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5.9.8 (10.02.20) ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ, ПРИКЛАДНАЯ И СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-СОПОСТАВИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЛИНГВИСТИКА 5.9.8 ЗАБОНШИНОСИИ НАЗАРИЯВЙ, АМАЛЙ ВА МУЦОИСАВЙ- ЦИЁСЙ 5.9.8 THEORETICAL, APPLIED AND COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS
УДК 81.821.08
DOI 10.24412/2413-2004-2023-4-112-118
COMPARATIVEANALYSIS OF AshrapovBahodurjonPulotovich, candidate of
WORD-B UILDING POTENTIAL philological sciences, senior lecturer of the department of
OF TAJIK ADVERBIAL PREFIXES linguistics and comparative typology attached to the faculty
BA-, BO- AND THEIR ENGLISH of Foreign languages under the SEI "KhSU named after
EQUIVALENTS academician B. Gafurov " (Khujand, Tajikistan)
ТАХДИЛИЩИЁСИИ Ашрапов Бах,одурцон Пулотович, н.и.ф., ИЦТИДОРИКАЛИМАСОЗИИ муаллими калони кафедраи забоншиноси ва ПЕШ ВАНДХОИ ЗАРФСОЗИ типологияи муцоисавии факултети забонуои
ТОЦИКИИБА-, БО-ВА хорицииМТД "ДДХба номи акад. БТафуров"
МУОДИЛХОИАНГЛИСИИ ОНХО (Хуцанд, Тоцикистон)
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ Ашрапов Баходурджон Пулотович, канд филол.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО наук, ст. преподаватель каф. языкознания и
ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ТАДЖИКСКИХ сравнительной типологии ф-та иностранных
НАРЕЧНЫХ ПРЕФИКСОВ БА-, языков ГОУ "ХГУ им. акад. Б. Гафурова"
БО- И ИХ АНГЛИЙСКИХ (Худжанд, Таджикистан)
ЭКВИВАЛЕНТОВ e-mail: bahodur.ashrapov@mail.ru
The article dwells on the issues beset with the comparative analysis of word-building potential of Tajik adverbial prefixes ba-, bo- and their English equivalents. It is noted that adverb is recognized as an independent part of speech in the comparative languages. However, its classification as a special category in these languages is uncertain, their lexical boundaries are wide, and their functional types are diverse. Adducing the results of the analysis of the theme explored one can come to the conclusion that word-building potential of the prefixes in question forming Tajik adverbs is of many similarities and differences in certain cases. In the course of the research, it became clear that the prefix bo- (67%) is more frequently used than and ba- (33%). It is worth mentioning that English equivalents of Tajik derivative adverbs formed by these prefixes are not identical and the same-formed ones, and some of them are used and translated as simple, derivative and composite ones.
Key-words: adverb, prefix, derivative adverbs, comparative analysis, morphological peculiarities, English equivalents, word-building potential
Масоили тащили циёсии ицтидори калимасозии пешвандуои зарфсози тоцикии ба-, бо-ва муодилуои англисии онуо мавриди барраси царор гирифтаанд. Цайд карда мешавад, ки дар забонуои циёсшаванда зарф уамчун уиссаи мустацили нутц эътироф шудааст. Лек, таснифи он ба категорияи махсус дар ин забонуо норавшан аст, уудуди лугавии онуо васеъ ва навщои функсионалиашон гуногунанд. Дар натицаи тащили мавзуи мавриди омузиш ба чунин хулоса омадан мумкин аст, ки ицтидори калимасозии пешвандуои мавриди циёс дар ташаккули зарфуои тарзи амали тоцики дар баъзе мавридуо шабоуат ва фарци зиёд дорад. Тащиц нишон дод, ки пешванди бо- (67%) назар ба ба- (33%) бештар истифода мешавад. Цобили зикр аст, ки муодилуои инглисии зарфуои сохтаи тоцики, ки
тавассути ин пешвандуо сохта шудаанд, якхела ва уамгуна нестанд ва бархе аз ощо уамчун сода, сохта ва таркиби истифода ва тарцума шудаанд.
