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сердцах многих россиян. С распадом Советского Союза Россия утратила первоначальный международный статус и сильно сдала позиции, оказавшись по ключевым экономическим показателям в одной группе со странами третьего мира. Однако значительное число россиян все еще живет лаврами прошлого, верит неумолкающей пропаганде и не может освободиться от утративших всякую актуальность стереотипов. Эти особенности сознания россиян в 90-е годы xX века очень хорошо подмечает Пелевин и обыгрывает в своем романе, описывая, например, сюжет рекламного ролика обуви фирмы Nike, которая имела колоссальный успех: вьетнамская армия захватила американских солдат и заставила их производить обувь Nike, а когда последние попытались протестовать, вьетнамцы выстрелили в небо из АК-47 и крикнули по-английски «Just do it!». Реклама играла на чувстве неполноценности в сердцах многих россиян, которое скрывалось за показной, ничем по факту не подкрепленной гордостью, на подсознательном желании «отомстить американцам» за поражение в холодной войне. Такого рода реклама пробуждала давно уснувшую «советскую гордость» россиян, позволяя им временно забыть о своем нынешнем затруднительном положении и почувствовать некоторое психологическое удовлетворение [5].
Таким образом, «русская национальная идея» на протяжении многовековой истории России претерпевает значительные изменения в своем содержании, но во все периоды играет очень важную роль в развитии русской культуры и становлении российского менталитета.
В разные исторические периоды русская идея обретала разные интерпретации, по-своему уникальные. И мыслители XIX - начала XX века (Ф.М. Достоевский, H.A. Бердяев, Б.С. Соловьев, И.А. Ильин, Х. Данилевский), и более современные исследователи (В.О. Авченко, В. Аксючиц, А. Гулыги, А. Солженицын, С. Сухонос и др.) поставили перед собой в качестве важной цели глубокое и подробное изучение русской национальной идеи, пытались добраться до её сути, выразить в
Библиографический список
нескольких предложениях её основной посыл. Все они склоняются к мнению о том, что драгоценным достоянием русской нации является тот факт, что она прошла через огромные трудности и, несмотря на это, осталась неукротима [6].
В романе «Generation "П"» Пелевин не указывает конкретно, что же действительно подходит для русской национальной идеи. Однако из текста романа можно сделать вывод: автор считает, что основой современного российского сознания по-прежнему остается культура потребления. Это национальное мировоззрение, которое сформировалось в России в условиях перестройки. В «Generation "П"» Пелевин выразил свою озабоченность отсутствием русского национального сознания и будущей судьбой России, критикуя чрезмерное тщеславие, зиждущееся на оставшихся в далеком прошлом заслугах, культ личности могущественных лидеров, откровенно гедонистическую потребительскую культуру и слепое восхищение западным либерализмом. Писатель верит в свой народ, а потому, затаив дыхание, терпеливо ожидает, что русские действительно смогут вернуть себе русскую идею, подходящую для развития страны и нации, чтобы она, наконец, смогла идти по верному пути развития.
Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что осуществлен комплексный анализ концепции русской национальной идеи в интерпретации русских исследователей и философов и ее отражения в творчестве яркого представителя российской постмодернистской литературы Виктора Пелевина.
Теоретическая значимость исследования состоит в систематизации отражения концепции русской национальной идеи как в интерпретации русских исследователей и философов, так и в творчестве российских писателей-постмодернистов.
Практическая значимость работы заключается в том, что материалы исследования могут быть использованы в вузах, в том числе при преподавании литературных дисциплин.
1. Алексеева В.А. Современный философский словарь. Москва, 1998. Available at: http://philosophy.niv.ru/doc/dictionary/modern/articles/237/nacionalnaya-ideya.htm
2. Гарин И. Русская идея у Федора Достоевского. Москва, 2020. Available at: https://proza.ru/2020/11/23/388
3. Ли С. Художественная картина постмодернистского творчества Виктора Пелевина. Пекин: Издательство Университета Фудань, 2011.
