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88Cellular Therapy and Transplantation (CTT). Vol. 6, No. 4(21), 2017 doi: 10.18620/ctt-1866-8836-2017-6-4-60-66 Submitted: 15 September 2017, accepted: 15 December 2017
Common variable immunodeficiency in a child. A case report
Andrey V. Kozlov, Tatiana A. Bykova, Anastasia S. Borovkova, Maria Yu. Averjanova, Varvara N. Ovechkina, Elena V. Morozova, Ludmila S. Zubarovskaya, Nikolay N. Mamaev, Boris V. Afanasyev
R. Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute of Children Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Chair of Hematology, Transfusiology and Transplantation, First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
Dr. Andrey V. Kozlov, R. Gorbacheva Memorial Research Phone: +7 (921) 327 2879
Institute of Children Oncology, Hematology and Transplantol- E-mail: [email protected]
ogy, Chair of Hematology, Transfusiology and Transplantation, First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, L. Tolstoy St. 6-8, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Summary
Primary immunodeficiency syndromes are relatively rare medical conditions that are often misdiagnosed because of unspecific clinical presentation that mimics other more common diseases. Incidence of combined common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is ca. 1 case per 30.000 European population. Usually, a delay of several years is observed between onset and diagnosis. CVID is the most frequent primary immunodeficiency after 4 years of life. The key symptom to establish the disorder is hypogam-maglobulinemia.
The aim of this article is to demonstrate current trends in diagnostics of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The present case report describes a 10-year old
girl with four major internationally approved criteria of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), and specific lung involvement. Malignant conditions were excluded. NGS genetic study did not detect any gene mutation which could be responsible for CVID or related syndromes (ALPS, HLH). Hence, the CVID remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Despite replacement with intravenous immuno-globulins, the lung function in our patient continued to deteriorate that necessitated initiation of immunosuppressive treatment.
Keywords
Primary immunodeficiency, common variable immunodeficiency, diagnostic criteria, autoimmune complications.
Introduction
Primary immunodeficiency (PID) is a relatively rare medical condition that often mimics infectious, autoimmune or malignant diseases. Common variable immunodeficiency is the most common PID in children after 4 years of age and adults. Inherited CVID is revealed in only 20% of patients, showing autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant inheritance, while the rest of cases seem to occur sporadically [1]. In 2014, diagnostic criteria for CVID were revised by European Society of Immune Deficiencies (ESID), and its major features were established (Table 1). Those signs include increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmune manifestations, unexplained polyclonal lymphoproliferation, marked decrease of IgG and IgA with or without low IgM levels, poor antibody response to vaccines (and/or absent isohemagglu-
tinins), low switched memory B cells. Secondary hypogam-maglobulinemia should be excluded. Variable manifestations reflect a possibly different genetic background of the disease. At the present time, however, any specific mutations can be detected only in 30% of CVID cases, even with such a comprehensive method as whole exome sequencing [2].
Incidence of CVID is ca. 1 case per 30.000 European population. Clinical manifestation of the disease may be at any age, with a first peak at 5 to 10 years and second, between 20 and 30 years. [3]. Common variable immunodeficiency is often diagnosed in children, being associated with high mortality in this group. [4]. Diagnostic criteria have been established, aiming to suspect PID in children including frequent infections of ears, sinuses and lungs, recurrent abscesses, persistent rash after first year of age, inefficiency of long-lasting treatment with antibiotics, inability to gain weight and
Table 1. Revised ESID (2014) diagnostic criteria for CVID
At least one of the following:
• Increased susceptibility to infection
• Autoimmune manifestations
• Granulomatous disease
• Unexplained polyclonal lymphoproliferation
• Affected family member with antibody deficiency
AND marked decrease of IgG and marked decrease of IgA with or without low IgM levels (measured at least twice; <2 SD of the normal levels for their age);
AND at least one of the following:
• Poor antibody response to vaccines (and/or absent isohemagglutinins); i.e., absence of protective levels despite vaccination where defined
• Low switched memory B cells (<70% of age-related normal value) AND secondary causes of hypogammaglobulinemia have been excluded
AND diagnosis is established after the fourth year of life (but symptoms may be present before) AND no evidence of profound T-cell deficiency, defined as two out of the following (y = year of life):
• CD4 numbers/microliter: 2-6 y < 300, 6-12 y < 250, >12 y < 200
• % Naive CD4: 2-6 y < 25%, 6-16 y < 20%, >16 y < 10%
• T-cell proliferation absent
growth, as well as family history of PID. Despite awareness of health care providers, a delay of several years is observed between first symptoms and diagnosis of PID [5]. This fact demonstrates that CVID is a diagnostic challenge, since it is often not considered. During diagnostic search, a wide spectrum of disorders may be considered at differential diagnosis. Detection of antibody deficiency is an important clue to suggest a CVID diagnosis. In general, CVID may be regarded as a diagnosis of exclusion. Autoimmune complications are, generally, common in PID and may manifest as initial symptoms in some cases. Only 25% of CVID patients present with common infections as the only symptom. In most cases, the CVID symptoms are associated with immune dys-regulation [6]. Benign generalized hypertrophy of lymphoid tissues is more common in CVID than lymphoma [7]. Lungs are affected by infections and uncontrollable inflammation in up to 30%, and early development of bronchiectasis is often a key to CVID diagnosis [8].
