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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES / «СЮУУШУШМ-ЛШШаИ» #5(164), 2©21
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Гасымова Самира Фируддин
Азербайджан, Гянджинский Государственный Университет Старший преподаватель,
Доктор философии по филологии DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2023-5164-40-41 СРАВНЕНИЕ ПАДЕЖНОЙ КАТЕГОРИИ В РУССКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Gasimova Samira Firuddin
Azerbaijan, Ganja State University Senior lecturer, Doctor of Philosophy on Philology
COMPARISON OF CASE CATEGORY IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH
Аннотация.
Категория падежа не раз привлекала к себе внимание филологов и становилась предметом изучения многих научных работ. Различные подходы и методы применялись для анализа данной категории. При этом особое значение для изучения имеет сопоставительный метод, который заключается в изучении языка через его системное сравнение с другим языком. Этот метод также называется контрастивным, так как основан на выявлении различий между языками. Благодаря этому методу мы смогли провести более глубокий анализ категории падежа русского и английского языков и определить наиболее существенные моменты в формировании данной категории в предложенных языках.
Целью настоящей работы является анализ грамматической категории падежа в русском и английском языках.
Abstract.
The category of case has repeatedly attracted the attention ofphilologists and has become the subject of many scientific papers. Various approaches and methods have been used to analyze this category. At the same time, the comparative method is of particular importance for learning, which consists in learning a language through its systematic comparison with another language. This method is also called contrastive, as it is based on identifying differences between languages. Thanks to this method, we were able to conduct a deeper analysis of the category of case of the Russian and English languages and identify the most significant moments in the formation of this category in the proposed languages.
The purpose of this work is to analyze the grammatical category of case in Russian and English.
Keywords: Russian and English languages, category of case, nominative case, possessive case, differences, similarities
Ключевые слова: Русский и английский языки, категория падежа, именительный падеж, притяжательный падеж, различия, сходство
However, first of all it is necessary to define the concept of "grammatical category". I must say that there are several definitions of this concept. According to A.A. Reformatsky, "a grammatical category is associations, groups, aggregates of homogeneous grammatical phenomena and, above all, aggregates of homogeneous grammatical words with a difference in their forms" [2]. In a Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary, in which a grammatical category is represented as a system of opposable series of grammatical forms with homogeneous meanings; it is noted that a necessary feature of a grammatical category is the unity of meaning and its expression in the system of grammatical forms as bilateral units [3].
Each language has its own grammatical categories, but many meanings essential to human experience turn out to be part of the grammatical categories of a very large number of languages (for example, the values of the number of objects, duration of action, etc.). To be able to be considered a grammatical category, a set of values must have at least two properties: cate-goricity and obligation. The first property allows you to select from the entire set of language values those that are combined into categories; the second distinguishes
among the language categories those that are grammatical for a given language. A category can only be a set of values whose elements exclude each other, i.e. they cannot simultaneously characterize the same object.
Not all language categories, however, can be considered grammatical. To do this, it is necessary that the category satisfies the second property, i.e. the property of obligation. A category is mandatory (for a certain class of words) if every word from this class expresses any meaning of this category.
Within the development of the same language, not only can the presence and number of categories change, but the same category, due to the presence or absence of certain related and opposed categories, can change the nature of its grammatical meaning.
Case is a grammatical inflectional category of a noun that expresses different types of syntactic relations of a noun to another word, to other elements of a syntactic construction, or to a sentence as a whole. The category of case cannot be called universal with certainty, since many scientists believe that there are non-case languages. [5]
There are two approaches to the analysis of the category of case: formal and semantic. The difference
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between them is that with a formal approach, the external form remains the main indicator. This approach is convenient when learning languages with a rich morphology, for example, the Russian language. With the semantic approach, the existence of two different cases is allowed, which outwardly may not differ in any way. This approach is used in languages with poor morphology, such as English.
The grammatical category of the case in Russian and English is expressed in a synthetic way, in particular by changing the inflection.
In Russian, the category of case is represented by six cases - nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, creative and prepositional.
