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force is its cultural identity, mobility, needed qualification supported by Russian education. But the main advantageous effect of internal migration is its demographic feature.
While migrants from the CIS countries export money from Russia to their countries often without paying taxes, the Russian labor migrants take part in internal economic relations. The means, received from internal labor migration, create a great multiplicative effect. Russians spend money to support their families, to ensure education of their children, to buy housing. To the author's mind, exactly the internal labor migration needs the state support.
"Demograficheskie problemy Rossii v obstanovke krizisa iputi ih resheniya", M., 2009, p. 77-81.
R. Nurullina,
CONFESSIONAL SYSTEM IN TATARSTAN
Peculiarities of Tatarstan's historical development define the confessional model of this republic, the role and Islam's position. Volga federal district is traditionally the region of close cooperation between the Turk-Moslem and the Slavic-Christian cultures. According to census in 2003 the Tatars amount to 52,9% and the Russians -39,5 of the republic population. The confessional policy is carried out within the framework of supporting balance of interests and all the religion equality before the law having the secular values as a priority because of the existing situation and according to the law "On religion freedom" adopted by the Russian Federation government in 1990. The given approach corresponds to the principles of religious tolerance formed within the framework of the European civilization.
The confessional model of the republic Tatarstan is recognized both in our country and in the world community. In due time the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church Aleksey II noted:" Rich experience of effective cooperation between the representatives of two traditional religions - the Orthodoxy and Islam is accumulated in multiethnic Tatarstan owing to far-sighted policy of M. Shaimiev". The first president of Tatarstan M. Shaimiev was presented with the international prize named by the king Feisal. It was noted that the president of Tatarstan "strengthened high Islamic values in the soul of his folk having made the republic as the symbol of the peaceful social coexistence and religious toleration". In October 2009 the state secretary of USA H. Klinton visited the republic who laid down the purpose of her trip in the capital of Tatarstan in the following way:" I' d like to know more about Kazan's experience on tolerance strengthening and the international dialogue using".
However, this confessional model using being very attractive in the eyes of the international community faces to many difficulties in its path caused by the objective reasons: multicultural society isn't harmonic by definition. There are concepts "Dar al' Islam" (the Islam sphere, the Moslem state having the legitimate authority) and "Dar al' Kharb" (the war sphere, the countries under the authority of "unfaithful" and therefore, irregular rulers). There emerges the problem of the secular (and generally non-Islamic) state legitimization within the framework of the Moslem community.
The data of sociological studies indicate that the Moslem attitude towards the western democratic values as a whole is also contradictory especially among the students and the teachers of the Moslem institutions in Tatarstan. On one hand, it concerns their compatibility as the both go back to the common Abrahamit tradition. 62% of the respondents consider that the western values (democracy, the human
rights, pluralism and a civil society) are compatible with Islam and "generally Islam doesn't contradict the democratic values". On the other hand, for 40% of the respondents the West is embodiment of immoral and amoral way of living accompanied with the family institute degradation being very important for the Moslems. One passes an opinion that:" There is a terrible crisis in the West: social, moral... It's the result of their way of living. Europe itself sounds alarm because the people are growing older and they have to find the labor force in the world of Islam."
When it concerns the practical implementation of the international tolerance ideas the real situation can also not meet expectation in full. According to the Kazan researchers E. Hodjaeva and E. Shumilova based on data of sociological studies of the Orthodox and the Moslem clergy in Moscow and in Kazan one can speak only about the middle or low level of tolerance of the both. Respondents state more important status of their religion and at the same time they either are ready to cooperate with the representatives of the other confessions or admit neutral possibility of peaceful harmonious coexistence. The Abrahamit tradition doesn't provide for religion equality regarding to spirituality and ideology, at the best - regarding to legislation and significance in the society. According to the western tradition separation of religion from State promotes to its changing into the constituent of the civil society. However, from the end of 1990-s there emerges evident Unitarian trend in the Russian state policy and as a result of it the central and the regional authority become more active in controlling the religious life. Today the researchers very often consider separation of the religious schools of the Moslems from State as a declaration because "the role of public organs is very important in the life of the Moslem communities".
Islam is of great importance in Tatarstan concerning a political and cultural identification of the region within the framework of the Russian Federation. The Islam revival at the beginning of 90-s was interwoven with ethno-cultural renaissance of the Tatars; the activists of the national movements consider it as the important constituent of the ethnic identification and the national self-consciousness. The researchers consider that the first religious institution emergence in the republic is the result of these organization activities. However, the activity of the foreign missionaries played the important role in the Islam revival because of the lost of own religious traditions so the Moslem's position in Tatarstan in the national problem is contradictory enough.
For some Tatars Islam is, first of all, a world religion initially not united with the concrete national tradition but if only united then probably with the Arabian one but not with the Tatar. "Two eliminations threaten the Tatar original identity: one embodies the Unitarian trend of the state policy but the other - above-ethnic Islamic challenge. But the both neglect the Tatar language and culture depriving them of development prospect".
In literature one also discusses widely the problem on the role the Moslems of the republic Tatarstan can and must play in the world Islamic umma. Jadidizm and euro-Islam were considered as the unique contribution of the Tatars in the common-Islamic cause at different times. However, their modernist orientation, according to some experts, can bring to "watering down" the Islamic tradition.
Recently the theologians of Tatarstan actively promote the Hanafi-legal school being traditional for this region having a high degree of tolerance in comparison with the other schools. So, the historical position of the Republic Tatarstan, on one hand, belonging to the European civilization periphery but on the other hand - to the
Moslem civilization - caused those problems the regional leadership faces with when realizing its confessional policy.
Tatarstan is the point of several approach impact and interaction: the Western, liberal, All-Russian, national, the Tatar, ethno-national and Islamic and international.
"Vlast", M, 2010, N 9, p.113-115
A. Krylov,
publicist
AZERBAIJAN ON THE WAY OF POST-SOVIET DEVELOPMENT
After disintegration of the USSR Azerbaijan, possessing big natural resources, found itself in the adjacent region in the most advantageous position. Its main source of income became the export of energy carriers to the world markets, and up to the present time the economic growth of the country is based on the extensive use of energy resources.
Owing to its geographic location and the oil and gas reserves Azerbaijan was and remains for the USA a country of greatest priority in the post-Soviet space. The USA rendered Azerbaijan great assistance in the field of military and navy construction, actively promoted intensification of relations between Azerbaijan and NATO.
The USA and EU proclaimed as their most important ask overcoming an excessive, from their point of view, dependence of Europe on Russian energy carriers. The construction of a new pipeline system was started via Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey and further to Europe. The oil pipeline Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and the gas pipeline Baku-Tbilisi-Erzerum were constructed. The Administration of