The main approaches to CVID management are IVIG replacement therapy, adequate infectious control and, in severe cases, immunosuppressive treatment. The only option to cure CVID is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but its administration is rather limited in this clinical setting due to high toxicity. In case of severe and refractory hemolytic anemia, splenectomy may be a treatment option. Therefore, existence of life-saving management strategies, together with timely diagnosis increases chances for treatment success and underlines the necessity of awareness among medical staff [9].
In this report, we present a clinical case of a child with CVID which manifested with multiple autoimmune problems and progressive lung disease.
Case description
A 10-year-old female patient (PKD) with severe pancytopenia, giant splenomegaly, generalized lymphadenopathy, multiple lesions in lungs and febrile neutropenia was admitted to clinic R.Gorbacheva Memorial Institute with preliminary diagnosis of unverified hemoblastosis in March 2016. The initial diagnosis was suspected based on above mentioned characteristic clinical symptoms and laboratory data (Table 2-5). Analysis demonstrated moderate anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, slightly elevated transaminases and triglycerides, decreased fibrinogen and immunoglobulins. At the moment the most probable diagnosis consistent with laboratory findings was hematological disorder. Hypogam-maglobulinemia at that time was explained as a consequence of lymphopenia and wasn't attributed to primary immunodeficiency. No cases of PID were reported in the family history. The child didn't previously suffer from recurrent or unusual or seasonal infections. At the age of 6 years, the patient had an episode of autoimmune hemolytic anemia which responded to Prednisolone treatment. Severe hemo-lytic anemia was the only registered autoimmune disorder phenomenon that never relapsed.
Diagnostic workup allowed to exclude bone marrow involvement. Bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy showed no signs of clonal proliferation or aplasia. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow demonstrated normal karyotype. Molecular-biologic analyses of genes associated with hemoblastosis (t8;21, inv16, t15;17, t9;22, FLT3, NPM1, WT1, EVI-1, MLL, t4; 11, del (1) SIL/TAL, t1;19, t9;22, t12;21) were negative. Lymphoproliferative disorder was suspected as a possible primary diagnosis due to generalized lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly.
Table 2. Blood counts in the patient
Laboratory parameters 29.04.16 30.04.16 01.05.16 units Reference range
Red blood cells(RBC) 3.61 3.80 3.24 *10A12/L (3.90 - 5.00)
Hemoglobin (HGB) 86 89 73 g/L (120 - 160)
Hematocrit (HCT) 25.4 26.9 22.2 % (35.0 - 60.0)
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 70.4 70.7 68.6 fl (80.0 - 99.0)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 23.8 23.4 22.5 pg (27.0 - 31.0)
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) 338 332 328 g/L (330 - 380)
Leucocytes (WBC) 1.2 1.3 1.0 *10A9/L (4.0 - 9.0)
Thrombocytes (PLT) 28 32 30 *10A9/L (180 - 320)
Neutrophils (NE) % 51.0 58.1 54.2 % (47.0 - 72.0)
Neutrophils (NE) # 0.6 0.7 0.6 *10a9/A (2.0 - 5.5)
Lymphocytes (LY) % 31.9 27.1 33.2 % (19.0 - 37.0)
Lymphocytes (LY) # 0.4 0.4 0.3 *10a9/A (1.2 - 3.0)
Monocytes (MO) % 13.4 12.3 10.1 % (3.0 - 11.0)
Monocytes (MO) # 0.2 0.2 0.1 *10A9/A (0.1 - 0.6)
Eosinophils (EO) % 2.9 1.9 1.8 % (0.5 - 5.0)
Eosinophils (EO) # 0.0 0.0 0.0 *10A9/A (0.0 - 0.3)
Basophils (BA) % 0.8 0.6 0.7 % (0.0 - 1.0)
Basophils (BA) # 0.0 0.0 0.0 *10A9/A (0.0 - 0.1)
Table 3. Biochemical analysis of blood