4. Пелевин В. Generation "П". Москва: Издательство «ЭКСМО», 2017.
5. Чжан Ц. Исследование российской государственной идеологии в переходный период. Москва: Издательство литературы по общественным наукам, 2016.
6. Алексеева В.А. Национальная идея. Available at: /dictionary/183/word/nacionalnaja-ideja
References
1. Alekseeva V.A. Sovremennyjfilosofskijslovar'. Moskva, 1998. Available at: http://philosophy.niv.ru/doc/dictionary/modern/articles/237/nacionalnaya-ideya.htm
2. Garin I. Russkaya ideya u Fedora Dostoevskogo. Moskva, 2020. Available at: https://proza.ru/2020/11/23/388
3. Li S. Hudozhestvennaya kartina postmodernistskogo tvorchestva Viktora Pelevina. Pekin: Izdatel'stvo Universiteta Fudan', 2011.
4. Pelevin V. Generation "F. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo «'EKSMO», 2017.
5. Chzhan C. Issledovanie rossijskoj gosudarstvennoj ideologii v perehodnyjperiod. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo literatury po obschestvennym naukam, 2016.
6. Alekseeva V.A. Nacional'naya ideya. Available at: /dictionary/183/word/nacionalnaja-ideja
Статья поступила в редакцию 17.12.21
УДК 811.111
Khuchbarova D.M., Cand. of Scienoes (Philology), senior lecturer, Faculty of Linguistics, Moscow Financial and Industrial University "Synergy" (Moscow, Russia),
E-mail: khuchbarova2710@mail.ru
Magomedov D.M., Doctor of Sciences (Philology), Professor, researcher, Institute of Language, Literature and Art n.a. G. Tsadass, Dagestan Federal Research
Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Makhachkala, Russia), E-mail: m.daniyal@yandex.ru
COMMUNICATIVE-PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF FUNCTIONING OF PAROEMIAS IN ECONOMIC DISCOURSE. The purpose of the work is to define theconditions and mechanisms for the implementation of the communicative and pragmatic potential of English proverbs in economic discourse. The scientific novelty is that authors try to establish the relevance of the cognitive characteristics of English proverbs for the study of their communicative and pragmatic potentials in economic discourse. The work presents results of a complex analysis of pragmatic and cognitive functional aspects of paroemias in economic discourse. The relevance of the work lies in the in-depth study of the role of paroemias in creation of economic discourse, their communicative, pragmatic functions, thus enabling a deeper understanding of the essence of the cognitive features of paroemias. Linguists pay much attention to pragmatic aspects of linguistic units, as well as paroemias, in modern research works. Insight of scientists into pragmatics differs by research positions. The researchers consider that a pragmatic approach to a language implies research and interpretation of addressant's choice, based on contextual conditionality, to influence a reader or an addressee. Specific character of our research predetermines the necessity to research cognitive aspects of proverbs.
Key words: pragmatic potential, readership, linguistic unit, economic discourse, cognitive aspect.
Д.М. Хучбарова, канд. филол. наук, доц., Московский финансово-промышленный университет «Синергия», г. Москва,
E-maiI: khuchbarova2710@mail.ru
Д.М. Магомедов, гл. науч. сотр. Института языка, литературы и искусства имени Г. Цадасы Дагестанского федерального исследовательского
центра Российской академии наук, д-р филол. наук, проф., г. Махачкала, E-mail: rafrus1@yandex.ru
КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ПРОЦЕССА ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ПАРЕМИЙ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ
Целью данной статьи является идентификация условий и приемов актуализации коммуникативно-прагматического потенциала английских паремий в экономическом дискурсе. Научная новизна заключается в том, что авторы определяют значимость когнитивных характеристик английских пословиц и поговорок для осуществления изучения их коммуникативно-прагматических потенций в экономическом дискурсе. В работе представлены результаты
всестороннего анализа прагматических и когнитивных функциональных аспектов паремий в экономическом дискурсе. Актуальность работы заключается в углубленном исследовании роли паремий в создании экономического дискурса, их коммуникативных, прагматических функций, что позволяет глубже понять природу когнитивных особенностей паремий. На современном этапе лингвисты уделяют большое внимание как прагматическим аспектам языковых единиц, так и паремий. Понимание прагматики может отличаться в зависимости от исследовательских позиций. Мы считаем, что прагматический подход к языку подразумевает исследование и интерпретацию выбора адресанта, основанного на контекстуальной обусловленности с целью влияния на читателя или адресата. Специфичный характер нашего исследования подразумевает необходимость исследования когнитивных аспектов пословиц.