Калидвожах;о: зарф, пешванд, зарфуои сохта, тащили циёсй, вежагщои сарфи, муодилцои англиси, ицтидори калимасози
Произведен сравнительный анализ словообразовательного потенциала таджикских наречных префиксов ба-, бо- и их английских эквивалентов. Отмечается, что в сравниваемых языках наречие признается самостоятельной частью речи. Однако его отнесение к особой категории в этих языках неясно, так как лексические границы наречия широки, а функциональные типы разнообразны. Сформулирован вывод, что словообразовательный потенциал рассматриваемых префиксов, образующих таджикские наречия, имеет в отдельных случаях множество сходств и различий. В ходе исследования выяснилось, что префикс бо- употребляется чаще (67%), чем ба- (33%). Отмечено, что английские эквиваленты таджикских производных наречий, образованных с помощью этих префиксов, не тождественны и однообразны, а некоторые из них употребляются и переводятся как простые, производные и составные.
Ключевые слова: наречия, префикс, производные наречия, сопоставительный анализ, морфологические особенности, английские эквиваленты, словообразовательный потенциал
Commonly, "the subject of language typology includes all the systems of the world's famous languages and the relevant field is considered to be as a part of general linguistic studies. Therefore, a series of factological materials and proved evidence targeted at the comparative study of near and foreign languages is one of the natural branches of linguistic typology. There is a difference between typological and comparative studies of languages - both in terms of the linguistic research method: in comparative research they use the deductive method, and in terms of typology - the inductive method is used" [11, p.120].
It is worth stressing that one of the issues dealing with grammatical and morphological categories of adverb in both Tajik and English languages is the key one in today's linguistics studies under the angle of comparative aspect. Hence, adverb is considered to be one of the independent parts of speech, which the relevant linguistic unit is backgrounded later than other parts of speech in the languages under comparison. As well as, the part of speech in question is introduced in details and is included into the program targeted at higher educational establishments.
B. Niyozmuhammadov canvassed the difference between adverb and noun, adverb and adjective and its derivation by dint of prefixes and suffixes; its grammatical functions being taken into review [9, p.67-72].
Iranian linguists have also paid particular attention to the exploration and consideration of adverb. In conformity with Ali Muhammad Furughi s opinion, this part of speech is a linguistic unit that is resorted to differentiate and reveal the content of verb, adjective or any other adverb [10, p.132]. Book Review
While conducting the contrastive analysis, we have resorted to the following works, literary productions and bilingual dictionary as reliable sources, including: "Ghulomon" by S.Aini (2019) [1]; "Lughat-i anglisi-tojiki" by A.Mamadnazarov (2011) [8]; "A Book of Golden Deeds" by Jim Manis (2004) [12] and "Lughat-i muxtasri kalimasozii zaboni adabii tojik" (1983) [4]. These sources are of great importance and contribute the key role in the development of comparative linguistics studies.
_«ВЕСТНИК ТГУПБП», выпуск 4 (97), 2023
The objectives of the article under consideration are:
- to carry out distinctive peculiarities these prefixes morphologically;
- to reveal the significance of the above-mentioned reliable sources theoretically and scientifically;
- to compare these Tajik adverbial prefixes with their English equivalents.
Methodology
While canvassing the distinctive peculiarities and the level of usage of the prefixes under study, we have resorted the following visual methods, such as: comparative-historical, synchronic-diachronic ones.
Abbreviations
ABNs - Arabic borrowed nouns; AWBEs - adverbal word-building elements; CEAs -compound English adverbs; CL - comparative languages; ComEAs - composite English adverbs; DAs - derivative adverbs; DEAs - derivative English adverbs; EEs - English equivalents; EL -English language; MTLL - modern Tajik literary language; SEAs - simple English adverbs; TA -Tajik adverb; TAP - Tajik adverbal prefix; TDA - Tajik derivative adverbs; TL - Tajik language; TT - Tajik translation.
