testament, «Genesis» 6.13-20; 9.1.
11 Emperor Petar the Great transferred December
4
of Cadmus is also a Balkan Slavic version of the universal myth of Cadmus's counterpart hero Noah, who with his wife and their three sons with their wives and animals survived the Great Flood in Noah's Ark on the mountain Ararat and from there they migrated to various sides of the world. Just like the mythical hero Cadmus, after the Great Flood «ancient Serbs-Slavs-Sarmatians» from their ancient homeland in northern Caucasus migrated to various sides of the world «under various names», and among them there were «Serbs-Slavs who lived on the bank of the river Danube»1. Until a major change which occurred in the world historiography during the 19th century2 on the basis
19th 7208 by traditional Russian calendar to January 1st 1700 (cit. О писании впредь Генваря с 1 числа 1700 года во всех бумагах лета от Рождества Христова, а не от сотворения мира Полное собрание законов Российской империи с 1649 года. Том III (1689-1699 гг.). СПб., 1830. С. 680-681.; СтеванчевиЬ Милан. Синволи четворо;еван!)ела на капштаима Српске Православне Цркве - Светог Апостола и евангелисте Марка, Док. 4. In: Српски кален-дар, Београдска школа Метеоролоще, 2012, C. 259-260.
1 Quandt Johann Ludwig, Die Liutizen und Obodriten, Baltische Studien, Band 22, Stettin, Verlag Christoph von der Ropp, 1868, p. 272, cit. Geographen von Ravenna: «Sarmatantis, Sarmatae-Serben»; Ibid, pp. 277-279, cit. Einh. V. Karoli; Ad. Br. School. 19; A. Quedl, 994; 342; Miracula Henrici Pertz 6, 816: «Sorben, Sorabi, Byzantinern Serbi, Sorabi Morizani... who are the Slavs».
2 Athanassoglou-Kallmyer N. Excavating Greece: Classicism between Empire and Nation in Nineteenth-CenturyEurope // Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide: [сайт]. URL: http:// www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn08/38-autumn08/autumn08article/94-excavating-greece-classicism-between-empire-and-nation-in-nineteenth-century-europe: «Under the regime of Bavarian baron fon Vittelsbach ancient archeological sites in Greece were
of antique historical sources there was a consensus in the world historiography that «indigenous people in Sarmatia were the Serbs as the oldest branch of Sarma-tians-Slavs»3 and that in the Balkan-Black Sea region there lived only «one and the same people Serbian-Sarmatian Triballs»4 or «Sardians»5 («Sards», «Scordisci or Rascians» who were descendants of the ancient goddess of the moon, fertility and grain Venus Sirbis (Aphrodite, Shiva, Hera, Demeter, Isis)6 who had the knowledge of a solar calendar and adopted and governed their life activities in their first
placed under the monopoly of British, French and German archeological grupations whose «operational agenda» was defined by political
interest and scholarships».
3 Robert Cyprian, Le monde slave, son passe, son etat present et son avenir, Tome I, Paris, 1852, pp. 35; 41-42.
4 Joannen Boemum, Mores, Leges et Ritus Omnium Gentium, apud seb. Gryphium, Lyg-duni, 1541, p. 191; НиколиЬ Ма^а, Српска држава у делу византи^ског историчара Дуке, In: Зборник радова Византолошког института Срби^е, 2007, XLIV, cit. Georgio Sfranze, Critobuli, Ducas, Laonici Chalcocandylae, Georges Pachymeres, Nicephori Gregorae, Metochites, Kantakouzenos, etc.
5 Hewitt James Francis Katherinus, History and chronology of the myth-making age, London, J. Parker and Co., 1901, p. 138, cit. Sayce, Hibbert Lectures for 1887, Lect. i. p. 26, note I, 28, I, Lect. 3., p. 134, 1, 166, 1. Lect. 4., p. 245, 6.), «Sards, born from Akkadian goddess Sara or Shara («the house»).
6 Hoffmann Christian Gottfried et al, Haugwitz Friderico Adolpho ab. T. 2. Rerum Lusaticarum: qui Speciales Tractatus Slavorum atque Soraborum idolatria, ex Senatus Zittaviensis Bibliotheca, sumpt. Davidis Richteri, Biblio-polae, literis Andreae Zeidleri, 1719; Brosse Pierre dela, Corpus omnium veterum poetarum latinorum secundum seriem temporum, T. 2, Hug. A. Porta Lugduni sumptibus Ioan Degabiano & Sam. Girard, 1603, p. 1062: cit. Ovidii Nasonis, Amorum, Lib. II, Elegia XIV, 564-565: «Casurus domina conditur Sirbis erat, Venus Aeneam grauida temer asset in aluo».
social communities in accordance with their ancient calendar1 [1-79].
The Key to the Origin of Slavic People's
Ethnonyms in the Myth of Cadmus
According to the ancient myth of Cadmus, Cadmus from Colchis followed a cow and arrived to the Balkan Peninsula and there he killed by a stone a dragon that guarded the water source of the dragon's father, who was Thracian god of war Ares (Tyras or Mars)2. Following the advice of goddess of wisdom Athena (Minerva3) Cadmus sowed the teeth of the dragon from which appeared the first people on the Earth Pelasgians «Spartoi»4 -«nomadic»5, gigantic6 warrior-like7 and just8 «Earth-born» people9. The Spartans
lived in Sparta or Serbeika - «the land of Serbs» on the mythical mountain Olymp in Greece10 for which a historian Gordon Child claimed that it was built about 3.760 years BC on the river Haliakmon as a cultural province of prehistoric civilization Vinca and the first cultural and educational center of ancient Macedonia11 and in accordance with their ethnonyme Cadmus is sometimes called Sparton, the son of «the first man and king Toromey»12. Another proof of the mythical link between the antique Serbs from the dynasty
Pausanius, Descriptions of Greece 9. 12, 1, 8. 1,
2, 3.; Forlong James, Rivers of Life Vol. II, Leeds Celephais Press, 2005, p. 556. Burkert Walter, Greek Religion. Blackwell, 2004, p. 170: Ares was celebrated in Athens, too, until the arrival of Romans to this region, when they
changed the name to «Mars Ultor». Hyginus, Fabulae 178.
Pausanius, 1.8.1.2.: «Spartans were Pelasgians Lelegs, first people who inhabited Greece».
Берншта]н J. Х. О pacejaHOM илирско-расцщанском народу (1761), Београд/ Вал>ево ур. С. Гаврилович, Гутенбергова галаксща, , 1995.; Appian, Illyricum, 2.3.4;
Ovidius, Metamorphoses, 4.15; Fortis Alberto,
Travels Into Dalmatia. Ayer Publishing,
(Reprint Arno Press, 1971), pp. 45-46; 48-49: In time of Alexander Macedonian descendents
of Phoenician Cadmus and Egeian Sporades
(«scattered people») lived in the region from the river Neretva to Ohrid lake and river Drin. Hydronims and toponims in this region were
«Slavic names which had already existed in the time of the reign of Romans in this region.» Apollodorus, 1.6.1, Pindar 1.67. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3. 1179; Plato, Laws 641c; 663e.
Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 407: Pagan goddess of justice Dike was from the family of Thracian god of war Ares». Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3. 1179.
10 Serbica or Serveika (gr. «eika»: «land» - land of Serbs») is the name of prehistorical settle-men on the river Haliakmon in the vicinity of ancient Sparta in Greece. See: Heurtley W. A., Excavations at Sérvia in Western Macedonia, The Antiquaries Journal In: 12, pp. 227238; Heurtley W.A., Prehistoric Macedonia Cambridge 1939, pp. 43-56; Ridley C.; Wardle K. A., «Rescue Excavations at Servia 1971-73: a preliminary report», In: Annual of the British School at Athens 1979, 74; Летопис Матице Српске 104.43: «City of Serbeika in Lakonia and other toponims in Greece that testify on Pelasgian - Slavic (pre-Helenic) identity of Greece».