Ключевые слова: прагматический потенциал, читательская аудитория, лингвистическая единица, экономический дискурс, когнитивный аспект.
Theoretical foundation, collected by scientists throughout the centuries, extensive material of practical observation, a number of recent research works of Russian and foreign linguists, specializing in paroemias, suggest that paramiology is an independent discipline. Modern paramiological research works are based on phraseological terminology and according to a number of specialists, proverbs are the part of phra-sicon. We hold to the view that paramiology is a branch of phraseology. Development trends of phraseology are connected with paramiology at the moment and we should point out some of them in our research [1 - 32].
There was a surge in interest of linguists, as well as paramiographers and phraseologists, to pragmatic aspects of linguistic units last few decades of the century. Functioning of phraseological units, communicative and pragmatic objectives, a role of phraseological units in statements, opinions and their potential to form texts, pragmatic effect of transformations of phraseological units are integral parts of phraseological pragmatics. Dobridneva E.A. proposes and backs up with a fact of a communicative-pragmatic paradigm shift in phraseology in her doctoral thesis [9]. Let's consider the main important concepts connected with the research of the communicative-pragmatic potential of English paroemias, they are: "communication", "communicative-pragmatic space, "discourse".
In modern works communication is characterised by deliberate, task-oriented information transmission with respect to an addressee, based on the rules and conditions of communication. You can see a certain influence on an interlocutor for carrying out joint activities in the process of transmission, reception and exchange of information [10, pp. 41-42].
The analysis of a number of communicative models points to the fact that communication is very complex. It's difficult to explain and describe this phenomenon in terms of one science, that's why the use of research works on pragmatics seems particularly promising. So, pragmatics complements and provides understanding of a communicative process. The main concepts of pragmatics are elaborated by linguists of different areas (Arutyuniva N.V., Paducheva E.V., Demjankov V.Z., Bezmenova N.A., Gerasimov V.I., Stepanov Y.S., Matveeva G.G., Kiseleva L.A., Susov I.P., Gak V.G., Claus G., Stallnaker R.S., Posner R., Allwood J. and others).
It is possible to see a broad and a narrow view of linguistic pragmatics nowadays: under the first approach, this discipline is interpreted as a science of use of language, science about oral activity. Pragmatics is connected with the areas of linguistics, studying functioning of the language in the society (sociolinguistics, linguistics, psycholinguistic diagnostics) on this ground. A second approach assumes that pragmatics studies the relation of a sign to a speaker, interaction of linguistic peculiarities and contextual factors in the interpretation of a statement.
It should be noted that the content of a term "pragmatics" is still undefined as each scientist interprets this notion according to his objectives and goals of the work. We can cite an interpretation of Yu. S. Stepanov as an example "Pragmatics studies inherent problems..., the linguistic means are chosen to express thoughts and feelings according to circumstances. The expressions that can influence a listener or a reader better in order to persuade, touch, move to tears, make him laugh or confuse are chosen [24, p. 332]. That proves the fact that we should study a language in connection with communicators: a creator of a text and an object of linguistic manipulation. We should also point out that pragmatic research of language facts would be incomplete if we don't take into account their contextual conditionality.
Communication is carried out in conditions of communicative - pragmatic space, which consist of the following elements: 1) communicators - an addressant (subject) and an addressee (object); 2) a message and a link to a message; 3) subject matter, well-known for communicators; 4) practical purposes of interlocutors and their communicative intent; 5) time and place of the communication; 6) a code (a messenger) and the level of knowledge of this code by communicators; 7) conditions for communication (existence or absence of the noise).
