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About authors:
Kulygina Elena Sergeevna, postgraduate student of the Department of pediatric surgery;
tel.: +79531374666; e-mail: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8876-5360
Razin Maxim Petrovich, MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of pediatric surgery; tel.: +79128281527; e-mail: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3561-3256
Minaev Sergey Viktorovich, MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of pediatric surgery; tel.: +79624507653; e-mail: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8405-6022
Ignatiev Sergey Viktorovich, PhD, Senior Researcher, Center for Hemostasis Pathology, tel.: +79226688920; e-mail: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-2967
Akselrov Mikhail Aleksandrovich, MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of pediatric surgery; tel.: +79292694933; ; e-mail: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6814-8894
Agalakova Tatyana Borisovna, PhD, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of foreign languages; tel.: +79123650696; e-mail: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5452-098X
© Group of authors, 2021
UDC 612.216-112:615.37(470.063)
DOI - https://doi.org/10.14300/mnnc.2021.16034
ISSN - 2073-8137
congenital defects in the immune system in the stavropol region
Barycheva L. Yu., Khachirova L. S., Golubeva M. V., Kubanova L. T. Stavropol State Medical University, Russian Federation
врожденные дефекты иммунной системы в ставропольском крае
Л. Ю. Барычева, Л. С. Хачирова, М. В. Голубева, Л. Т. Кубанова
Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет, Российская Федерация
The study analyzed 88 patients with congenital immunodeficiencies registered in the Stavropol Region (SR) during a 10-year period (2009-2019). The results established that the prevalence of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in the SR was 3.1 per 100,000 population. Children affected by PID predominated (74.7 %) in the cohort of living patients. Twenty-seven nosological forms of PID were verified in the SR register. The most common was defective humoral component of the immune system (44.3 %), followed by combined immune disorders with syndromic manifestations (15.9 %) and phagocytosis defects (10.2 %). The molecular genetic diagnosis was confirmed in 38.6 % of patients. Hematopoietic cell transplantation was performed in 11.4 % of patients. Intravenous immunoglobulin medications were administered in 20.2 % of patients. Mortality in the PID cohort within the SR register was 6.9 %.
Keywords: primary immunodeficiencies, register, epidemiological characteristics, therapy
В исследовании осуществлен анализ врожденных дефектов системы иммунитета, выявленных в регионе Ставропольского края (СК) в течение 10 лет (2009-2019). Установлено, что распространенность первичных иммунодефици-тов (ПИД) в СК составляет 3,1 на 100 000 населения. В когорте живых пациентов преобладают дети (74,7 %). Наиболее распространенными являются дефекты антителообразования (44,3 %), синдромальные комбинированные иммуноде-фициты (15,9 %), дефекты фагоцитирующих клеток (10,2 %). В 38,6 % случаев диагноз подтвержден молекулярно-ге-нетическими методами. Иммунореконструкция выполнена у 11,4 % детей. Внутривенные препараты иммуноглобулина вводили 20,2 % пациентов. Смертность пИд составила 6,9 %.
Ключевые слова: первичные иммунодефициты, регистр, эпидемиологическая характеристика, терапия
For citation: Barycheva L. Yu., Khachirova L. S., Golubeva M. V., Kubanova L. T. CONGENITAL DEFECTS IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN THE STAVROPOL REGION. Medical News of North Caucasus. 2021;16(2):153-158. DOI - https://doi.org/10.14300/mnnc.2021.16034
Для цитирования: Барычева Л. Ю., Хачирова Л. С., Голубева М. В., Кубанова Л. Т. ВРОЖДЕННЫЕ ДЕФЕКТЫ ИММУННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ В СТАВРОПОЛЬСКОМ КРАЕ. Медицинский вестник Северного Кавказа. 2021;16(2):153-158. DOI - https://doi.org/10.14300/mnnc.2021.16034
G-CSF - granulocyte colony-stimulating factor IDS - immunodeficient state PID - primary immunodeficiency
Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are genetically determined life-threatening diseases caused by monogenic immune defects that lead to the development of serious infections as well as lymphoproliferative and autoimmune processes associated with impaired immune regulation [14]. Congenital PID, as a group of diseases, were identified less than 50 years ago and remain a new direction in clinical medicine. Leading experts in the PID field believe that these diseases often remain unrecognized, meaning that delayed diagnosis and treatment are common worldwide [5].