Biochemical parameters 04.04.2016 04.05.2016 Units Reference range
C-reactive Protein 7.00 0.60 mg/L (0.01 - 5.00)
Total Protein 56.90 70.20 g/L (57.00 - 80.00)
Albumin 36.00 44.40 g/L (35.00 - 52.00)
Creatinine 0.077 0.067 |jmol/L (0.044 - 0.088)
Total Bilirubin 20.00 17.00 mmol/L (5.00 - 21.00)
Sodium 138.30 135.0 mmol/L a (136.00 - 146.00)
Potassium 3.97 3.56 mmol/L (3.50 - 5.10)
Aspartate aminotransferase 74.20 69.7 U/L (0.00 - 35.00)
Alanine aminotransferase 29.80 31.2 U/L (0.00 - 35.00)
Triglycerides 3.5 3.3 mmol/L (0.55-3.21)
Fibrinogen 1 1.1 g/L (1.7-4.0)
Table 4. Blood Level of Immunoglobulins
04.04.2016 21.04.2016 04.05.2016 Units Reference range
Immunoglobulin A 0.21 0.17 0.18 g/L (0.80 - 4.50)
Immunoglobulin M 0.64 0.27 0.27 g/L (0.50 - 3.00)
Immunoglobulin G 3.17 2.38 2.69 g/L (7.50 - 15.60)
Table 5. Immunophenotyping of lymphocytes
8.04.2016 % Reference range
CD3+ 84.9 T 63-69
CD4+ 54,9 T 39-47
CD8+ 23.9 23-29
CD19+ 10.2 10-14
CD56+ 4.0 i 6-17
15.06.2016
CD27+IgM-IgD- (switched memory B cells) 0.48 i 1.00 - 43.00
CD27+IgM+IgD+ 0.39 i 2.00 - 28.00
CD27+IgM+IgD- 0.00 i 0.50 - 7.00
CD27-IgM+IgD+ 6.86 i 49.00 - 100.00
Giant splenomegaly with hypersplenism that resulted in life-threatening severe pancytopenia were indications for splenectomy with dissection of enlarged regional lymph nodes. It appeared to be a therapeutic and diagnostic option. Splenectomy performed at 5th May 2016 was followed by recovery of peripheral blood counts, but hypogam-maglobulinemia still persisted despite normal lymphocyte counts (See Fig. 1 for dynamics of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes). After splenectomy, total number of lymphocytes raised above 1000 cells per mcL, and all major lymphocyte subpopulations raised to normal ranges (number of CD4+ > 300 cells per mcL; number of CD8+ cells > 250 per mcL, number of CD19+ cells > 170 per mcL, and number of CD56+ cells > 70 cells per mcL).
Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of removed spleen and lymph nodes demonstrated non-specific reactive changes that were not associated with any malignant disease (revised by 2 independent pathologists: Prof. V. V. Baykov
and Prof. U. A. Krivolapov). Presence of enterovirus and Herpes simplex type 1/2 virus was shown in spleen and lymph nodes by PCR assays and confirmed by immunohistochemis-try. Blood samples were negative for viral, bacterial and fungal infections.
CT scanning prior to splenectomy revealed generalized lym-phadenopathy of mediastinal and abdominal lymph nodes (Fig. 2A), and multiple lesions in lungs (Fig. 2B). Repeated microbiological cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage still were negative for bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens.
Since the patient has recently travelled to Egypt, visceral leishmaniosis was also suspected, due to fever, hepatosple-nomegaly and pancytopenia evolving after the trip. However, hypogammaglobulinemia (instead of hypergammaglob-ulinemia typical to leishmaniosis), negative serological and PCR results, as well as absence of leishmania species in bone marrow aspirate allowed to rule out this diagnosis.
IgG, g/L Lymphocytes, thousands per mcL
Figure 1. Time course of lymphocyte counts (x103 per pL), and IgG levels (g/L)
2B
Figure 2. Computer tomography scans of mediastinal structures (2A) and lungs (2B)
A, mediastinal lymphadenopathy with enlarged lymph nodes marked with black arrows.
B, multiple lesions in lungs in a patient with CVID. Numerous chaotic lesions (maximal size of 12x10 mm) are registered in lungs, with indefinite margins and peribronchial wall thickening. Subpleural triangular or polygonal spots, presumably of inflectional origin. Diffuse intensification of interstitial component.