A "discourse" is another important for the description of communication pragmatic category (Van Dijk developed the idea of a pragmatic character of a discourse [16, p. 136]). All communicative discourses are realised in a communicative-pragmatic space [22, p. 293].
There are a lot of definitions of a "discourse". It's understandable, as this notion has a tendency of a prolonged use and change from one paradigm to the other. In most interpretations a "discourse" is connected to the notion "text", so ideas of different scientists are different. But it is not the aim of our research to consider all the definitions and meanings of this term, especially since there is a number of reviews on this topic [17; 21; 23; 26]. In our research paper we accept the following view: "according to the linguistic approach, understanding of a discourse as a complex communicative event has been formed at the current stage of the development of the science, the differen-
tiation of notions "discourse" and "text" (verbal and non-verbal) is considered as a part of a discourse". [21, p. 130]
According to E.S. Kubryakova and O.V. Aleksandrova, a "discourse" is a cognitive process connected with a parole, creation of a vocal act; whereas a "text" is a final outcome of a process of oral activity in a fixed form. [13, p. 194]. Thus, a "discourse" is an active, pragmatic phenomenon, simultaneous creation of a text and its perception [14, p. 194]. We should note that not only a linguistic aspect, but its dependence on extralinguistic factors (pragmatic, psychological, etc.) should be taken into account in studying any discursive activity. N.D. Arutjunova points out that "a discourse is a text in an eventful aspect; speech is considered as a purposeful behaviour, a component in the interaction of people and cognitive procedures [2, pp. 136-137].
Problems connected with discursive aspects are of interest for us as we have studied economic texts, which are of discursive character nowadays. So, a discourse is considered as an oral activity, represented in special pragmatic conditions. Analysis of a discourse is based on a cognitive approach. A cognitive approach is relevant to a discourse due to cognitive attitude of an addressant (ideological backgrounds of one or other texts, inherent ideas and attitudes), characteristics of the target audience and linguistic and extralinguistic strategies of communication, represented in a text" [19, p. 54].
The purpose of economic texts is to transmit information to an addressee and to influence his opinion. So the specific character of economic discourse is in the fact that it represents certain structure of knowledge and worldviews, promoting an addressee to reflect the reality and take new actions and behaviour" [16, p. 128]
Different communicative-pragmatic factors can influence on correct or incorrect understanding of information transmitted and on the choice of linguistic signs by an addressant to create a message: conventional or non-standard usage of words and expressions. Actually, communication gives artistic freedom, which is regulated by a language system. Adequate understanding of the information provided is possible only when cognitive frameworks of communicators coincide (a publicist and readership). The process of information transmission and all discursive activities is carried out due to cognitive phenomenon, underlying the message. Certain cognitive structures are connected with language units, which are specified by a man's purposes. So scientists insist on the synthesis of communicative and cognitive paradigms in a cognitive-discursive paradigm. In this regard, we shall address to cognitive aspects of paroemias.
Studying cognitive aspects of proverbs scholars highlight that modern science of language includes at least 4 basic scientific paradigms, they are: traditional, generative, cognitive and communicative [14, p. 190]. We can state that "the most important achievement of modern linguistics is in the fact that a language is not studied "in and for itself". It is represented in a new cognitive paradigm and its role in a cognition of a man is analysed [18, p. 4]. A cognitive approach to language has been used since 1980s. A certain system of thought "cognitivism" was formed at that time. In 1970-1980s, a cognitive science and cognitive linguistics were developed in close cooperation, enhancing and improving their areas of research. In 1989, as a result of separation, a cognitive linguistics was officially recognized as an independent branch of linguistics at the scientific conference in Duisburg.
Scientist are interested in problems of accumulation and information processing, structuring of knowledge and its representation within the human consciousness and in linguistic forms based on a cognitive approach. Thus, the main task of a cognitive linguistics is to analyse and research cognitive functions of a language.