Due to the low awareness of congenital immunodeficiencies in Russia, the country has unjustifiably high disability and mortality of PID patients [6, 7], especially given that timely diagnosis and early therapy can prevent the development of severe and irreversible changes, significantly improve the quality of life and prognosis for patients, and change the belief that PID are hopeless and incurable diseases [4, 8, 9].
The incidence and prevalence of PID are key epidemiological indicators. These data allow prediction of the frequency of PID occurrence and shaping of the most suitable public health policy for their treatment and prevention at regional, national, and international levels [9]. Ethnic and geographical differences can significantly affect the frequency and structure of PID, and thus regional epidemiological data are of significant interest [10].
Material and Methods. To create a PID register, data for all patients with PID diagnosed during a 10-year period (2009-2019) were collected in 35 administrative districts of the Stavropol Region (SR). Registration of patients with PID was carried out at the Department of Immunology, Stavropol State Medical University. The diagnosis of PID was established in accordance with the diagnostic criteria of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) [11]. Investigation of the immune status was carried out in the laboratory diagnostics department at the Regional Clinical Consultative and Diagnostic Center (Stavropol), and included immunophenotyping of lymphocytes using one- and two-parameter IQTest reagents (CD19-PC5, HLA-DR-PC5, CD3-FITC/CD4-PE, CD8-PC5, CD3-FITC/ CD(16+56)-PE, and CD45-ECD; Beckman Coulter, USA) in a Cytomics FC500 laser flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter), determination of serum immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, and IgM by quantitative immunoturbidimetry in an AU680 biochemical analyzer (Beckman Coulter), and a nitro blue tetrazolium chloride restoration test (NBT test).
Molecular genetic research was carried out at the stage of diagnosis clarification by direct Sanger sequencing of the coding regions of genes or genome-wide next-generation sequencing with an «immunology panel» in the molecular biology laboratory of Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology.
Most of the patients (65.9 %) entered in the register were examined at federal centers: Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology and The Russian Children's Clinical Hospital. Data for the patients with PID in the SR were entered into the electronic register of the Russian Federation during 2018-2020. The mandatory condition for registration was signed informed consent provided by the patient or their legal representative.
When analyzing the data, the prevalences of congenital immune disorders were estimated in accordance with the
RF - Russian Federation SR - Stavropol region
classification of the International Union of Immunological Societies [3], as well as certain nosological forms of PID, taking the results of the molecular genetic research into account. Investigations of the sex composition of the patients, the age at which the first symptoms appeared, and the time taken to reach the diagnosis were performed. The timing of the delay in diagnosis was calculated as the difference between the date of disease manifestation and the date of diagnosis verification.
The Attestat 10.5.1 software package was used for statistical analysis of the data. Quantitative values were presented as median (interquartile range [25th percentile, 75th percentile]). The data were statistically analyzed using Pearson's chi-square test. The study design was approved by our local ethics committee.
Results and Discussion. Between 2009 and July 2020, 88 patients with congenital immunity errors were registered in the SR. At the time of the analysis (July 2020), 79 (87.4 %) patients were alive, 6 (6.9 %) had died, and 3 (3.4 %) were lost to observation so their life status could not be assessed. The minimum prevalence of PID was calculated to be 3.1 per 100,000 population, which was higher than the average figures for the Russian Federation, as well as the indicators in many regions of the Russian Federation [4], but markedly lower than those in European countries [9, 12].