11 Childe Gordon, L'Aube de la civilization Europenne, Paris Payout, 1949; Childe V Gordon, , L'Europe prehistorique, Payout Paris, 1962; Ridley C., Wardle K. A., Mould C. A., eds. Servia I : Anglo-Hellenic rescue excavations 1971-1973, suppl. vol. 32, Londres, 2000. Rhomiopoulou, K. and Ridley, C. (1973) «Prehistoric settlement of Servia (W. Macedonia): excavations 1972», In: Athens Annals of Archaeology 6: 419-24; Demoule Jean-Paul, Perlès Catherine, The Greek Neolithic: A New Review, Journal of World Prehistory, In: Vol. 7, No. 4 1993, p. 387. On similarity of prehistoric culture of Vinca and Corinth: Lavezzi John C. , Middle Neolithic, Late Neolithic, and Early Helladic Deposits in he Forum West Area, Prehistoric Investigations at Corinth, Plates, 104-112, Hesperia 47.4, 1978, pp. 419-420, cit. Sheffield City Museum, The Arts of the First Farmers [exhibition catalogue], Sheffield 1969, no. 83, p. 35.
12 Pausanius, 3. 146; Hyginus, Fabulae 143.
of Cadmus and another one of Cadmus's mythical counterpart hero Heracles (Serbo Makeris)1 is an antique inscription «Serbs Heracleides» located between the cities of Pydna and Dion in the vicinity of the mountain Olymp2. As shown in the myth of Cadmus and in the myths of other similar heroes-counterparts of Cadmus, Cadmus killed the dragon who was the son of Ares and this myth is similar to the myth of Heracles as the son of Aristeus Serbo (Sard) Makeris3 who killed Ares' son Cycnos4 and did various heroic acts in the Balkan Peninsula5 or the myth of Apollo who killed a snake (dragon) in Delphi oracle in ancient Greece. After the murder of the dragon Cadmus married the goddess of arts and harmony Harmo-nia6 who was the daughter of King Ares (Mars) and Ares' wife Aphrodite (Venus Sirbis),7 while the Spartoi, who in the beginning used to kill each other in the
wars, calmed down8 and were taught by Harmonia to play the instruments which could cause war-like spirit or peaceful spirit in people9. According to one version of the myth of Cadmus, one family branch of Cadmus' sons Illyrius, Dardan and Scordisc disappeared with the death of his descendent Oedipus10 while according to another version Cadmus' descendants and people became some sort of snakes or dragons with a tail attached to human torso11, which was a metaphor for Noah's oldest son Japhet («Iatus, expandus»12), whose descendants «spread all over the world», as it was written in «Genesis» in Old Testament13. In other words, Cadmus' descendants14, Dardans, were a synonym of Cadmus' oldest son Dardan («Dar-da-Nus» - «glorious Noah») or the pagan god of sea Japhet (also called Neptune, Phorkys or Dagon)15. The proof of this claim, among other proofs, is a carved re-
1 Diodor of Sicily, Library, 1.4.282: «History of Aristeu Maceris is a parody of historical myths of Orpheus and Cadmus».
2 Augustus Boeckhius, ed., Corpus inscriptio-num Graecarum, Vol. 2, Berolini Ex Officina Academica, 1952, p. 49, cit. «Serbios Ieraklides».
3 Kavipriya 1.38-39: Darda, Sarda or Sara-swati was a goddess of speech and poetry related to red colour.
4 Hesiod, Shield of Heracles 357.
5 Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 96; 2.155; Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 31.
6 Nonnus, Dionysiaca 5. 88.
7 Charles Fellows, An account of discoveries in
Lycia, being a journal kept during a second excur-
sion in Asia Minor , London, John Murray, 1841,
pp. 170-171; 456, cit. Eustahius, ad Horn. I1. 12:
The name Sirbis was used until the age of Homer, when the name of the river Sirbis was written down
as Ksantos in Greek language for the first time.,
Samsaris D. C., Historical Geography of Western
Thrace during the Roman Antiquity (in Greek).
Thessaloniki, 2005, pp. 86-88: Ksant or Sirbis was also the synonim for Scamandar or Samo-thrakia.
8 Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke iii. 4.1; Hyginus Fabula 178; Ovid, Metamorphoses iii. 126.
9 Pausanius, Description of Greece 2. 21. 3: «Descentents of Heracles made the oracle of Athina with the war trumpet in city Argos».
10 Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.1-137; 4. 563-614.
11 Philostratus, Imagines 1.18.
12 Old Testament, Genesis 9.27.
13 Old Testament, Genesis 9.27; Jamieson John, Hermes Scythicus: Or The Radical Affinities of the Greek and Latin Languages to the Gothic: A Dissertation on Historical Proofs ofthe Schytian Origin og the Greeks. Edinbourgh: Longman & Brown; London: Bell & Bradfute, 1814, p. 117.
14 Appian, Illyrian Wars, 10.2.
15 Phornut, de Natura Deorum 35; Cicero, de Natura Deorum, 3 17: In the Balkan Peninsula in the context of development of fishing, navigation and trade there is often mentioned pagan sea god Dagon, which is in Sanskrt language mentioned as the sea monster Divya, Sarpa, Valaka (Vlach), Mars or the good of rain. See Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary [Электронный ресурс]. ULL, http://buddhism-dict.net/ddb/monier-williams/ mw-10.html
lief of the Dardans (Earth born Spartans)1 with a figure of Japhet as a gigantic Slavic man with a fish tail in Pergamon2, or a myth of sirens who seduced sailors in the Bosphore moreus, or a mythic trident of Ruric's Slavs in Ladoga and Novgorod. Ancient Greeks used to call Cadmus' father Agenor «the father of sea-people Pelasgians»3 and represented him with a human torso and a fish tail4. He also had a trident5 - the sea god Poseidon from the family of Neptune (Japhet). The translations of Cadmus' homeland Colchis into Greek and Latin (gr. %a\Kdq, lat. cholcis)6 mean «bronze» or «copper»7. Colchis-based Dardan «Saqalibs» (arab. chalyb; gr. xaXvf)8 as Arabian writers used to call the Slavs9 or Thracians, who were the
1 Apollodorus, 1.6.1-2; 2.5.4, Lycophron, Alexandria, 1357.
2 Whitaker Richard, Art and Ideology: The Case of the Pergamon Gigantomachy, Acta Classica, 2005, XLVIII, p. 171.
3 Homer, Iliad, 1. 35-39: With his trident Poseidon made Thracian island Delos in Egeian sea and there the sea people sacrified victims to their pagan idols before departing on their sea journies.
4 Diodor of Sicily, 5.58.2: King Agenor's son Cadmus established a Phoenician colony on the island Rhodos whose ancestors and inhabitants were from the family of Poseidon.
5 Homer, Iliad, 1. 35-39
6 «Red copper» (Homer, Iliad, 9.365) or «grey copper» (Pindar, Pythia 3.48) is a «raw metal» and it is a semantic addition to the attribute «red» and it was used by the Slavs. About it see Alinei Mario, Interdisciplinary and linguistic evidence for Palaeolithic continuity of IndoEuropean,Uralic and Altaic populations in Eurasia, with an excursus on Slavic ethno-genesis. In: the Conference Ancient Settlers in Europe, Kobarid May 29-30 2003- Quaderni di Semantica, p. 48.
7 Homer, Iliad 9.365.
8 Homer, Iliad 2.856-857: «Saqalibi from the homeland of silver»; Ephorus, Fragment 87, Apol. Rhod. 2.373 -377, Strabo 10.3.19-22; 14.2.7.
9 Ibn al-Faqih Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan; al-
first ironsmiths and metallurgists in the world10 and traded metals11, were known as the descendents of Japhets. In other historical sources they were also called by their counterpart ethnonymes Kim-merians and Medes and «med» or «mjed» in the Serbian language means «copper», just like Cadmus's homeland Colchis12. According to Homer, in the trade process these first metallurgists used copper -«halkos» as a medium of exchange13, just like the people mentioned in the Eighth Book of Rg Veda who used copper coins «shulka»14. Their connection with the Balkan Peninsula is proved also by the fact that the ancient settlement Kimmerium in the Black Sea, named by a descendent of Japhet's oldest son Gomer Kimmeri-ans, was originally named Serberion15.