According to this approach, a language is researched as a common cognitive mechanism, means and a condition for cognition, that's why the research of its cognitive function is "the research of the process of cognition reflected in a language" [3, p. 22]. Along with consciousness and memory, a language is a constituent of a complex informational and cognitive system, representing information from without, its processing, data retention and information transfer to other people. The received information from and about the environment is processed in thought processes. The outcome of processed information is organised in cognitive structures, located in mind. A language not only intermediate the received information, but process it. This fact enables to align knowledge and marshal information about environment in mind, to form a conceptual worldview and a model. Concepts are conceptual units of world-view, reflected in human consciousness [15, p. 90]. According to scientists, concept is formed in consciousness of a man due to visual and bodily experience, i.e. perception by sense organs; practical activities; mental processes with existing concepts; from verbal communication; through task-oriented cognitive processes of language units. So, we can assume that concepts are formed due to scientific and casual cognition.
We would like to point out that specialists in cognitive science describe a number of models of representation of knowledge: a frame, a scheme, a script, gestalt, etc. As
N.F. Alefirenko notes, all mentioned varieties of concepts differs by its discursive nature from concepts, producing lexical meanings [1, p. 72].
A cognitive structure, defining the meaning of proverbs, is a frame since meaning creation depends not only on components, but on knowledge about objects, phenomenon, situations in question [5, pp. 52-53]. According to Minskij M., a structure of data is designed for stereotype situations and comply with frequent and sometimes inefficient stereotypes [20, p. 7]. Frames are units, connected with a concept and associated with the main typical or available information [6, p. 16]. Being conventional by its nature, frames can identify typical and inherent information in the given culture or society. Consequently, conceptual frames inspire our understanding of the world, our behaviour and understanding of other people's behaviour [6, p. 16]. These are frame structures that determine use of paroemias in a discourse, since they are the means of storing and structuring stereotypical situations; a unifying tool, linking linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge in people's minds [1, p. 73].
In our research work we take the view of N.F. Alefirenko, according to which a frame is a coherent multicomponent concept, reflecting cliched situations in combination with coherent typical knowledge, numerous ideas and stable associations. In this regard, it is necessary to apply to the problems of stereotypes.
We should note that the fact of connection of paroemias and folklore with everyday consciousness was recorded frequently in scientific literature. Everyday awareness is formed by different life principles, i.e. traditions, cultural practices, elements of social experience, worldviews and stereotypes, as you know. Proverbs "Every cloud has а silver lining"; "The English are a nation of shopkeepers"; "Sell in May and go away"; "Fight fire with fire"; "Time and tide wait for no man"; "As well as he hanged for a sheep as for a lamb"; "All is grist that comes to one's mill" and many other English proverbs record these attitudes obviously.
P. Hernandi and F. Steen explain functioning of paroemias in persons' mind and availability of cognitive liberty and rhetorical analogical figurativeness in the society [27]. Using this or that metaphoric proverb, we can manipulate with analogies. In a proverb "Every dog has its day, we assure that fortune favours everybody for once. Authors point out that you need a partner to carry through with the business successfully in a proverb "It takes two to tango". These paroemias can be applied in many cases as there is an association link between direct and figurative meanings in every situation.
The ability of a person to perceive anything by analogy with the previous experience is the basis for stereotypy. We consider that stereotypy is a categorical simplistic perception about an event or an object, i.e. a certain pattern in our consciousness, a prevailing sample. Stereotypes represent strong conviction [23, p. 75]. Stereotypes are well-known due to repetitiveness and optimality in a certain society [4]. Proverbs have the same features. They are traditional and fixed expressions and consequently repetitive. Proverbs fulfil a cognitive function of patterning and simplification of knowledge and ideas as well as stereotypes and advantage a speaker to put it in simple words. Actually proverbs have a unifying semantics. According to V.P. Anikin, reproduction of reality prevails in this genre. There are such units that can be summarised forms of communication of thoughts due to thrift. Thus we can say, that proverbs are units, well-known to members of certain linguistic communities; they are relevant emotionally and cognitively; members of the society always appeal to proverbs in their speech.