The diagnostic search also included Gaucher disease. Analysis of glucocerebrosidase activity in blood was performed at the Research Centre for Medical Genetics (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow). The enzyme activity was within reference ranges, without a decrease typical to this genetic disorder.
The patient remained diagnostically unclear. There was no definitive evidence of malignancy, thus three non-malignant disorders were considered in differential diagnosis at the moment. They included: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), and a primary immunodeficiency (PID). All these diseases share joint clinical signs and pathogenic mechanisms, being attributed to a common class of primary immunodeficiency syndromes [10].
HLH is a real problem for health care providers, in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic issues. Our patient had four criteria consistent with HLH: fever, splenomegaly, cytopenia and hypertriglyceridemia with hypofibrinogenemia (Tables 2 and 3). Hemophagocytosis in bone marrow or spleen, hy-perferritinemia and HLH-specific mutations were absent (PRF1, STXBP2, STX1, UNC13D), NK-cell activity in peripheral blood was normal. To establish diagnosis, according to Revised Diagnostic Guidelines for HLH, at least five of diagnostic criteria should be fulfilled, or HLH mutations should be present [11]. Hence, HLH was dismissed because only 4 criteria were present in the patient.
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is characterized by malfunction in apoptosis of lymphocytes that leads to excessive lymphoproliferation. Presence of lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, hemolytic anemia in previous history are characteristic to ALPS, but low level of double-negative CD3+/CD8-/CD4-/TCRa^+ mature lymphocytes in peripheral blood was not consistent with this diagnosis. Mutations in FAS gene were not found upon whole genome sequencing (University of Dusseldorf, see data in Appendix). Absence of double-negative T lymphocytes and mutations in FAS gene made the diagnosis of ALPS very unlikely.
Due to severe persistent hypogammaglobinemia in the patient, a work-up for CVID was done. Absolute count of switched memory B-cells was checked (0.48%), and it proved to be decreased (reference range 1-40%) that is consistent with diagnosis of CVID (Table 5).
The whole exome sequencing of the patient leukocytes has been performed at University of Dusseldorf using the primary Immunodeficiency gene panel. The screening did not reveal any candidate genes considered related to primary immunodeficiency, autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder, HLH or inherited lung disorders (Table 6).
Discussion
According to the established clinical criteria (Table 1), a CVID diagnosis was confirmed, based on persisting hypog-ammaglobulinemia, decreased count of switched memory B-cells (CD27+IgM-IgG-), autoimmune complications (hemolytic anemia) and non-malignant lymphoproliferative syndrome. Lung involvement shown in the child may occur in 30% of patients with CVID, being an unfavorable prognostic sign. Sarcoid-like granuloma, organizing pneumonia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia are the most common types of histological findings in affected lungs of CVID patients [13].
Hence, the CVID diagnosis is based on constellation of several non-specific criteria, while excluding other, less probable, clinical conditions.
The patient is now receiving regular infusions of intravenous immunoglobulins and level of immunoglobulin G is maintained at normal values. However, pulmonary complications of CVID still persist and slowly diminish with time. Lung biopsy has been performed, demonstrating granulomatous pneumonitis without any signs of malignancy. Immunosup-pression with Rituximab was initiated due to progressing autoimmune problems and respiratory failure. The granu-lomatous pneumonitis is currently the only one and leading autoimmune disorder in the patient.