Main results and discussion
In MTLL, the adverb is explained as follows: "adverb is an independent part of speech, which explains state, manner, time, place, reason, purpose and movement" [5, p.344]. Tajik original adverbs: soz, sahl, aknun, fardo, pes, der, por, di, dus, edar, edus, hamesa, hanUz, bisyor, allakay [5; 6] and English ones: too - xele, fast - tez, hеrе - injo, why - baro-i ci, always - hamesa [2, p.80; 7, p.65; 11, p.62-72]. For instance: Komandir durbinas-ro pes-i casm burda, ba har taraf casm andoxt va did, ki az se taraf-i zavod, kaltakdoron savora va piyoda ba sakl-i nimdavra suda omada istodaand [1, p.210]; - The commander put his binoculars in front of his eyes and looked in all directions and saw that from three sides of the factory, thugs riding and on foot were coming in a circle; Pas az on ohista va malulona az joyas xesta ba mehmonon ki hanUz dar pes-i dar rost istoda budand, anbuh-i xud-ro cun va casmon-i xud-ro nimpus namuda nigoh karda: [1, p.5] -After that, he slowly and unhurriedly got up and looked at the guests, who were still standing in front of the door... yet.
Based on the adduced examples we can assert the fact that TDAs savora va piyoda are translated into English as participle I riding and composite adverb on foot. The following several types of TAs out of the last sentence, including ohista va malulona and hanUz are used and resorted to as slowly and unhurriedly adjective+suffix-ly (derivative adverb) & prefix+participle II +suffix-ly (mix structural form) and original adverb yet. Hereby, these statements beset with the theme explored are testimony of the relevant part of speech comparatively.
Into the bargain, "prefixes occupy an important role in the word-building potential and involve in DAs, but they are shared between adverbs and adjectives as well. There are a number of prefixes in CLs: Tajik word-building elements: be-, no-, ba-, bo-, bar-, dar- and to- and their English equivalent are im-; un-, non-, mis-, dis- and only in- is a prefix denoting the place" [11, p.84].
Hence, we are going to dwell and pay particular attention to certain TAP including ba- & bo-and their EEs:
As a rule, the prefix ba- derives a large considerable number of TAs of manner from nouns and adjectives (22 TDAs of manner totally and quantality term):
a) on the model of ba-+noun: baandom [4, p.14] - nicely, tastefully; badasta [4, p.20] - with one's own hands, received from someone else; bazeb [4, p.23] - nicely, neatly; bakora [4, p.27] -for a reason, for a purpose; basarista [4, p.43] - frugally; bata^ni - properly; bafurja [4, p.50] - at ease, not restrict, liberally; barohat [4, p.42] - facilitating, tranquilizing, serene; bazur [4, p.24] -
oppressively, by power, by force, hardly, forced: Bandiyon-e, ki az kanor-i roh-i toraft tangsavanda ronda mesudand, bazur az dahana-i bozor-i koh-i Gijduvon barovarda sudand [1, p.247]; I was so embarrassed that the ground did not crack and I could go in and hide my face. I hardly got up and ran away [12, p.186].
Proceeding from the assumption of the above-mentioned sentences, TDA of manner bazur is formed by help of the relevant prefix, however its EE hardly derived by virtue of -ly and this suffix is one of the most productive AWBEs in EL, and the above-mentioned DAs are the same ones in terms of their semantics in the comparative languages.
