CONNECTION OF NEWTON'S FORMULA FOR KINETIC ENERGY AND EINSTEIN FORULA Текст научной статьи по специальности «Физика»

PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS

CONNECTION OF NEWTON'S FORMULA FOR KINETIC ENERGY AND EINSTEIN FORULA

Parthentiev N.

Russian State University of Cinematography named after S. Gerasimov (VGIK)

Partfenteva N.

Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MSUCE or MGSU)

ABSTRACT

Interaction of temporary states of the moving body is now an experimental fact. The patterns of this interaction are easily determined by the assumption that time is the imaginary coordinate. As a result, the force of inertia can be presented along with other forces as a form of interaction of time states. The result confirms the universality of Newton's third law. General expressions for the force of inertia for the case of equal accelerated movement and movement in circumference, leading to classical formulas in non-religious interval of velocities. Based on the resulting patterns, a model of elementary particle is proposed. The total energy of the particle is determined by Einstein's formula, which is the sum of equal shares of classical kinetic energy and energy of the moving charge. A model of an elementary particle has been built.

Keywords: Force of inertia, relation of mass and energy, model of elementary particles.

Part 1 Formula of inertia

Introducing

The interaction of temporary states of the body is currently an experimental fact [4..16]. At the heart of such experiments is Wheeler's thought experiment [1], which tried to solve the problem of elementary particle dualism. Previous work by the author [2] attempts to interpret experiments that reveal the influence of the past and future state of the body on its condition at any given time. However, on the basis of the formulas proposed in it, it is impossible to create a model that gives a classical expression for the force of inertia at any speed values, while the formula for Einstein's mass, as the work [3] suggests, easily leads to this expression. This removes the question of the interaction of temporary states. In this paper, an attempt is made to develop the idea of interaction of temporal states, leading to the emergence of the power of inertia.

Analysis of temporary interaction

Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity is based on the transformation of Lorenz's coordinates, operating by the sum of increment of spatial coordinates from which the square of the work of increments of time is deducted at the speed of light. By imagining time as an imaginary component of a complex number, you can limit yourself to summing up all members in the interval formula. In this case, the speed should be expressed in the form of -jv, and acceleration -a. Thus, time, speed and m pulse are imaginary values, and acceleration, the forces of interaction (e.g., the strength of the elasticity of the Guk) and energy are actual values.

The generalization of coordinates raises the question of possible interaction in time. Like any interaction, it must be symmetrical and expressed as a work of indicators that characterize each of the temporal positions of the body. It is logical to assume that the immobile body does not experience any interaction of neighboring states, and the interaction itself is proportional to the change in the spatial coordinate of the body. The simplest form that meets these requirements will be the Tm indicator:

, (1)

m yjAx+jcAt' v '

where m-mass of a particle, c - the speed of light, (t and (x - small time intervals and coordinates, counted from this state. Indeed, since we are talking about one body, the product of T indicators gives the main characteristic of the body - its mass m, and the zx in the numerator will provide zero temporary interaction of the stationary body, as well as an increase in interaction with the increase in speed. This is not the first time that physics has used a similar approach - in quantum physics the wave function is a complex number, but the square of its module gives a density of probability of finding a quantum particle in a given area of space at a given point in time.

By dividing into j't the tm is converted to the species

T =

1 m

—jmc v c—jv

(2)

where m is the mass of a particle, c is the speed of light, At and Ax are small time intervals and coordinates measured from a given state.

Indeed, since we are talking about one body, the product of indices T gives the main characteristic of the body - its mass m, and Ax in the numerator will provide zero time interaction of a stationary body, as well as an increase in interaction with an increase in speed. This is not the first time physics has used a similar approach - in quantum physics the wave function is a complex number, but the square of its modulus gives the probability density of finding a quantum particle in a given region of space at a given time.

Dividing by jAt, the Tm exponent is converted to the form

TmlTm2

F = ■

1 m

jcAti2

(3)

Let us consider the case of rectilinear uniformly accelerated motion.A body moving with speed v will be affected by the difference in forces from the temporary states [T] _ (+) and T_-, which are remote in time from the state T_0 by jcAt. In the first two states, the body has a velocity v + Av and v-Av, respectively.

Obviously, the forces corresponding to the temporal interaction are repulsive forces, otherwise, when moving around a circle, the sum of the forces would be differently directed towards the center.

F =

1 m

At speed Av « v

F = ■

1 m

At -Jc-jv\ Jc-j(v+Av) -Jc-j(v-Av)

(4)

(5)

Assuming that for small relative values of Av, the denominators of the fractions are practically the same, we arrive at the following expression for uniformly accelerated motion.

F =-mE

Fm = !-?-

(6)

Formula (6) is a particular case of general formula (5) for relatively small speed increments. It is quite remarkable that when the body leaves the state of complete rest, this law is violated, since at zero velocity in the initial state, the interaction force is zero.

When moving in a circle between adjacent temporal states, separated from each other by a temporal distance jAt, a force arises equal to the product of indicators divided by this interval

F =

1 ?J7

- mcv jAt(c-jv)

(7)

The centrifugal force in this case arises due to the deviation of each of the forces from the vertical at an angle equal to As result

F = mv

Fm = m-il)

(8)

in a circle, while the force of gravity is the force of attraction. But a number of elementary particles have a charge. If paradoxicality persists, it is possible that temporary states of charge of the same sign will attract. And in the case when these forces balance each other, the movement of a body with mass and charge around the circumference will become stable. Thus, such a particle will have both spin and magnetic moment.