The above-mentioned properties are qualificative for precedent phenomena [11, p. 170]. It is on this basis that paramiological units are studied as precedent phenomena, namely precedent statements (they are linguo-cognitive phenomena as they have fixed linguistic form). According to V.V. Krasnih, D.B. Gudkov, a precedent statement is a replicable product of verbal activity; a complete predicative unit; a complex unit, where the sum of meanings is not equal to the meaning of the whole expression" [8, p. 206]. Along with other precedent phenomena, precedent statements are included in a cognitive base, i.e. a body of knowledge and beliefs, which are common for all the members of this or that linguocultural society. Knowledge of precedent phenomena makes speech clear and connotative for native speakers. D.B. Gudkov points out 2 types of precedent phenomena: those, connected with precedent text (for example: "to be or not to be?") and autonomous. The latter include paroemias [8, p. 206]. Thus, precedent statements as well as precedent phenomena are stereotypes.
Stereotypes are used automatically. When a person thinks of proposed or enforced standards, he develops a certain attitude to them. The same is the case with paroemias. According to our research, proverbs are used in economic texts to appeal to authority, established public opinion. Everything changes in our world: people change and rethink stereotypes. Change of stereotypes is connected to changes of collective beliefs as a result of collective actions, important for qualitative difference to the lives of a community [23, p. 167]. Proverbs record these changes or challenge the stereotypes. A negation can indicate refusal of "proverbial truth", disagreement or reinterpretation.
A negation is not the only and common means. As these examples suggest, publicists work creatively and become authors of anti-proverbs, representing typical judgement view in a new perspective.
1) "You see how the world works? - Yes. - Yes? Yes? No, no. How could you? You'd have to know the difference between a one and a seven you stupid piece of shit. We'll get it, we'll get the money. I think, for sure we're very close to ogkaat. I'm
concerned of the time. - No, no, no. - The 72 hours... No, no, no. Time is not money. You know why? You can always make more money. So, no, please. I mean... I want you all to tell me what a seven-minute french fry tastes like. Go ahead. Have a bite of capitalism. What are you doing? Light is a particle and a wave. This is hard to understand, how a thing can be two things at once. But a woman is also both a particle and a wave. She's a wave" [28] In this extract the author denies the role of money in human life and overplays the achievements of capitalism.
2) "... threatened to sue the banks if they did not create a reparations fund. The banks were " negative, negative, negative." But Linder is nothing if not tenacious --how else would he have come out of Auschwitz alive -- and he made himself the bane of the banks. The Swiss press dubbed him David against Goliath. His lawyer bombarded the banks with letters and warned of lawsuits, but action was held up when one bank after another came forward with a promise to contribute to a fund. " My friends tell me enough is enough. But enough is not enough. The Swiss have the audacity to keep this money that does not belong to them and to make money with it. It should go back to the Jewish people [28]. The author shows the problems of bureaucratic acrimony, inequitable acts of banks in respect of contributors. The proverb is used to broaden the impact of the action and the amount of anger of a contributor.
3) Two heads are worse than one.
Brazil's state-controlled energy giant, under Maria das Gragas Foster, is paying dearly for meddling by Dilma Rousseff's government "Unique." That is how Credit Suisse, a bank, sums up Petrobras. It has a point. Most companies' stocks would sag on the sort of news Brazil's oil giant has faced in the past three weeks. A federal investigation was opened, into alleged backhanders paid to its employees by a Dutch company in exchange for oil-platform and drilling contracts. (Both companies deny the allegations.) [30]. Illicit financial flows, bucketing, illegal actions of business owners are described in the extract. The negative form of the proverb reinforces the argument here.
4) "Don't be fooled": JetBlue president warned workers against joining a union.