The reported prevalence of PID worldwide has varied from 1.5 to 18.8 per 100,000 population and is largely determined by socioeconomic and ethnic characteristics, as well as the methodology of data collection and the accuracy of clinical and laboratory diagnosis of PID [4, 9, 12]. Specifically, the published prevalences of PID were 4.2 per 100,000 population in Switzerland [13], 8.0 per 100,000 population in France [9], 5.9 per 100,000 population in Great Britain [14], and 2.72 per 100,000 population in Germany [15] including 7.5 per 100,000 children. The overall prevalence of PID in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries was reported to range from 0.81 to 30.5 per 100,000 population [16]. In our opinion, the prevalence of PID in the SR has been significantly underestimated, similar to the case in many other regions of the Russian Federation. As reasons, incomplete data on patients with PID obtained from administrative districts within the SR, and loss of information and registration documentation upon transition of mature patients with PID from a child group to an adult group should be taken into account. However, it should be considered that the main reason is the lack of awareness of PID among doctors of various specialties in the SR, as well as the low diagnostic capabilities of laboratory services, especially in areas remote from the regional center.
The male-to-female patient ratio in the SR register was 1:2.03, consistent with the data in the Russian register (1:1.5) [4] and most worldwide registers [12]. This consistency probably arises from the predominance of an X-linked nature for the inheritance of certain nosological forms of PID.
Demography. Children predominated (59; 74.7 %) in the cohort of living patients with PID in the SR registry at the time of the study. Regarding age groups, 1 (1.3 %) patient was aged<1 year, 11 (13.9 %) were aged 1-4 years, 26 (32.9 %) were aged 5-9 years, and 21 (26.6 %) were aged 10-18 years. The adult group included 20 (25.3 %) patients.
The median age of patients in the SR register was 10 (5.4, 17) years. At the time of the analysis, the youngest
patient was aged 3 months and the oldest patient was The prevalence of the pediatric population with PID in the
74 years. Eight patients in the adult group (40 %) were mature patients diagnosed in childhood. The median age in the pediatric cohort was 7 (5, 11.2) years. The median age in the adult cohort was 26 (20.7, 42.5) years.
The data in the present study largely coincide with the data in the Russian Federation register, in which the proportion of adults is 70.3 % [4], and are consistent with the tendency for adults to prevail in the registers of developed countries worldwide. For example, children aged under 16 years comprise only 17 % in the United Kingdom PID registry [14] and 45 % in the German register (PID-NET) [15], while children aged under 18 years comprise 31 % in the Swiss national register [13] and 25 % in the USIDNET register [5]. According to ESID statistics, the share of the pediatric cohort among patients registered in Europe is 44.3 % [11, 12], while children account for 80 % in most MENA country registers [16].
SR register, and the similar prevalences in most regions of the Russian Federation, is probably due to the lack of awareness regarding PID among therapists, the significant share of humoral immunodeficiencies observed in adult PID and their milder course, and the presence of only one center in Russia that treats adult patients with PID [4].
The main PID groups in the SR register were represented by 27 nosological forms (Table). The most common PID was defective humoral component of the immune system (44.3 %, 39 patients), followed by combined immune disorders with syndromic manifestations (15.9 %, 14 patients), phagocytosis disorders (10.2 %, 9 patients), autoinflammatory diseases or complement deficiencies (8 %, 7 patients each), and combined IDS (SCID/CID) and immune regulation disorders (6.8 %, 7 patients and 4.5 %, 4 patients, respectively). Unspecified PID accounted for 2.3 % (2 patients) (Fig. 1).