In this regard, the prefix under consideration is used with a number of ABNs to derive some new Tajik adverbs of manner: badavlat [4, p.20] - richly, happily; bamavrid/bamavqe' [4, p.29] -appropriately, opportunely, to time, upon the terms; bamulohiza [4, p.33] - thoughtfully, considerately; bahuzur [4, p.60] - without being shy, quietly, calmly; basabr [4, p.42] - patiently; (ba)takror [4, p.46] - again, repeatedly, on repeated occasions; batamom/tamoman [4, p.46] -completely, entirely; batafsil - in detail, unrolled, detailed: Agar kolxozciyon har yak rohat, har yak davlat-ro dar soya-i mehnat-i xud meyofta bosand, man ba dar-i xona-i padarat bahuzur xobida rohat medidam [1, p.461]; They went up to the roofs and slept calmly on top of a bunch of clover... [12, p.186]; In duxtaron bagyat hunarmand budand, qolingo-i inho bofta dar bozorho-i Bukhoro jo-i yakum-ro megiriftand... [1, p.7] - These girls were very skilled, their woven carpets won the first place in Bukhara markets... [Translated by the author].
b) on the model of ba-+ derivative adverb: banogoh - suddenly; (ba)noxost [4, p.52] -suddenly; (ba)nohaq [4, p.60] - wrongly, unlawfully; (ba)nocor [4, p.53] - emergency, instinctively, willy-nilly and formed adverbs of manner denoting a tone of quantity and size, such as: In sado ovoz-i yak miltiqdor bud, ki banogoh az joyas Davida xesta, pesi rohravandagon-ro girifta miltiqas-ro ba onho rost karda in farmon-ro doda bud [4, p.225]; At this time, I suddenly remembered past measure. [12, p.44]; Banocor Hasan xost ba bogas bargardad, dar on jo az raft-i kor-i mevagundori xabar girad, sikamas-ro ser kunad va dubora ba didboni oyad [1, p.16] -Hasan wanted to return willy-nilly to his garden in order to find out the progress of fruit picking and to fill his stomach and to visit again [Translated by the author].
Based on the above-given examples, we decided to dwell and canvass EEs of TDAs derived by virtue of the relevant prefix are not identical, namely, the majority of them are used and translated into EL as simple, derivative & mix structural and composite ones. Their generalities and differences are shown in the below table:
The first table
a) SEAs/TT b) DEAs/TT c) CEAs/TT d) ComEAs/TT
serene/barohat nicely/baandom facilitating/ barohat with one's own hands/ basata
forced/bazür tastefully/baandom tranquilizing/ barohat received from someone else/ badasta
again/(ba) takror nicely/bazeb, neatly/bazeb willy-nilly/ (ba)nocor for a purpose/ bakora
very/bagoyat frugally/basarista for a reason/ bakora
properly/bata'ni at ease/ bafurja
liberally/bafurja not restrict/ bafurja
oppressively/bazür by power/bazur
hardly/bazür by force/bazur
richly/badavlat to time/ bamavrid
happily/badavlat upon the
«BECTHHK Trynsn», ebinycK 4 (97), 2023
terms/bamavqe'
appropriately/bamavrid without being shy/ bahuzur
opportunely/bamavqe' on repeated occasions/(ba) takror
thoughtfully/bamulohiza in detail/batafsil
considerately/bamulohiza
quietly/bahuzur
calmly/bahuzur
basabr/patiently
(ba)takror/repeatedly
batafsil/unrolled
batafsil/detailed
banogoh/suddenly
(ba)noxost/suddenly
(ba)nohaq/wrongly
(ba)nohaq/unlaw fully
(ba)nocor/instinctively
Frequency: 4- 26-times 3-times 13-times
times
Percentage: 9% 56% 7% 28%
a b ■ c d
Proceeding from the assumption of the mentioned table, we can underscore that most of EEs of TDAs derived by means of bo- are derivative (56%) and composite (28%) ones.