Istakhri's manuscript copy of Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik MS copy dated 1325, Iran Bastan Museum, Tehran. Ref. MS.3515, ff. 3a-2b. Saqaliba [«Land of the Slavs»]; Ibn Fadlan («Manuscripts on the Slavs» - «Baris as-Saqlabi») in Togan Z., Ibn Fadlan's Relsebericht. Leipzig, 1939. (Arabian script).
10 Plutarch, Lucull. 14; Strabo, 11.14.5; Serafimov Pavel, Tomezzoli Giancarlo, p. 95, cit. Pyankov URL http://www.acnet.ge/catastrophes/III_2. htm.
11 Diakonoff I. M. , The Pre-history of the Armenian People, Yerevan, 1968.
12 БорвиЬ С. , Хеми^ски преглед 3, годиште 43, Српско хеми^ско друштво 2002, стр. 6065: «Notion «med» or «mjed» for the copper and messing was used by professor Borislav Todorovic (1846—1925) in his textbook Basics of Chemistry (Основи хеми^е (Извод из Роско^еве хеми^е)), which received a negative review with the explanation that the notion «med» was «too serbized».
13 Homer, Iliad, 2.7. 472.
14 Tilak Bal Gangadhar, The Arctic Home in the Vedas Being Also a New Key to the Interpretation of Many Vedic Texts and Legends. Messrs. Tilak Bros Gaikwar Wada Poona City, 1903, p. 411, cit. ipg-Veda (VIII, 1, 5).
15 Gaius Plinius Secundus Maior, Naturalis Historia VI, 19: «...utriumque in ostio Cimmerium, quod
The attribute «red», which is connected to «cadmium» (Cd) - red coloured imperial garment of the first man in the Earth Pe-lasg or King Agenor, Cadmus' father1, is also applied to Cadmus himself (Pelasg, Peleus) and his wife Harmonia (Thalassa, Teuta) and the descendents of their imperial dynasty.2 King Agenor's red imperial garment is a metaphor for the creation of the first state order with an imperial father figure as the leader and civilizer of primordial primitive humankind following the end of the Great Flood, or in other words, it is a metaphor for the creation of the first states and social institutions, beliefs, customs and manners of the humankind.
Before King Agenor's son Cadmus gave legislation to the people in the Balkan Peninsula, he firstly had to spread literacy among the people of the Balkan Peninsula3, which is proved by the sameness and similarity of millennia-old prehistoric Serbian Vinca symbols and Old Armenian letters4, It is also proved by the toponymes in Greece related to the metal made in Theba and its surrounding cities which was used for the production of the alloys for printing letters5. During the 8th
antea Serberion vocabantur».
1 Pausanius, 1.39.5; 1.40.6; 2.15.5; Hellanicus from Lesbos, Fragments 47.
2 Diodor of Sicily, 5.48.2.
3 Plinius, Natural History 1, 5.29; 1.7.56: It was thought about Phoenician letters of Cadmus that he was the first man who wrote history in the form of prose.
4 Vahanyan Vahan, Vahanyan Grigori. The Intercultural relations between Old Europe and Old Armenia, Making history of prehistory, the role of rock art XXIII Valcamonica Symposium, October 28 - November 2 , 2009, Capo di Ponte -Valcamonica, [Электронный ресурс] In: URL http://www.iatp.am/vahanyan/articles/valca-monica1.pdf
5 Hardt Hermanno von der, Cadmus: Magistratu
Academico Salvo, Schnorrium: Helmstadii,
century BC these symbols were accepted by Hellenic migrants to Greece6 and used until the 5 th century BC, when the Athenian tyrant Pisistrat ordered a linguistic revision of the edition of Homer's IUiad7. The archeological discovery of the metal used for the production of printing alloys in Theba and its surroundings8 explains the paintings on antique vases representing Cadmus who kills a dragon with a stone and then builds Theba in which literacy and metallurgy developed and both these actions explain the meaning of integral ethnonyme of the Slavs as "literate" (slovni9) or "glorious" (slavni10) people. After Cadmus had built the city of Theba in Greece11, over which the goddess Athena granted him the authority12, he contin-
1716, p. B2, cit. C. E. Housecroft; A. G. Sharpe Inorganic Chemistry Prentice Hall 2008; Parkes G.D., Phil D., (1958). Melorova moderna neorganska hemija. Naucna knjiga, Beograd, 1958.
6 Woodhead A.G., The Study of Greek Inscriptions, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1967, p. 14.
7 Dankovski Gregorius, Homerus Slavicis dialec-tis cognata linqua, 1829.
8 Hardt Hermanno von der. Cadmus: Magistratu Academico Salvo. Schnorrium: Helmstadii, 1716, p. B2.
9 Tommaseo Niccolo, Canti popolari: Corsi illirici. Vol. IV, Venezia, Girolamo Tasso: 1842, pp. 5-6; Wilkinson John Gardner, Dalmatia and Montenegro, London John Murray, 1848, pp. 7-12;
10 Appian, Roman History, 3.14; 9; Orbini Mauro.
Il Regno degli Slavi, interpr. Augusto Fonseca, Pesaro, 1601, pp. 168-171: «Sclavi», «Agriani» or «Aryani» since the age of emperor Alexander the Great meant «glorious» or «literate ones».; Fortis Alberto. Travels Into Dalmatia. Ayer Publishing. Fortis claimed that the notion «Vlachs» in Slavic language meant «noble», just like the ethnicum «Slav» which meant «glorius».
11 Statius, Thebaid, a Song on Theba, 180-185
12 Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 22.
ued to build Athens1, Sparta2, Budva3, Ul-cinj (originally named Colchis)4, Risan5, Ohrid6 and Tomis7 and other cities in the vicinity. In Athens Cadmus («Acade-mus, thinker») established the Academy of knowledge8, for which a mythic parallel is found in Lucian's myth of Cadmus' counterpart, legislator and philosopher Tocharis. In accordance with the institutional legislative frame which the first King Agenor and his son Cadmus established in the Balkan Peninsula, for which one symbol is the institution of Cadmus and Harmonia's marriage, and in accordance with Harmonia's name, the inhabitants of the cities under their jurisdiction were described as peaceful and spiritual people9. A descendent of Cadmus' son Il-lyrius, Emperor Agron lived with his wife Teuta in Risan in the Boka Kotorska bay on the Adriatic Sea in the 3rd century BC and an antique historian called his empire
«Serbian empire»10. According to antique sources one «red» king Dardan (Evmolp), which was also the name of another Cadmus' son Dardan, built Evmolpida (today Plovdiv in Bulgaria) and also the cities in Samothrakia11, in the Black-Sea/Caspian Colchis, in Hittite Anatolia and in the north of Africa, in accordance with the belief that Cadmus lived in the age of Trojan war12, and in the age of the navigators Argonauts who sailed to India13 and Thra-cian king Lykurg whose navigators sailed to Egypt and Lybia.14
1 Pausanius, 1. 5. 2; 1. 22. 5; 1,31.2; 9.33.1; 10. 10. 1; Strabo, Geography, 9.407; Hesiod, Theogony 1001; Homer, Illiad, 2. 546-549, Plutarch, On Exile 607b; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 8; Homer, Iliad, 11. 167.
2 Pausanius, Descriptions of Greece, 3. 13. 2; Herodot, History, 4.149
3 Sasel-Kos Marjeta, Cadmus and Harmonia in Illyria, Arheoloski vestnik 1993, 44, p. 121, cit. Philon of Byblus, Stephanus of Byzantium.
4 Plinius, Natural History 3, 22: «People from Colchis built up Colhinium, which is called Olcinium in contemporary times».
5 Ptolomy, Geography, 2.15; Pseudo-Scylax, 2425.
6 Christodorus, Anthologia Palatina, 7,697
7 Ovid, Ex Ponto, Book 8:1-70 «To Severus: Memories of Home».
8 Georgius Hornius, History of Philosophy, 3.2; E. Barker; J. Cauvin Lempriere's Classical Dictionary, ed., Longman, Brown, London, Green & Longmans, 1843, p. 6.