Table
Distribution of PID in the cohorts of children and adults in the SR register (July 2020)
Living
IUIS Total patients with known life
gro- PID category amount status (n=79)
up (n=88) <18 years >18 years
(n = 59) (n=20)
I Defects of the cellular and humoral components of immune system (SCID / CID) 6 4
T-B + SCID 3 1
T-B-SCID 2 2
Unspecified Combined IDS (CID) 1 1
II Combined immunodeficiencies associated with syndromic manifestations 14 11
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 3 3
Louis Bar syndrome (ataxia-telangiectasia) 7 4
Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 1
Hyper IgE Syndrome (HIES) 1 1
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with 1 1
immune deficiency (EPIDA-ID)
DiGeorge syndrome 1 1
III Mostly humoral defects 39 26 12
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) 1 1
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) 4 4
Hyper- IgM-syndrome, unspecified 3 2
Isolated IgG subclass deficiency 1 1
Undifferentiated hyperimmunoglobulinemia 2 2
Selective IgA deficiency (SDIgA) 28 22 6
IV PID with immune dysregulation 4 3
1. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with hypopigmentation (FHL): 2 2
Griscelli syndrome type 2 1 1
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 1 1
2. Autoimmune diseases with or without lymphoproliferation 1
APECED (APS-1)
3. Unspecified autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome 1 1
V Quantitative and qualitative defects of phagocytes 9 8
Congenital neutropenia:
Elastase deficiency (SCN1) 1 1
Cyclic neutropenia (Kostmann disease) 1
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency:
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome 1 1
Defective respiratory burst
X-linked chronic granulomatous disease 5 5
Autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease 1 1
VI Innate immune defects -
VII Autoinflammatory diseases 7 5 1
Defective inflammasomes:
Familial Mediterranean Fever 3 3
CINCA Syndrome (chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome) 1
(NLRP3 GoF)
Muckle-Wells Syndrome 1 1
Marshall Syndrome (PFAPA) 2 2
VIII Complement deficiencies 7 7
Defective complement regulation
C1 inhibitor deficiency 7 7
IX Phenocopies caused by somatic mutations -
Cryopyrinopathy (NLRP3)
Unspecified PID 2 2 -
among the severe forms of IDS, while common variable immune deficiency (CVID) (4 patients, 4.5 %) was less common, as were Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (3 patients, 3.4 %), familial Mediterranean fever (3 patients, 3.4 %), and hyper IgM syndrome (3 patients, 3.4 %).
Fig. 1. PID frequency in the SR register
Regarding the forms of PID in the SR register, defects in antibody formation were more common in the SR register compared with the Russian Federation register (44.3 % vs. 28 %, p<0.001; Fig. 1, 2). No differences were found compared with the ESID register (Fig. 3). There were no patients in the SR register with defects in innate immunity (group VI) and phenocopies due to somatic mutations (group IX). These groups were recently included in the classification of PID, and consequently their diagnosis is only just beginning to improve. A predominance of humoral and syndromic PID is specified in the majority of world registers [2, 13-15, 17]. The exception is the registers in MENA countries, wherein the proportion of combined IDS is higher and associated with the occurrence of closely related marriages [16].
Fig. 2. PID frequency in the RF register [4]
The most frequent nosological form in the SR register was selective IgA deficiency in 28 patients (31.8 %) (Table). Louis-Bar syndrome (7 patients, 8 %), chronic granulomatous disease (6 patients, 6.8 %), and hereditary angioedema (7 patients, 8 %) prevailed
Fig. 3. PID frequency in the ESID register [11]
Two rare cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with hypopigmentation (Griscelli syndrome type 2 and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome) were diagnosed in the forms of PID with immune dysregulation. T-B +SCID with defective IL2RG (2 patients), JAK 3 deficiency, T-B-SCID with deficiency in adenosine deaminase, and DNA ligase 4 were found among the combined IDS patients. The genetic reason could not be established in one patient with combined IDS.
DiGeorge syndrome (1.1 %), Nijmegen breakage syndrome (1.1 %), and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (1.1 %), often found in most registers worldwide [5,14,18], were represented by isolated cases due to the low awareness of doctors regarding these nosological forms or the absence of obvious infectious episodes in DiGeorge syndrome. Defective humoral component of the immune system and complement deficiencies were verified in 20 adult patients. Among 8 adults diagnosed in childhood, 6 were found with defective humoral component of the immune system, including CVID (2 patients), unspecified hypoimmunoglobulinemia (1 patient), and selective IgA deficiency (3 patients), one patient with hereditary angioedema, and one with Muckle-Wells syndrome. Early infant mortality of boys could be traced in the family histories of 4 children, including those with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (1 patient), chronic granulomatous disease (2 patients), and Griscelli syndrome 2 (1 patient). A closely related marriage (mother and father were cousins) was found in two families.