Similar to its EEs, the prefix bo- is common as the adverbial suffix-ly forms a series of adverbs of manner with nouns in the comparative languages (45 TDAs of manner totally and quantality term): boandesa [4, p.14] - judiciously [8, p.459]; boasos [4, p.15] - thoroughly [8, p.837]; bovafo [4, p.18] - faithfully [8, p.310], devotedly [8, p.241]; boviqor [4, p.18] - with an air of importance; bogayrat [4, p.56] - energetically, actively, studiously, busily; bogurur [4, p.57] - haughtily [8, p.393]; bodabdaba [4, p.20] - splendidly, luxuriously, pompously, high-flown; bodiqqat [4, p.21] - attentively; boisror [4, p.25] - fast [8, p.314]; boiftikhor [4, p.25] -proudly; boqahr [4, p.58] - angrily [8, p.53]; bomaza [4, p.29] - tastily, deliciously; bomalohat [4, p.30] - gracefully, beautifully, charmingly; bomantiq [4, p.30] - logically; bomaslihat [4, p.30] -
well-advisedly; bomatonat [4, p.31] - firmly; bomahorat [4, p.31] - skillfully; bomuvaffaqiyat [4, p.33] - with success, successfully; bomulohiza [4, p.33] - carefully, providently; bonizom [4, p.36] - disciplined, is organized; bosaxovat [4, p.43] - generously; bosur'at [4, p.45] - quickly [8, p.654], intensively, often, rapidly; botaajjub [4, p.46] - surprised, amazed; botadrij [4, p.46] -gradually; botakalluf [4, p.46] - ceremonious, strait-laced, unnatural; botalotum [4, p.46] - rapid; botarahhum [4, p.47] - compassionately, sympathetically; botartib [4, p.47] - orderly, well disciplined; botafsil [4, p.47] - in detail, unrolled, detailed; botahammul [4, p.47] - patiently, in a reserved manner; botasabbus [4, p.47] - vigorous, energetic, hardworking, vigorously, energetically, hard; botajil [4, p.47] - hastily; bofasohat [4, p.49] - eloquent; bohavsala [4, p.59] - energetically, willingly; bohurmat [4, p.60] - reverential, respectfully, with honors; bojiddiyat [4, p.61] - with zeal, diligently, earnestly; bosavq [4, p.53] - recklessly, passionately; bosast [4, p.54] - rapidly, headlong, quickly [8, p.654]; bosafqat [4, p.54] - sympathetically, carefully; bosiddat [4, p.54] - bitterly, tensely; bositob [4, p.54] - hurriedly, hastily, urgently; bosukuh [4, p.55] - splendidly, gorgeously, majestically; boehtiyot [4, p.56] - carefully, prudently; boehtimom [4, p.56] - zealously; with application; boehtirom [4, p.56] - deferentially, respectfully, attentively: Yours faithfully - Bo Ehtirom... (dar okhir-i maktub) [8, p.310]; ...niholho-i barziyod-i guza-ro bo sarangusr-i xud cunon boehtiyot kasida megiriftand, ki ba guzapoya-i dar pahlu-i on buda zarar namerasid [1, p.443]; He was allowed by law to take with him 300 men, and these he chose most carefully, not merely for their strength and courage, but selecting those who had sons, so that no family might be altogether destroyed [12, p.32]; Az in javob-i Hasan, cunonki Fotima az kor dast kasida ba u nigoh karda bodiqqat gus doda istod, Muhabbat ham, dar holat-e ki rangas parida bud [1, p.467].
Thus, from the two examples that were given, the adverbs of boehtiyot and carefully appeared as DAs in the CLs. From the analysis and review of the examples, it became clear that the relevant word-building is not very productive in Tajik and English languages.
The second table
The Level of the Usage of DAPs in Question
Tajik Prefixes Times Percentage
ba- 22 33 %
bo- 45 67 %
Results 67
Conclusion
Designing on the premise of the above-adduced diagram one can assert that the prefix bo-(67%) is more frequently used than ba- (33%) in the corpus of the study. Hereby, we can canvass those EEs of TDAs derived by these prefixes are not identical and the same-formed ones, and some of them are used and translated as SAs, DAs, CAs and ComAs, upon the whole.
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