9 Evans John Arthur, Antiquarian Researches in
Illyricum, Parts I., II., Westminster Nichols and
Sons, 1883, pp. 43-44, cit. Scymnos, V. 420
10 On the Serbian empire which preserved memory of Agenor (Peleus) and Teuta producing the coins with the name of Peleus (Beleus) on them and preserving the names Peleus, Teuta and Agenor in the names of members of the ruling dynasty see Appian, Roman History 10,10; Saint-Marie E. Pricot, Les Slaves Meredionaux, Paris 1874, p. 23; Joannis Zonarae: Historica Annalum, Patrologiae, Migne, T. 134 . Paris 1864, p. 690: «Domino Aregoni, Sardionarum regi»; (Regarding the notion «Sardionarum regi» see the explanation of writing Sarba as Sarda in Friedrich Heinrich Theodor Bischoff, Johann Heinrich Möller, Verleichendes Wörterbuch der alten, mittleren und neuen geographie. Becker, Gotha, 1829, pp. 894: Sarbacum / Ptol. St. In Sarmatia Europaea, Sarbana / Sardana, Sarbanissa/Barbanissa, Ptol. St. n Cappadoccia. Also Andrija Kacic-Miosic defined king Agron's son Gentius as «Slavic king» in his Razgovor ugodni naroda slovinskog, [Электронный ресурс] In: URL http://dzs.ffzg.hr/popis.htm.
11 Diodor of Sicily, Library 1.5.322-323: «Des-cendents of Dardan in Samothrakia did not speak in Hellenic, but in Pelasgian language».
12 Lycophron. v. 217. and Scholia.
13 Clemens Alexandrinus, Stromata 1. 1., p. 382. Also according to Apollodorus (cit. Apoll. Bibl. 3.6) mother of Argonaut Jason and Dardan was Electra, and Cadmus made one of the gates in Theba in her honour. From this gate the sea people travelled to India (cit. Poeticon Astronomicon 2.21).
14 Nonnus, Dionysiaca 20; Diodor of Sicily 3, 55; Plutarch, Vitae decem oratorum 7.
Cadmus kills a dragon behind the pagan goddess Athena Red-figure vase, the 5th century BC, Sicily1
Cadmus' descendents and countrymen were called «sons of Noah's Ark»2 or «red», «sunny», «shining» Xanthi (its countername is Sirbi)3, Phoenicians, Erythreians (Russians)4, etc. These syno-
1 Source of the illustration: www. theoi.com
2 Bryant Jacov, A New System or an Analysis of Ancient Mythology, Vol. III, T. Payne, P. Elmsly, B. White, J. Walter. London, 1807, pp. 507-508, cit. Strabo, 10.95: In Sidon Heracles was originally named Arkalus or Arkales («the son of Arka», that is, the son of Noah's bark).
3 Strabo,Geography, 14.3.6; Eustathius, ad Horn. 1. 12: River and city Xanthus was named Sirbis until the age of Homer when this name was written in Greek language for the first time. и град Ксантус су се звали Сирбис све до времена Хомера када je то име први пут записано на грчком jeзику.; Samsaris D. C., Historical Geography of Western Thrace during the Roman Antiquity (in Greek). Thessaloniki, 2005, pp. 86-88: Hindu word «Samudraka», also the ocean and the title «admiral».
4 Guest Edwin, Origines Celticae (a Fragment) and Other Contributions to the History of Britain, Ardent Media, 1883, pp. 153-154: Plinius, Pausanius and Dionisius Periegetes
mentioned Phoenicians (Phoinikes, Phoinoi) as «red people» (Eruthraioi); Ibid, p. 288, cit.
Steph. B.; Strab.: «Eruth - Ros» («red»); Red Sea (Mare Erythraeum); According to Kavipriya 1.38-39 and Nonnus, Dionysiaca 3.195: Darda,
nymic ethnonymes of people meant «the Reds» and they were connected not only with the imperial red coloured garment of King Agenor, but also with the sun and the image of Cadmus as a metallurgist, or with the so-called «ruda» - raw metal - developed by the early Slavs5. Cadmus was considered a «red» man who, like the sun, came from the mountain Ararat in the East, or from Sarmatia, or Dakia Get-tica6, to the Black sea-Balkan region and
Sarda, Saraswati from the family of Herakleide Maceris was the god of speech and poetry connected with red colour.
5 Nonnus, Dionysiaca 20; Diodor of Sicily 3, 55; Plutarch, Vitae decem oratorum 7: Thracian king Lykurge, who originated from the son of the Earth who was red Erythreus, brought to the Erithrei talasan» (cit. Herodot 1.180; 2.11; 4.42 -«Red Sea»), Egypt and Lybia Dionysis and sea people to live there.
6 Clemens of Alexandria, Stromata 4. 213; Ptolomy, Geography 3. 10; Riese Alexander, Geographi latini minores, (No. 8), Heilbronnae, Henninger, p.10: «Dakia Getika from the East of Sarmatia and the rivers Visla and Danube»; Humphridus Prideaux, Marmora oxoniensia, ex Arundellianis, e Theatro Sheldoniano, Oxonii, 1676, p. 103: «Cadmus came from Levant or from the East, from direction of Asia».
eastern Mediterranean and this is the reason why the peoples in eastern Mediterranean called him «kedem» («East»)1 or «ab orientem» («from the East»)2.
Slavic People as the First Legislators in the Myth of Cadmus
In the Balkan Peninsula Cadmus taught legislation to Athenian people and in this sense the myth about it is identical to the myth of a Scythian philosopher and lawyer Tocharis who had taught the legislation to the Athenians long time before Scythian philosopher Anacharsis and the lawyer Solon did it in the 6th century BC3. The so-called Solon's Law or Solon's Twelve Tablets4 was only a legal reflection of an ancient Slavic-Aryan Manu's Law, which was reportedly created by the first man Manu (Noah, or Cadmus' father King Agenor), and some charters of this ancient Manu's Law were also present in some charters of the medieval law of the Serbian Emperor Stefan
1 Cox George. An Introduction of teh Science of Comparative Mythology and Folklore, 1883, p. 67: «Cadmus simply means East in Semitic language (qedhemah - Kedem , East).
2 Welsford Henry. Mithritades Minor or an Essay on Language, London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1848, pp. 245-245: Imperial dynasty of Heracles or Cadmus came from the East, «from where the sun arises», which was the meaning of the names of Heracles and Cadmus.
3 Kindstrand Jan Fredrik. Anacharsis. The Legend and the Apophthegmata, Studia Graeca Upsaliensia Uppsala: 16 Almqvist & Wiksell, 1981, p. 7.
4 Gary Forsythe, A Critical History of Early
Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War, University of California Press, 2005: According
to early Roman historians, in the Twelve Tablets
law there were regulated crimes commited by immigrants to Rome, prisoners and slaves from surrounding states as well as the matters of
property, money, land posession and the rights of nobles, common citizens and slaves.
Dusan Nemanjic Dusanov zakonik, although Dusanov zakonik was written in the form of Constitution5. As for Manu's Law or Solon's Law, which was the creation of «Scythian people from the East», the Romans adopted it from the Balkan people in order to stabilize the situation in the Apenine Peninsula after the fall of Etrurian ruler Tarquinius and subsequent decrease of the import of products from eastern states6. Because of the existing explanation that the notions «Ro-scian law» in Cicero's Philippics (2.44) is related to «lex Roscia theatralis» of a Roman official Lucius Roscius Otho7, the fact that the origin of Roman law, Theo-dosian Codex and later Constantinopoli-tan and Slavic laws goes back to ancient Slavic legislators and philosophers is widely neglected in the field of humanities. Other legal reflections of Manu's Law are the Code of Hammurabi, Hittite laws, universal human idea of Alexander the Great, later adopted by the laws of the emperors Constatine the Great, Theodo-sius and Justinian of Slavic origin, which later became known as the Roman Law8
Слободан М. ФилиповиЬ, Речник српско-ари;(ев)ски или архаично-српски с додатком корена, Београд, Сардони^а, 2010., с. 21, 214215, цит. ПетковиЬ.