Nominative case (who? what?) - this is the direct case, which is largely opposed to indirect cases and denotes an object that is independent of other objects, signs and actions.
Genitive case (who? what?) denotes affiliation. It is widely used with verbs and with nominal parts of speech.
The dative case (to whom? what?) it is most often used with a verb, and its main meaning is the meaning of the addressee: "to confess to a friend." The dative case also has a locative meaning (the meaning of the place): "move along the road." The dative is opposed to the so-called syntactic cases - nominative, accusative and genitive (which in their original function are simply indicators of the dependence of the name on the control word) - by the fact that it has its own semantics.
Accusative case (who? what?) communicates the value of a direct object, designates the object or person to whom the action is directed: "draw a picture." In addition, the accusative case can denote a measure or quantity: "Мы прошли тысячу километров ".
The main meaning of the creative case (by whom? by what?) is an indication of the object, tool or means by which this or that action is carried out: "писать пером." In specific situations, the creative case can act in the meaning of the subject: "The boat is blown into the sea by the wind." Also, the creative case can denote a sign that is attributed to the subject: "Он станет художником" [5]
Prepositional case (about whom? about what?) the values of the object are peculiar - the object of thought, perception ("говорить о журнале"), the value of the place ("расположен при школе", " отдыхает в деревне"), the value of time ("встретимся в сентябре") A specific feature of the prepositional case is its use exclusively with prepositions. Especially noteworthy is the construction of the temporal meaning of the prepositional case with the preposition "по": "по окончании", " по приезде".
Researchers G.N. Vorontsova, B.A. Ilyish believe that the English language has lost its category of case in the course of its historical development, and currently all possible functions of the case are performed by a noun with a postposition.
It is almost generally accepted that there is a class of words in the composition of nouns that vary in two cases - nominative or common (Common Case) and possessive (Possessive Case).
The common case has a very broad and indefinite meaning. Smirnitsky calls it a "non-possessive case", thereby emphasizing that this case performs any function except possessiveness [4, 124]. All nouns have a common case; this is the form in which it is given in the dictionary: cup, horse, bag etc. In the general case, the noun does not have a special ending.
The possessive case expresses belonging and corresponds to the Russian genitive case or possessive adjective. The possessive case of nouns is formed by adding 's. In the possessive case, nouns denoting living beings are mainly used. Kate's table Cat's fur
My brother-in-law's car Pupils ' luggage
To express the relationship between inanimate objects in English, prepositions and the arrangement of sentence members are mainly used, not case endings, but prepositions. Most often, this function is performed by the preposition "of". A noun with this preposition is usually translated into Russian by a noun in the genitive case. Its function is thus close to the function of the possessive case.
The windows of a house -окна дома The place of the residence - место жительства The emptiness of the room - пустая комната The taste of honey - вкус меда In English, the distinction between subject and direct object is based on word order: the subject is placed before the verb in the personal form, and the direct object is after. This is how English and many other languages solve the problem of the lack of nominative and accusative forms.
Thus, from the point of view of the typological characteristics of the category of case in a noun, we can note that in English all nouns are divided into two classes: words denoting inanimate objects that do not have a category of case, and words denoting living objects and time that have two cases - general and possessive. In the course of its historical development, the English language lost its developed case system; generic, personal and case endings began to be expressed using prepositions and strict word order in a sentence. [1. p. 487]
Literature
1. Biber, Douglas; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan (2002). Longman student grammar of spoken and written English. Pearson Education Limited. p. 487. Biber, Douglas; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan (2002). Longman student grammar of spoken and written English. Pearson Education Limited. p. 487.
2. Richards, Norvin. 2007. Lardil "case stacking" and the structural/inherent case distinction. Unpublished manuscript. MIT.
3. Iriskulov M., Kuldashev A. Course in Theoretical English Grammar. T., 2008.
4. Kolln, Martha J.; Funk, Robert W. (2008). Understanding English Grammar (8th ed.). Longman. p. 453.
5. Панова Е.А., Позднякова А.А. Русский язык, М., 2007.