Delay in diagnosis. The median age of symptom onset in PID patients in the SR register was 2 (0.28, 8.5) years, including 1.0 (0.16, 2.64) year in the pediatric cohort and 15 (20, 25) years in the adult cohort. Representatives of all groups had a significant delay in diagnosis, ranging from 2 to 10 months in patients with combined immunodeficiencies, from 5 months to 3 years in patients with defective immune regulation, from 2 months to 3 years in patients with autoinflammatory diseases, up to 10 years in patients with defective phagocytosis, and up to 50 years in adult patients with complement deficiencies. The median delay in diagnosing PID in the SR was 2.9 (0, 51) years. Children were diagnosed more quickly
(median, 2.6 years) than adults (median, 3.5 years), with a significant difference (p<0.001).
Regarding small studies conducted around the world, the median delay in diagnosis of PID in children hospitalized in the Mofid Children's Hospital in Iran was 20 months [19], compared with 19 months in Korea [20] and 2.17 years in Mexico [21]. Given the large delay in diagnosing PID in the SR, it is necessary to carry out activities aimed at reducing this delay. Strategies to achieve this goal already exist in the world. The predominant clinical syndromes in patients with PID in the SR register were infections (73.9 %) and signs of immune dysregulation (18.1 %) in the form of fever, with three-lineage cytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and polyserositis verified less often in the onset of the disease. Recurrent «cold» angioedemas were detected in the clinical picture in 8 % of patients.
The most common infectious complications in patients with PID were pneumonias (43.2 %), including cytomegalovirus infections with SCID (2 patients), staphylococcal infections with formation of pneumocele and bronchopleural fistula with hyper IgE syndrome (1 patient), prolonged destructive infections caused by nocardia with chronic granulomatous disease (2 patients), pneumococcal infections with rapid formation of cylindrical bronchiectasis with CVID (4 patients) and hyper IgM syndrome (1 patient). Frequent infections also included purulent otitis media (20.5 %), sinusitis (22.7 %), skin infections (21.6 %), purulent lymphadenitis (11.4 %), aphthous stomatitis (6.8 %), and gastroenteritis (8 %). Hemocolitis developed in 4.5 % of children including those with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (2.3 %), Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (1.1 %), and chronic granulomatosis (1.1 %). Repeated viral respiratory infections were observed in 39.8 % of children and prevailed in patients with selective IgA deficiency.
The most common non-specific clinical syndromes were hepatosplenomegaly (29.5 %) and unspecified fever (13.6 %), which were observed before making the diagnosis in almost all patients with autoinflammatory diseases and PID with immune dysregulation. Cytopenia was recorded in 21 (23.9 %) children. In 12 (13.6 %) cases, severe three-lineage cytopenia occurred, including patients with SCID (2 patients), syndromic IDS (3 patients), defective immune regulation (3 patients), and phagocytosis disorders (4 patients). Malignant neoplasms accounted for 4.5 % and were observed with ataxia-telangiectasia (2 patients), Nijmegen syndrome (1 patient), and hyper IgM syndrome (3 patients).
Ranking of clinical syndromes by predominance of infections is noted in the German register (2019) [15] and the South African register (ASID) [22], as well as in the registers of other countries and regions [15, 19, 20, 22, 23]. However, due to the differences in classifications among different years, direct comparisons of prevalence rates are difficult to implement [15].