On why the Romans adopted from the Greeks Solon's Tablets and their laws, institutions and customs see Toynbee Arnold J. , Hannibal's Legacy. Oxford, Oxford Press, 1965, p. 371; Wenger Leopold. Die Quellen des romischen Rechts. Wien, Adolf Holzhausens, 1953, p. 358; Слободан М. ФилиповиЬ, Речник српско-ари;(ев)ски или архаично-српски с додатком корена, Београд, Сардони^а, 2010., стр. 21, 214-215, cit. Kicovic, Petkovic Marcus Tullius Cicero, Defence Speeches, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 237. Слободан М. ФилиповиЬ, Речник српско-ари;(ев)ски или архаично-српски с додатком корена, с. 214-215, цит. КицовиЬ.
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and Codex Theodosianus1 and much later the collections of Canon law and civil and public laws Basilica and Pandecta2, as well as Serbian medieval laws Saint Sava's Zakonopravilo (Nomocanon, Kniga Kormceg), Agricultural law of King Milu-tin Nemanjic and Emperor Stefan Dusan Nemanjic's Dusanov zakonik3. Therefore the legacy of the lawyer and poet Solon in the Balkans had been long established and was also proved by the discovery of a vase with the verses of Solon's Song to Muses of Justice4 in the tomb of a Thracian man near Plovdiv in modern Bulgaria in the 1st century BC5. These «Thracians» (one of various ethnonyms of «the men from the East» from Scythia), were described by the antique authors Herodotus and Strabo as «the justest people in the world» (dichaiotatoi anthropoi6), «people
1 William Smith, ed. The Breviary of Alaric. In: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London, Taylor and Walton, 1842, pp. 160-161, cit. «Lex Theodosii».
2 Слободан М. ФилиповиЬ, Речник српско-ар^(ев)ски или архаично-српски с додатком корена, с. 214-215, цит. ПетковиЬ.
3 Законоправило Светога Саве, Иловички препис, 1262. године, Фототип^а Дeчje Новине, Гораи Милановац, Истор^ски институт САНУ, Београд, Народна библиотека Срб^е, 1991.; Благоjeвиh Милош, Землораднички закон - средаовековни ру-копис, САНУ, Београд, 2007; Душанов зако-ник, Закони старог и средаег века, Ауторско издаае, Београд, 1968.
4 Skarsouli Penelope, Calliope, a Muse Apart: Some Remarks on the Tradition of Memory as a Vehicle of Oral Justice In: Oral Tradition 2006 21/1, p. 218: Solon's Song to Muses is dedicated to the muses of justice, similar to Hesiod's Theogony.
5 Паунов Радко, Съд c надпж eт поема на 2600 г. от^иха в тpаaкйcка могила, [Электронный ресурс] [24.09.2015] URL https://www.24chasa. bg/novini/article/5003414, цит. археолог Ко-стадин Кисюв Archeological Museum, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
6 Homer, Iliad, 13.5. 6.
who practice justice» (cultores justissimi7), or Dakioi («just and wise people from the East»)8. Therefore the myth of Cadmus from the East who taught the Greeks various kinds of knowledge is related to the Scythians philosophers and thinkers9 and ascetics10 who arrived from their «barbarian» eastern states and gave legislation to the Athenians and Romans11, and invented an anchor and taught the Greeks the skill of navigation and other kinds of knowledge in the field of science and arts12, for which the antique Greeks used to express their gratitude to them13. They called these Scythian philosophers and prophets («shamans»), dioi («sacred»), dictatoi («just») and ieroi («heroic») people14. The just Scythians built various pagan oracles for prophecies in Greece. On the Greek island Delos15 (originally named Scythia)16 they dedicated the oracle to their supreme
7 Pindar's scholiast, Olymp.3.2; Fragmenta Hist. graec 1. 58. 96; 2.387.
8 Riese Alexander, Geographi latini minores, Heilbronnae, Henninger. 1878. No. 8. P. 10
9 Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers 1.105.
10 Cicero, Tusculan Disputations; Pseudo-Ana-charsis, Epistle 5, 5. 32.
11 Cicero, de Finibus, 5.11.
12 Strabon 7.3.9: On Scythian Anarxasis as an inventor
13 Strabo. 7.3.9; Bryant Jacob, A New System or an Analysis of Ancient Mythology. T. Payne, P. Elmsly, B. White, J. Walter, London, 1807, p. 407.
14 Homer, Iliad, 10.5. 429; Odysseys 19.5. 177; Eschyl, Suppl. 5. 967; Dionysius of Halikarnassus, 1. 18.
15 Herodot, 4.13-15; 4.33; 4.36; Callimachus, Complete Works, Hymn 2.60.17; 2.60.24-26.
16 Jamieson John, Scythicus Hermes. Or The Radical Affinities of the Greek and Latin Languages to the Gothic: A Dissertation on Historical Proofs of the Schytian Origin of the Greeks, p. 112, cit. Stephanus of Byzantium, Nicanor.; Ibid, p. 112, cit. Claudian, Stilich, 3.253.
pagan god Zeus who in their belief distributed justice to people1 and to the goddess of justice Dike (Nike)2. In addition to pagan oracles Dodona3 and Delphi4, they also established the cult of pagan Eleusine mysteries in Greece,5 which they named «Eleusia» by their homeland beyond the river Don6. The concept of «just reign» of Scythian legislators, or Cadmus' metallurgists «saqlabi»7 (the Slavs8 from Colchis), was celebrated in the myths of the Argonauts and «just kings»9 and in the myth of King Midas who used to make gold of everything he touched,10 which in the symbolism of antique people meant that King Midas «ruled justly»11. Later in history it
was the rulers from Black sea-located dynasties Pharnaces12 and Mithritades13 who were called «just kings - basileus». Medieval Serbian, Bulgarian and other historical sources claim that through the mother Olympia of the Emperor Alexander the Great, «the Serb»14, the kings from these two dynasties were genealogically connected to the emperors Constantine the Great and Licinius15, Upravda «Justinian»16
Herodot, History, 8 , 65; Plato, Laws 757b-c. Hesiod, Works and Days, pp. 256-262. Homer, lliad, 10. 5. 429; Aeschylus, Suppliant Women, Hesiod, Fragments, Homer, Oddysey, Dionysius of Halikarnassus, 1. 18. Herodot, 1,14: Gordius' son Mida gave imperial throne to pagan oracle in Delphi for distribution of justice.
Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter, 475; Plutarch, Teseus, 10.3.
Procopii Caesariensis, Libri De Bellis VIII, Opera omnia, ed. J. Haury. I—III, Lispiae, 19051913, pp. 501—502
«Saqualibi», arab. «chalyb», gr. Xa\u^: Homer, Iliad, 2.856—857; Strabo 10.3.19—22; 14.2.7. Ibn al-Faqih Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan; al-Istakhri's manuscript copy of Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik MS copy dated 1325, Iran Bastan Museum, Tehran. Ref. MS.3515, ff. 3a-2b. Saqaliba [«Land of the Slavs»]; Ibn Fadlan («Manuscripts on the Slavs» — «Baris as-Saqlabi») in Togan Z., Ibn Fadlan's Relsebericht. Leipzig, 1939.
Herodote, 1,14 on king Mida and his imperial throne in Delphi for distribution of justice. Marazov I. Mythology of the Gold, Sofia 1994; Marasov I., Mythology, Morrison J. S., Williams R. T. Greek Oared Ships 900-322 BC. Cambridge University Press, 1958, p. 7; 29. Munn Mark Henderson. The Mother of the Gods, Athens and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study in Sovereignty in Ancient Religions. Berkley University of California Press, 2006.
12 Marchbank R., Collectanea de Rebus Hiber-nicis, T. 5, Dublin, 1790. Chapter VII Law Glossary, p. 237, cit. Buxtorf: Pharnas is the ruler of the East, which is also the name of the mountain Pharnas in Greece.