"As a result of our success, there will always be union reps, and even fellow
crew members, who try to convince you that paying dues and having a union would be a better way to go. However, a union would never be able to give you a list of accomplishments like this," Geraghty wrote in the email seen by the Guardian. The accomplishments cited in the email include a holiday party, adding more nail polish colors to the uniform policy, an app launch, and new bag scanners. "So if anyone asks you to sign a card, I'm asking you to decline. Don't be fooled - the grass is not greener on the other side of the fence and you don't have to look over that fence to see what unions have done (or failed to do) at other airlines," the email said [31]. The person tries to convince the workers of possible disadvantages of joining a union. The negative form of the proverb serves to confirm the employees and contributes to making right decision. The emphasis of the proverb is evident here.
5) No news isn't good news.
"I believe in equality for everyone, except reporters and photographers," Mahatma Gandhi once said. Journalist-haters in his mould might not care about the travails of America's news firms, but many Americans do. Nearly a third of them say they have abandoned a news source because they thought the quality of its information was declining. According to "The State of the News Media 2013", a report by the Project for Excellence in Journalism at the Pew Research Centre, the deteriorating financial state of news organisations has hurt their output. Newspaper staffs have shrunk by around 30% since their peak in 1989, and newspapers collectively now employ fewer than 40,000 full-time professionals, the lowest number since the mid-1970s [31]. The author extols the role of journalists and reporters in modern life, as you should be aware of world events to mould your life. The negative form of the proverb contributes to this fact.
6) Marital choices are exacerbating household income inequality. Opposites don't attract. "Here's what nobody is telling you: Find a husband on campus before you graduate," wrote Susan Patton, a human-resources consultant, in 2013. In an infamous letter to the editor of Princeton's student newspaper, Ms Patton warned female students at the university that they will "never again be surrounded by this concentration of men who are worthy of [them]'. Critics responded harshly. [30]. Using the negative form of the proverb in this context, the author highlights the importance of compliance with certain standards in setting priorities concerning marriage.
6) Practice makes imperfect. Even experienced fund managers don't beat the market. "the harder I practise, the luckier I get," said Gary Player, one of history's greatest golfers. And it is a widespread belief that experienced professionals are a lot better than neophytes. But is that true of fund managers? A new study suggests that the answer is distinctly mixed. [31]. The author questions the wisdom of the proverb "Practice makes perfect" and proves otherwise here.
7) Silence is not golden: The Economist Group unveils global Economic Purpose research at Advertising Week New York the Economist Group today announced the findings from its latest global research project, in association with Salesforce and Genuinely, exploring 'Economic Purpose'—how brands are integrating social purpose into their businesses models, and the potential reputational and financial disadvantage should they choose to opt out... [30]. In this context a negative form of the proverb "Silence is golden" is appropriate, as inactivity and inertness may not always be relevant in business activity and economic affairs.
Thus some perceptions and views, expressed in proverbs, are analysed and reinterpreted. So, most of them are not true anymore. Changing the content of traditional proverbs, authors transform a subject matter, suggesting new content for new ideas. It should be pointed out, that anthropocentrism is important for linguistics, i.e. a significant role of a man as an observer in the formation of linguistic meanings and in the choice of certain linguistic means for processing characteristics of this or that situation [3, p. 24].
While considering cognitive aspects of proverbs, we should point out that scientists advance a new paradigm of linguistic knowledge - cognitive-discursive paradigm (Kubryakova E.S.). Two functions of a language, cognitive and communicative,
Библиографический список
are taken into account when considering linguistic phenomen in modern cognitivism. Although, according to Kubryakova E.S. "scientific description of any linguistic phenomenon involves cognitive analysis or pragmatic and communicative analysis". But analysis of content and meaning of linguistic means remains preferable in this case [12, p. 16]. The fact, that oral activity and texts represent communicative and cognitive processes, predetermines integrated studying [14, p. 193]. Taking into account the fact that proverbs are discursive units (their meaning become actual only in a discourse), we can assume that it's necessary to analyse cognitive and discursive peculiarities in the research of communicative and pragmatic potential of English proverbs.
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Статья поступила в редакцию 14.12.21