Table 6. Genetic background of CVID, ALPS and HLH [12]
Type of Disorder Pathogenetic subtype
Common variable immunodeficiency and related disorders. a. Common variable immunodeficiency of unknown origin, locus unknown. b. ICOS (inducible T-cell costimulator) deficiency, gene - ICOS, locus - 2q33 c. CD19 deficiency, locus - 16p11.2 d. CD20 deficiency, gene - MS4A1, locus - 11q12.2 e. CD81 deficiency, locus - 11p15.5 f. TACI deficiency, gene - TNFRSF13B, locus - 17p11.2 g. BAFF receptor deficiency, gene - TNFRSF13C, locus - 22q13.2 h. CD21 deficiency, locus - 1q32.2 i. CD27 deficiency, gene - TNFRSF7, locus - 12p13.3 j. LRBA deficiency, gene - LRBA, locus - 4q13
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorder. a. ALPS-FAS (defective CD95), gene - FAS orTNFRSF6, locus - 10q23.31 b. ALPS-FASL (defective CD178), gene - FASL or TNFSF6, locus - 1q24.3 c. ALPS-CASP10, Caspase 10 deficiency, gene - CASP10, locus - 2q33.1 d. CEDS (caspase 8 deficiency state), gene - CASP8, locus - 2q33.1 e. RALD (Ras-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disorder), gene - NRAS, locus - 1p13.2 f. V-KI-RAS2 Kirsten, gene - KRAS, locus - 12p12.1
Familial Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) a. FHL1. FHL with unknown gene defect. b. FHL2 due to perforin defi ciency, gene - PRF1, locus - 10q22. c. FHL3 UNC13D (Munc 13-4) deficiency, gene - UNC13D, locus - 17q25.3 d. FHL4 due to syntaxin 11 deficiency, gene - STXH, locus - 6q24.2 e. FHL5 due to syntaxin 11 binding protein 2 (Munc 18-2) deficiency, gene - STBP2, locus - 19p13.2 f. X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (type 1, XLP1), gene - SH2D1A, locus - Xq25 g. X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2 (XLP2), gene - XIAP, locus - Xq25 h. Immunodefi ciency X-linked, with magnesium defect, EBV infection and neoplasm (XMEN), gene - M AGT1, locus - Xq21.1. i. IL2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) deficiency, gene - ITK, locus - 5q33.3.
Prognosis for the presented patient is uncertain due to progressive lung involvement. Further treatment options may consist of glucocorticosteroids, cyclosporine A, sirolimus, cyclophosphamide, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, methotrexate, etanercept, infliximab and other immunosuppressive agents. If further respiratory deterioration will occur despite immunosuppressive treatment and IVIG, al-logeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and lung transplantation may be considerable options in this patient.
Conclusion
The present case report describes a 10-year old girl with major internationally approved criteria of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), and specific lung involvement. Malignant conditions were excluded. NGS genetic study did not detect any gene mutation which could be responsible for CVID or related syndromes (ALPS, HLH). Hence, the CVID remains a diagnosis of exclusion, the attending doctor should suspect PID in clinical settings in cases of hypogam-maglobulinaemia, non-specified lymphoproliferation, autoimmune features and absence of malignant disorder.
Acknowledgements
The authors are much appreciated to Dr. Ute Fischer from the University of Düsseldorf (Germany) who performed whole exome sequencing in this patient, and to thank Dr. Polina Stepensky from Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (Israel) for valuable advices on this diagnostic procedure for the patient.
Conflicts of interest
No conflict interests are declared.
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Резюме
Пациенты с синдромами первичного иммунодефицита встречаются относительно редко и им часто ставится ошибочный диагноз в связи с неспецифическими клиническими симптомами, напоминающими другие, более частые заболевания. Частота общей вариабельной иммунной недостаточности (ОВИН): 1 случай на 30.000 жителей Европы. Обычно имеется задержка в несколько лет между началом заболевания и диагнозом. Общая вариабельная иммунная недостаточность является наиболее частым первичным иммунодефицитом в возрасте старше 4 лет. Основным симптомом для установления диагноза является гипогаммаглобулинемия.
Целью данной статьи является показать существующие тенденции в диагностике ОВИН. Представленный клинический случай описывает 10-летнюю девочку, позитивную по четырем международ-
ным клиническим критериям ОВИН и с наличием специфического поражения легких. При этом были исключены злокачественные заболевания. Генетическое исследование методом глубинного генного секвенирования (NGS) не выявило какой-либо генной мутации, которая могла бы быть ответственной за ОВИН или родственные синдромы (ALPS, HLH). Таким образом, ОВИН остается диагнозом исключения. У нашего пациента, несмотря на заместительную терапию внутривенным иммуноглобулином, легочная функция продолжала ухудшаться, что привело к необходимости приступить к имму-носупрессивной терапии.
Ключевые слова
Первичный иммунодефицит, общая вариабельная иммунная недостаточность, диагностические критерии, аутоиммунные осложнения.
Общая вариабельная иммунная недостаточность у ребенка. Описание клинического случая
Андрей В. Козлов, Татьяна А. Быкова, Анастасия С. Боровкова, Мария Ю. Аверьянова, Варвара Н. Овечкина, Елена В. Морозова, Людмила С. Зубаровская, Николай Н. Мамаев, Борис В. Афанасьев
НИИ детской онкологии, гематологии и трансплантологии им. Р. М. Горбачевой; кафедра гематологии, трансфузиоло-гии и трансплантологии, Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. И. П. Павлова, Санкт-Петербург, Россия