13 Starr Brian D., Knighthood of the Elite. In: Lulu.com, 2012. Said Jose Bento, Diccionario Mythologico, Historico, e Geografico. In: Na Officina das Filhas de Lino da Silva Godinho. Lisboa, 1822, pp. 124-125
14 С^ановиЬ Лубомир. ур. Стари српски родослови и летописи, Српска Кралевска Академ^а, кн>. XVI, Сремски Карловци 1927.; Starr Brian D., Kinghthood of the Elite, p. 178; Said Jose Bento, Diccionario Mythologico, Historico e Geografico. pp. 124-125; Грамоты русского царя Петра I от 03.03.1711. СтефановиЬ Орфелин Захарке, Житие и славные деяния государя Петра Великого, с приложением краткой географической и политической истории о российском царстве, Венеция, 1772.
15 НоваковиЬ Рела, Карпатски и лик^ски Срби - The Carpatian and Lycian Serbs. Завод засрбистику «Сардон^а» у Чикагу ИПА «Мирослав» у Београду, 1997, с. 140, цит. Карловачки, Паjсиjeв, Врхобрезнички, Пивски, Загребски, Константинов, Л ашвани-нов, Пejатовиheв, БранковиЬев и друге ро-дослове и летописе; Starr Brian D., Knighthood of the Elite, p. 178; Said Jose Bento, Diccionario Mythologico, Historico, e Geografico, pp. 124125.
16 Стоjановиh Лубомир. Стари српски родослови и летописи, 1927., цит. мозаик цркве Свете Соф^е; Teofilo Abate, Justiniani Vita 5, nel Codice Barberiniano XXXVIII; Bryce James and Jirecek Constantin, Life of Justinian by Theophilus. The English Historical Review, 1887. Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 657-686, cit. Procopius, Anecdote; . Ioannes Tomcus Marnavitius.
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and to the kings and emperors from medieval Serbian1, Bulgarian2, Constanti-nopolitan3 and Russian dynasties4. This cultural, mythological and trade connection of Cadmus and his Slavic-Scythian countrymen who immigrated from the Caucasus and from the Baltic sea and India to the Balkans and spread over the eastern Mediterranean explains another important fact that the so-called Russian «Varjagi» («Variagi»)5 in the time of Cadmus were called «bhairagi», or the people Jati in India, about whom the Indian historians Sankrityayana and Bim Singh Dahiya explicitly wrote that they were ancestors of modern Russians6. In Brahmi
1 Константин Филозоф, Повест о слови-ма (Сказаните описменех) - Жити^е деспота Стефана ЛазаревиЬа, Стара српска каижевност у 24 каиге. Ка. 11,. Београд Просвета - Српска каижевна задруга, 1989.
2 Жити^а Светог |ована Рилског и Жити^е Светог деспота Стефана Куев, К. Г. Петков. Събрани съчинения на Константин Косте -нечки: Изследване, текст. Софиа, 1986., цит. Константин Костенечки, Сачинени^а, с. 145-146; 371-372; Петков Куев, Сабрани сачинени^а на Константин Костенечки, с. 192; 371-372; Смядовски С. , Българска кирилска епиграфика, София, 1991, с. 93; И. Гълъбов Надписите към Боянските стенописи, София, 1963, с. 24-25
3 Павлов Пламен, Търновските царици, София, ДАР-РХ, 2006.
4 Руски царски летопис, прев. са староруског M. ВитезовиЬ. Београд, Завод за уцбенике, 2012., «Свети Сава у руском царском летопи-су», «Родослов и генеалошка веза династи^а». С. 20-21; 14-30.
5 Pistarino Geo. L'Europa dal particolarismo medievale e dall'Impero feudale agli orizzonti aperti, Chemins d' outre-mer: Études d'histoire sur la Méditerranée médiévale offertes à Michel Balard, (Damien Coulon et al), Paris, Éditions de la Sorbonne, 2004, pp. 711-722: «variaga di Kiev».
6 Dahiya Bhim Singh. Jats the Ancient Rulers (A
clan study),: New Delhi Sterling Publishers,
1980, p. 62, cit. R. Sankrityayana; MAKI, Vol.
II, p. 565: «Russian Slavs who were called Sakas
version of Vedic literature and in Hindu mythology these «Variagi» or «bhairagi» were ascetics («sadhu») who abandoned public life for the purpose of meditation7 and were considered «holy, just and moral people»8, just like in antique Greek sources. In addition to this fact, in these sources Cadmus was frequently identified with the pagan god of literacy, shamanism and music Orpheus9. Therefore in accordance with the role of Cadmus' wife Harmonia to spread peace, civilization and fine arts worldwide, Cadmus' countrymen did not practice Dionysian way of shamanism and wild bacchanalias, but Orphic shamanism which was connected with meditation, calmness and asceticism, reflecting the claim of the historian Herodotus that «the Scythians did not like southern customs such as bacchanalias»10.
The Myth of Cadmus and Orpheus in Serbian Coats of Arms
Rurick's «Vairagi» who in the time of Constantinopolitan empire used to trade on the route of ancient Olbia-Panticape-
in the past, were assimilated in India as Saka Brahmi, Rajputi, Jati, Hindu Gujari, etc. Great similarity between Sanskrt and Russian language is understood by looking at theiry histories, because the Russians are descendents of these same Saka, whose brothers Aryans inhabited India and Iran since ancient times».
7 Flood Gavin. An introduction to Hinduism. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1996, p. 92.
8 Sadhu, Williams Monier, Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1899, p. 1201
9 Diodor of Sicily, Library 1.4.282: «History of Aristeus Maceris is a parody of historical myths of Orpheus and Cadmus».
10 Herodot, History 4.79;
Кагаров E. Шаманство и явления экстаза в греческой и римской религии // Известия Академии Наук СССР Отделение общественных наук. 1934. № 5. С. 387-401.
um-Phasis and Trabson ports only continued the millennia-long trade route of their ancestors Cadmus' Slavic Illyrians -Dardans from prehistoric Vinca-Tripolje-Cucuteni civilization. This ancient civilization encompassed the Black sea with its northern tributary rivers and the rivers Danube and Morava in the Balkan Peninsula. In the time of old Roman empire the Balkan Peninsula was considered to be Catena Mundi («Chain of the World»), or in other words, it was considered to be the most strategically important geopolitical spot on the map of the world, as it was a protruded territory directed to the eastern Mediterranean sea and washed by the Black, Adriatic and Aegean seas, with lots of mines full of raw metals, rivers, hot baths and trade roads. Therefore the discoveries of the inscriptions with Orphic old Serbian-Armenian symbols in Olbia, Panticapeum, Phasis and other ports in the Black sea prove that these ports were important meeting centers of the Balkan and Middle Asian cultures1. Japethite branch of Cadmus' descendents used to live in the Mediterranean all the way to northern African Gaza and, according to ancient Assyrian rulers, it was the sea-coast of modern Syria and Palestine from where the Japethite descendents, in many historical sources also mentioned as Magi philosophers and ascetics, settled down in the eastern region of the river Tigris. Just like Brahmi in India, these Magi people were members of the leading priest
1 West M. L. The Orphics in Olbia. 1982, pp. 1729. West M. L. The Orphic Poems, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1983. p. 146: Middle-Asian shamanistic practice influenced ancient Greek religion, in particular Orpheic mysteries. Great part of Orpheic inscriptions discovered in the remains of ancient Olbia in Black sea prove that Olbia was one of the most important points of the encounters of these two cultures.