It seems very interesting that the kinetic energy an

electron moving in a circle with the speed of light is

2

.., a Einstein's formula connecting energy and mass is obtained by summing the values of mechanical and electrical energy of the driving mass and charge equal to each other. Using the accepted ideology, for the interaction of temporary states of the body, including both real and imaginary mass,/you can enter an indicator for the temporary state of charge

T =

qcjcAt

(9)

(10)

lAx+jcAt

Dividing by jcAt, we transform it to the form

T — I qc lq = Ji-J-

\ J c

Calculating the force of interaction of temporary states of a charge when it moves along a circle, we obtain

F = qv F = jRd-jl)

(11)

It should be noted that with a temporary effect, the force of attraction, which is usual for the interacting masses, changes to the force of repulsion.

Conclusions of part 1

The offered model allows:

l.interpret the results of experiments carried out according to Wheeler's scheme,

2. use a harmonious form for the Lorentz interval,

3.apply a unified definition for force as a measure of interaction - Newton's second law in the accepted representation means equality of forces of spatial and temporal interaction,

Concept for force as a measure of interaction -Newton's second law in the accepted representation means equality of forces of spatial and temporal interaction,

4. to confirm the universality of Newton's third

law.

5. to obtain general expressions for the force of inertia, leading at low speeds to the classical expressions for accelerated motion and motion in a circle.

6. to recognize as superfluous experiments to determine the equality of gravitational and inertial masses, since in both cases we are talking about the same mass participating in different types of interaction.

Part 2

Elementary particle model

Consideration of temporary states shows a paradoxical repulsion of these states when the body moves

Comparing (11) and (8), we obtain the ratio of mass and charge

q = jmc

In this case, the dimensions of the right and left sides of the formula do not coincide, which is explained by the fact that the determination of the dimension of the charge was made without taking into account the real connections between charge and mass.

In this case, the forces Fq and Fm have different signs and can be equal to each other only at v = c.

Therefore, as a model of a charged particle, it must be assumed that it rotates in a circle at the speed of light. The centrifugal force of interaction of temporary states of the particle's mass is balanced by the force of attraction of temporary states of charge.

As already noted, the total energy of such a particle is equal to mc2 (Einstein's formula), it is the sum of equal components, the classical kinetic energy of mass and the energy of a moving charge. It can be assumed that neutral particles actually include charges that cancel each other out. These charges do not interact with each other with the Coulombs force, since when moving at the speed of light, it is balanced by the Ampere force. The temporary charge interaction does not depend on the sign of the charge; the centrifugal force of such a particle will be balanced by the sum of the forces of temporary charge interactions.

The adopted model of the structure of particles of three quarks allows us to determine their mass.

References

1. J. A. Wheeler, pp. 182-213 in Quantum Theory and Measurement, J. A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek edit., (Princeton University Press, 1984). Figure 4, page 18.

-mc

A

-mc

Av

2

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10. Kim, Y.-H., Yu, R., Kulik, S. P., Shih, Y. & Scully, M. O. Delayed choice quantum eraser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 1 (2000).

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12. Mitchell, M. W., Lundeen, J. S. & Steinberg, A. M. Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state. Nature 429, 161-164 (2004).

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РЕЛИКТОВОЕ ИЗЛУЧЕНИЕ И ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ КВАНТОВОГО РОЖДЕНИЯ

НАШЕЙ ВСЕЛЕННОЙ

Кошман В.С.

канд. техн. наук, доцент, Пермский государственный аграрно-технологический университет,

Пермь, Россия

RELICT RADIATION AND PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE QUANTUM BIRTH OF OUR

UNIVERSE

Koshman V.

Cand. Tech. Sci., Associate Professor, Perm State Agrarian and Technological University,

Perm, Russia

АННОТАЦИЯ

Выделены особенности позиций М. Планка, А.А. Фридмана и Г.А. Гамова, полезные для осмысления космологической эволюции Вселенной. Выделены начальные условия движения Вселенной с температурой, близкой к абсолютному нулю. Рассмотрены физические особенности развития событий в квантовую планковскую эпоху. Приведено уравнение долговечности планковской эпохи. Отмечены возможная причина взрыва Вселенной на момент окончания эпохи Планка, а также высокая вероятность замены план-ковской эпохи эпохой ядерных реакций. Отмечено, что по своему физическому смыслу квант действия -это мера произведения объемной плотности энергии на четырехмерный объем планковского пространства времени.

ABSTRACT

The features of the positions of M. Planck, A. A. Friedman and G. A. Gamov, useful for understanding the cosmological evolution of the Universe, are highlighted. The initial conditions for the motion of the Universe with a temperature close to absolute zero are identified. The physical features of the development of events in the quantum Planck epoch are considered. The Planck-era durability equation is given. The possible cause of the explosion of the Universe at the end of the Planck epoch is noted, as well as the high probability of replacing the Planck epoch with the epoch of nuclear reactions. It is noted that in its physical sense, the quantum of action is a measure of the product of the volume energy density by the four-dimensional volume of Planck space-time.