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УДК 81
Esenmadova A.D.
candidate of philological sciences, senior lecturer of the department of Turkmen language. Magtymguly Turkmen State University (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
COMMONALITIES BETWEEN LOGIC AND GRAMMAR
Аннотация: Faraby understood very well that grammar is a science that studies the grammatical structure of a particular language. It clearly shows the problems being studied in grammar. He noted that each grammar describes the grammatical structure of a certain language, compares the grammatical structure of the language with the grammatical structure of another language, and reveals commonalities and features in the grammatical structure of the compared languages.
Ключевые слова: grammar, syntax, vocabulary, middle Turkic period, Central Asia, science, achievements, language, dialect.
In all languages, concepts were expressed through words, and reasoning through sentences. But there were also words that did not express concepts. They are called small parts. Accordingly, in every language, including ancient Greek and Arabic, the "particulars" used are grouped into nouns, verbs, and subjunctives (2:7879).
Conceptual words are divided into nouns and verbs according to their meaning, and thought sentences are divided into simple sentences and compound sentences according to their meaning or how many thoughts they express. This can be seen in the examples of simple sentences, simple sentences, compound sentences, and compound sentences. Accordingly, the logical subject, object, predicate and grammatical possessor, predicate member, and message often consisted of the same words. The above-mentioned commonalities between logic and grammar created the basis for
calling the science of grammar logic, and considering logic and grammar as related sciences. Grammar cannot be separated from logic, and logic cannot be separated from grammar.
In fact, the word logic comes from the Greek word logice, which, according to Faraby, means "speech". Ancient scholars used the word logic to mean speech revealed through sound. Grammar also studies speech that is expressed or expressed through that voice (2,81-82).
While Faraby points out the commonalities between logic and grammar, he also points out that they are fundamentally different from each other. According to him, logic is public in nature. Because people also have the same laws of thinking, the same forms of thinking. Grammar, on the other hand, is not universal. Because not all languages use the same words, affixes, phrases and sentences. There is no single grammatical structure and grammatical rules that are unique to all languages. Faraby wrote about the commonalities and differences between these two sciences: "Both logic and grammar lay down laws for words."
"Grammar gives rules (rules) to the words specific to a group (that is, a language - H.B). ... A grammar is also being compiled for the language of that people. By giving law to words, logic also gives law to speech (general speech - H.B.) that is common to all peoples (all languages - H.B.)" (2,78, 80, 8,102). In fact, "The grammar of each language analyzes the data of the language used by a particular people" (8, 7980). That information, that is, the grammatical structure of one language and its grammatical laws are fundamentally different from the grammatical structure and grammatical laws of other languages. This can be seen through a single example, that is, in the meaning of past and present tenses in verbs used in languages that differ significantly in terms of grammatical structure, for example, Turkish, Russian, Persian and Tajik languages. For example, in the Turkmen language: (yazmak) I wrote (yaz+-dy+m), you wrote, he wrote, I'm writing..., in Russian: (писать) (я, ты, он) писал (пис+-а+-л), (я (ты, она)) писала, я пишу (пиш+-у), you write, on, ona writes , in Arabic (ktb) I wrote katabtu (katab+-tu), katabta (katab+-ta)- you wrote, katab+-a -wrote, aktubu (a+-ktubu - I write, taktubu (ta+-ktubu) - you write, yaktubu (ya+-ktubu)
writes, in Persian language (goftan) - speak-goftam (goft+âm), spoke, gofti-you spoke, goftad - he orr she spoke. (goftan - gu)- miguyam (mi+-gu+-y+-âm) - I cry, you cry miguy (mi+-gu+-y+-i), miguyed (mi+gu+-y+-âd) cry.
Thus, Faraby studied the grammar and logic written by ancient scholars in Greek, Arabic and many other languages. It examines issues related to private linguistics and general linguistics. He paid special attention to the most difficult and complex issues of general linguistics.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Abulgazi. Genealogical History. Ashgabat, 1992;
2. Al Faraby. О разуме и науке. Alma-Ata, Nauka, 1975;
3. Gullaev N. Antiquities. Ashgabat, 1986;
4. Gumilev L. N. Ancient Turks. M., 1967;
5. Old Turkic dictionary. L., 1969