cast «bhairagi» («kshatriya», «ksanthi» — the synonym of «Jati» and Scythiann worshippers of Heracles also called «Da-cians» and «Spartans»)2 in their societies3. The myth of Cadmus is similar to Hindu myth of Sarba who killed Narashima4, the myth of the Baltic-Indo-Mediterranean «shining» Sandan, Heracles, Dardan, Ner-gal, Tarhunt or Ksant Sirbis who killed the snake Typhoon (Iluanka) and lions5, the myth of the first king of Athens Teseus
2 Pliny, Natural History, 6.18. Ptolemy, Geography, 6.12.14; Cunningham Alexander, Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas, and Kushans, Gajendra Singh, Indological School, Delhi 1971 (Reprint of the Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. VIII, Third Series, London, 1888), p. 33, cit. Strabon, Justin, xli, p. 1:
3 Campbell J. The Hittites: Their Inscriptions and Their History, Vol. II, Toronto Williamson&Co., 1890, p. 130; 253; 256, cit. Old Testament, 1 Chron. ii. 25-27; Berosus, Cory's Ancient Fragments; Smith Chaldean Account of Genesis: Family line of Japhet's descendents were Jerahmili and descendants of Geker and Maaz, who preserved tradition of Aryans and lived in various parts of Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Babylon and Assyria. Ibid, p. 257, cit. Muir's Sanscrit Texts; De Lanoye's Rameses the Great: They wrote vedic hymns in honour of ancestors-gods of Hittites in their holy language and permitted Hittite monarchs and writers who knew old Pelasgian language to contribute with the song collections ... People Jemini who originated from second son Ram helped Israelites against its aggressors and it seems that Saul, king of Israel, was originally from the family line of Japhet (cit. Old Testament, 1 Sam. ix. 1).
4 Gopinatha Rao T. A., Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol. 2. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 1997, pp. 171-173: Also regarding Sandan. Heracles and Sarba see: [Электронный ресурс] URL «Black Figure Pottery», http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-figure_pottery.
5 Nonnos of Panopolis, 34.180-192; Campbell John, The Hittites: Their Inscriptions and Their History. Vol. II, Toronto: Williamson&Co., 1890, p. 281, cit. Aristeas of Proconnesus; Black Figure Pottery, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Black-figure_pottery.
vy
(«Sarba», Tindarius1 or Ksant Sirbis2) who lived in Athens in 1235 BC3 and killed the giant Minotaur4, the myth of Belerophon who tamed the horse Pegasus or the myth of Perseus who killed the sea-monster Keto5. In this sense Cadmus is also named Pelasg, Japhet, Dardan6, the first king of Colchis Aietes7, Hiponey, the son of Trib-allus from the family of Serbs Tribals,8 Polyphemus the Slav9, Admetus and his wife Alcestis10, and the myth of the pagan
1 Plutarch, Teseus 15, Diogen Laertius, In Plato 7, Plutarch, De Exilio 603
2 Hofmann J. J. Lexicon Universale, Leiden, 1698: King of Athens, who like Ksantos ruled Xanthio Beotia
3 Plinius. History 7.57; Ovid, Metamorphoses 12. 359; John M. Cooper, (ed.) Plato: Complete Works, D. S. Indianapolis Hutchinson. Indianapolis; Cambridge, Hackett. , 1997, p. 37; Pausanius, 1. 5. 2; 1. 22. 5; 1,31.2; 9.33.1; 10. 10. 1, Strabo 9.407 and Nonnus, Dionysiaca 8.: «Zeus's godesses of time (seasons) served in the palace of Cadmus».
4 Plutarch, Teseus.
5 Apollodorus, 2.4.3; 259; Homer, Iliad 21.441.
6 Old Testament «Genesis» 10:4; 1 «Chronicles» 1:7; , «flonaHMM»; «Ezekiel» 27:15, Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History, 5. 32.2; 47. 4: «Dardan was Pelasg and he was the first who sailed around Asia by ship.»; Herodotus 3.102-105; 7. 66-67; 79; 119: «Dardans lived in India».; Joannis Tomka Szâszky, Introductio in orbis antiqui et Hodierni geographicam,... opéra et studio Joannis Severini, editio altéra, Posonii et Cassoviae MDCCLXXVI: «Serbia is Rassia, in the past it was called Mysia and in Hum Dardania, and this land is dominated by Serbs»; Kavipriya 1.38-39: Nonnus, Dionysiaca 3. 195: «Dardan was brother of Macedon Heraclides».
7 Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1, pp. 80-83.
8 Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 21.
9 Dolci Sebastiano, Epistola Hier. Franc. Zanettii in Dissertationem de linguae illyricae vetustate, et amplitudine confutata, Rinaldi - Ferrariae, 1754, p. 15: «According to Aeschylus, Strabo and Arimaspos, mythic Kyklop Polyphemus, father of Illyrians and Scordisci, was etynome for «Slav», because in Latin language Polyphemus means «glorious man» («multa fame»).
10 PseudoApollodorus, Bibliotheke 1.9.15; Hyg
god of literacy11 and music Orpheus12, who with his music tamed wild animals in the Balkans13. The representations of killed or tamed wild boars on Serbian medieval rulers' coats of arms and the paintings from antic amphorae and vases that connect the hero Cadmus, who killed the dragon, with Orpheus, who tamed wild boars. To crown it all a connection can be traced between Slavic «Variagi» and ascetics, Orphic shamans «bhairagi» and Cadmus' son Illyrius's people Illyrians. In this sense it is important to underline one more proof of this connection. The ancient city of Ohrid, which is in modern Macedonia, was related to the cities Ladoga and Novgorod14. Cadmus built the city of Ohrid on a famous «Cadmus's road» (Via Cadmeia) which connected the Adriatic Sea with the south and north of the Balkan Peninsula and is called Via Egnatia today15. The inhabitants of the an-
inus, Fabulae, 50.
11 Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History 3, 67, Euripid, Alkest, pp. 966-969: Orpheus, Linus, Homer's teacher Pronapid and Homer used to write in Thracian (Pelasgian) language. Also see ПешиЬ Радивоje, Оптужуjeм Ьутааем, Винчанско писмо и други огледи: Old Serbs and their descendants (Pelasgians, Triballs, Illyrians, Thracians, Lykians, Lydians, Etrurians) used Vinca letters.
12 Diodor of Sicily, Library of History 1.4.282: «History of Aristeus Maceris is a parody of historical myths of Orpheus and Cadmus».
13 Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.2-3.29; Horatius, On Poetry 392.
14 Летопис монаха Лаврент^а из 1377. године; Kunstmann Heinrich, Die Slaven: ihr Name, ihre Wanderung nach Europa und die Anfange der russischen Geschichte in historisch-onomastischer Sicht; Kunstmann Heinrich, Uber de Herkunft der Polen von Balkan.
15 Blecic, Martina. The diverse meanings of Illyrian helmets, VAMZ, 3.s., XL 73-116, 2007, p. 87, cit. Lisicar 1953: 250-254; Popovic 1966: 15-16; Popovic 1969: 11-12; Katicic 1995: 262264, 274 ; Babic 2002: 74-81; Vasic 2004: 11).
2019/№ 2
dent Ohrid were Slavic Illyrians who traditionally wore the symbol of a wild boar on their helmets as a ritual symbol of imperial reign and heroism1, because back in the ancient time people believed that only a wise, masculine and moral man was capable of killing wild boars2. The proof of this belief is the ancient symbol of a wild boar pierced by an arrow which used to be represented on the Serbian coats of arms
and flags throughout the history3. Such a coat of arms is also the proof of the continuity of the Serbian civilisation on the Balkan Peninsula from prehistory to contemporary age, taking into consideration the fact that Constantinopolitan historians used to name Serbian medieval kings of various generations «the rulers of the Serbs Triballs»4.
TW i
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3.
Medieval coats of arms of «The Serbian Kingdom of Triballs»5
Blecic Martina, «The diverse meanings of Illyrian helmets», p. 87, cit. Eibner 2001: 266-270; Popovic 1966: 23-29; Sokolovska 1997: 56; Theodossiev 1998: 360; 2000: 200; Babic 2001: 83-88. Plato, Sophist 222; Xenophon, Synegethic 13, 18.
Paulus Ritter, Stematographia sive armorum illiricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitutio, 1701; Соловьев Александар, Исторща српског грба и други хералдички радови, ур. Ал. Палавестра, Београд, Доси^е, 2000.