A genetic investigation was performed in 40 (45.5 %) patients, and the molecular genetic diagnosis was established in 38.6 % of cases, amounting to 85 % of the number tested. According to the Russian Federation register, 36 % of children with PID have genetic confirmation of their diagnosis [4]. The registers
in European and Middle East countries have similar indicators accounting for 43.3 % of patients in France [10], 36.4 % in Germany [15], 33.1 % in Iran [23], 36.5 % in the United States [5], and 53 % in Kuwait [24]. As in most other countries, a genetic investigation was not conducted for patients with general variable immunodeficiency and selective IgA deficiency due to the high cost of the analysis and the obviousness of the diagnosis as a result of dynamic assessment of serum immunoglobulins [15].
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) was performed in 11.4 % of children, and 3 patients currently need to undergo HCT. According to the Russian Federation register, immunoreconstructive therapy was carried in 10.8 % of patients [4], compared with 12.2 % in the German register (PID-NET) [15], 10.8 % in the French register (CEREDIH) [9], 3.5 % in the Swiss register [13], and 16.2 % in the Hong Kong register [25]. Furthermore, 23 (29.1 %) of the 79 living patients require replacement therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins, and 16 (69.6 %) patients regularly receive treatment. Five adult patients occasionally receive replacement therapy. Two children do not receive treatment due to their parents' refusal. Continuous preventative antimicrobial therapy is conducted in 14 (17.7 %) of the 79 living patients. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) replacement therapy is administered in 6 (7.6 %) patients, targeted anticytokine therapy in 7 (8.9 %) patients, C1 inhibitor medications in 4 (5 %) patients, and colchicine in 3 (3.8 %) patients.
According to the Russian Federation register, 44.7 % of patients receive intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, 37.7 % of patients receive preventative antimicrobial therapy, 7.6 % of patients receive targeted anticytokine therapy, and 4.9 % of patients receive regular or occasional G-CSF [4].
Six (6.9 %) patients died in the SR since 2009, comparable to the rates in the registers for the Russian Federation (6 %) [4], Germany (2 %) [15], and Switzerland (3.5 %) [13], but slightly less than the rates in the registers for southern China (15.2 %) [26] and Korea (9.8 %) [20].
Conclusions. The minimum prevalence of PID in the SR is 3.1 per 100,000 population. Women predominate over men (2.03:1) in the SR register. The median age of the patients is 10 years. The most common PID are defective humoral component of the immune system (44.3 %), followed by combined immune disorders with syndromic manifestations (15.9 %) and defective phagocytosis (10.2 %). The register contains 27 specified nosological forms of PID. Molecular genetic diagnosis is confirmed for 38.6 % of patients.
Symptoms onset age ranges from 0 to 25 years. The prevailing clinical manifestations are infections (73.9 %), with less common manifestations being signs of immune dysregulation (18.1 %) and recurrent «cold» angioedemas (8 %). The diagnostic delay is 2.9 years. HCT is performed in 11.4 % of patients. Replacement therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin medications is received by 21.5 % of patients, continuous preventative antimicrobial therapy by 17.7 %, and targeted anticytokine therapy by 8.9 %. Mortality in the PID cohort within the SR register is 6.9 %.
Disclosures: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments. The authors are grateful to Scherbina A. Yu., the Head of the Department of Immunology, Professor, MD, to the employees of the Department of Immunology of Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology for help in examining patients and verifying the diagnosis. The authors thank Alison Sherwin, PhD, from Edanz (https://www.edanz.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.
оригинальные исследования
Педиатрия
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About autors:
Barycheva Liudmila Yurievna, MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of immunology with a course of continuing professional education; tel.: +79187405484; e-mail: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-0566
Khachirova Liudmila Sergeievna, assistant at the Department of immunology; tel.: +79624258325; e-mail: [email protected]
Golubeva Marina Viktorovna, MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of pediatric infectious diseases; tel.: +78652264312; e-mail: [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0225-3672
Kubanova Leilia Timurovna, senior laboratory assistant at the Department of immunology with a course of continuing professional education; tel.: +79380356967; e-mail: [email protected]