Kedrenos George. Historiarum Compendium, ed. Immanuel Bekker. Corpus Scriptores Historiae Byzantinae 35-36: In time of the reign of Serbian king holy Jovan Vladimir Zeta and Adriatic sea-coast were called «Trymalya kai archotato Serbias mаre»; Echard Michel. Tables géographiques et chronologiques de tous les Archevêchez de l'Univers. A Rouen, 1700, p. 222: Zachumlie (Hum -Chulmia) was called Trivalia (Tribalia, Travunia)»; The Pharsalia of Lucan, ed. E. Ridley; London: Longmans, Green, and Co., , 1896. pp. 3; 6, 526.
Illustration no. 1: АцовиЬ Драгомир М., Хералдика и Срби, Београд: Завод за уцбенике, 2008., с. 245, cit. Ulrich von Richental, Chronik des Constanzer Concils 1414 bis 1418; Illustration no. 2: Silbereisen Christoph, Chronicon Helvetiae. Wettingen, 1576, cit. «das Kaisertum der Sirfie» («Kingdom of Serbia»); Illustration no. 3: Paulo Ritter, Stematographia sive armorum illiricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitutio, Vienna, 1701.
vssy
4
Coat of arms and flag with a wild boar as a symbol of ancient Serbs Triballs on the official coat of arms of the Seal of the Serbian Government and the flag of Serbian rebels against the reign of the Ottoman Empire1
Apollo with the lyre drives Cadmus and Harmonia in the carriage pulled by a yoked domesticated lion and a wild boar Black-figure antique vase, the 6th century BC, the author Diosphos Department of Greek and Roman antiquities, museum Louvre, Paris, France2
Regarding this fact, on the vase painted by Diosphos dated from the 6th century BC there is a couple of Cadmus and Harmonia driven by the pagan solar god Apollo in the carriage pulled by a tamed and domesticated lion and a wild boar. In this painting Cadmus is a masculine hero showing to his wife Harmonia, in accordance with the tradition of Ancient Greece and Macedonia, the caught and tamed prey - the wild boar -
1 НенадовиЬ K. H. Живот и дела великог ^ор^а ПетровиЬа Кара-^ор^а, Беч: Штампари^а |ована Н. Верна^а, 1883, цит. Правителствующи сов®т сербскш; «Музе; Ха^дук Велка», http:// ти2е]кгаДпе.ог^ге/музе]-ха]дук-ве.ъка/.
2 Illustration source: Bill's Greek Mythology, [Электронный ресурс] In: URL https://shortstories-bill. blogspot.com/2016_12_01_archive.html
as a symbol of his masculinity1. In addition to this, on this vase the figures of Cadmus and Apollo personify also the myth of Orpheus who received the lyre from Apollo and instead of killing wild animals started to tame them. The peaceful tamer of wild animals Orpheus unified the concept of music with the earliest forms of philosophy, theology and legisla-tion2, and that was also the concept and attribute of the famous Thracian «horse tamer» as a «hero civilizer», which had been attached to the whole branch of the Slavic people and produced other synonymic ethnonymes - Thracians, Illyrians, Triballs and Dardans from the dynasty of «Serbs Heracleides». In addition to one more explanation of the myth of Cadmus, it is necessary to mention Hyginius' Fabu-lae in which Apollo in the Scythian oracle in Delphi prophesied to King Adrastus that his two daughters would get married to two young men who would kill a lion and a wild boar. His future sons-in-law Tadeus and Polynick, the son of Cadmus' descendant Oedipus, appeared before King Adrastus dressed in the skins of a lion and wild boar, which reflected the custom of the noble men to hunt wild boars in Theba3, and so King Adrastus gave a permission to his daughters to merry the two young nobles4. In line with the name and function of Cadmus' wife Harmonia, the tamed lion and wild boar who pull the carriage with the married
1 Gagarin M. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009, vol. 3, p. 42.
2 Orpheus. In: Encyclopaedia Britannica: or, a dictionary of arts and sciences and miscellaneous literature. Edinburgh: Vol. 4, Andrew Bell, 1810, p. 567.
3 Ovid, Metamorphoses, «The Hunt on Caledonian Boar».
4 Hyginius, Fabulae 69-70.
couple are also a metaphor for Aesop's fable Lion, Wild Boar and Vultures about a lion and wild boar fighting over the water at the water source and when seeing the nearby vultures realized that they had to make peace with each other if they wanted to survive and continue living. As the wild boar was a metaphor for a strong and wild man, the presence of Cadmus' wife Harmonia in the carriage pulled by domesticated animals is a metaphor for pre-Christian and Christian understanding of asceticism, tolerance and harmony which calmed down the rage and ferocity of the first people who used to fight against each other and tame wild animals5. Harmonia used to be represented, just like pagan goddesses Athena, Minerva, Darda (Сарда, Сара, Venus Sirbis) or Benzaiten, with the instrument in her hands, which stood for creative arts and science and symbolized the knowledge creating harmony in the world.6 Also, in Dupljaja village near Vrsac city in contemporary Serbia a clayed peace of carts was discovered with a clay driver as a metaphor for the solar god Apollo pulled by three clayed ducks «dromitas», dating from 1500-1200 BC, which is approximately the same age when the mythical hero Cadmus came to the Balkans. These clayed ducks «dromi-
5 Galen C. On the Passions and Errors of Soul. Opera Omnia 4.16-17: Wild boar is a metaphore of an inraged man and in order to despise and surpress the rage justice and asceticism are necessary. Also see Holy Grigorius the Great, On Virtue; Senecca, On Rage; Plutarch, On Controlling Anger.
6 Moor E. The Hindu Pantheon. London: J. Johnson, , 1810, pp. 126-128, cit. Rg Veda 10.10; Asiatic Miscellany 1, p. 253: Pagan goddess of music and literacy Sara, wife of god Brahma, created the letter Sanskrt and literacy, and she is the same as Minerva, but she is older than Minerva and is also considered to be goddess of harmony.
tas» were a metaphor for ancient Russian (northern Serbian)1 navigators Obodrites, also called «dromitas» (Apo^ixai)2, «the nomads» in historical sources, who «in-habited the area from Siberia to Greek Peloponnese», among which the most famous were the tribes of Dragovici and Krivici on the Peloponnese, known also in historical sources as «Illyrian Serbs Trib-alls» who «speak» («slove») and so they were called «Sloveni» (the Slavs) or «Slav-ni» (the glorious ones), but also they were known as «the people of Bulgarian King Krum» in 8133.
All these above mentioned facts prove that the ancient Slavs were engaged in the
1 Bastian A. Ethnologische Forschungen und Sammlung von Material für dieselben, Jenna: Hermann Costenoble, 1871, pp. 44-47.
2 Strabon 7.307; Ptolomy 3. 5.25; Herodot 4. 55. 76
3 Bastian A. Ethnologische Forschungen und Sammlung von Material für dieselben. Jenna: Hermann Costenoble, 1871, pp. 65-78.
creation of the first significant elements of human civilization, science and arts after the Great Flood, including the mythology that testifies to it. Also at the same time the myth of Cadmus proves that the Serbs, Russians and other Slavic people created their own states, social institutions and achievements, such as legislation, marriage, philosophy, metallurgy, navigation, mythology and fine arts much earlier than it was presented in their official educational systems. Therefore it is possible to conclude that in fact the first ancient Caucasian-Balkanian-eastern Mediterranean legislation after the Great Flood was created by ancient Slavic legislators and philosophers and that the so-called «Greek/Roman» mythology describes the creation of ancient Slavic civilization, and that it was later taken over and retold in various versions by other peoples in the eastern Mediterranean.
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INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Sanja Suljagic - PhD in Culture Studies and History of Civilisations, senior research associate, Institute for Political Studies, Serbia; e-mail: [email protected]
FOR CITATION
Suljagic S. Myth of Cadmus as the Proof of Antiquity of Slavic Civilization. In: Bulletin of Moscow Region State University. Series: Jurisprudence, 2019, no. 2, pp. 43 - 64. DOI: 10.18384/2310-6794-2019-2-43-64
