CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE WATER OF SITNICA RIVER Текст научной статьи по специальности «Науки о Земле и смежные экологические науки»

CHEMICAL PROBLEMS 2022 no. 4 (20) ISSN 2221-8688

305

UDC 502/504 (497)

CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE WATER OF SITNICA RIVER

V. Limani Hajnuni

University of Pristina "Hasan Prishtina" St. "George Bush" nr.31, 10000Pristina, Republic of Kosovo Agricultural University bul. "Mendeleev" 12, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria e-mail; vlora.limani@hotmail. com

Received 13.08.2022 Accepted 22.10.2022

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the water quality of the Sitnica river through the research and determination of some physico-chemical parameters of this water and the degree ofpollution with heavy metals and various effluents along the entire flow of the river, within the borders of Republic of Kosovo. The geographical positions of sampling spots were determined by GPS, make GARMIN GEKO, 12 channel. The number of sampling spots is 9, and samples in every sampling spot were taken to determine the chemical parameters. The tracking of heavy materials is done through the ICP-MS and ICP-OES method. Following the results of our analyses it found that the temperature is almost unchanged and it is between 11.5 and 12 degrees. Electrical conductivity, starting from the spring, is increasing and it reaches the maximum rate (840 jS/cm) at point S5 (Palaj) as a consequence of industrial water spill and other anthropogenic polluters and again after that it starts to drop down along the flow of the river. The pH of water is between 7.83 in Sj(Jezerc) and 8.6 in S3 (Lipjan). The turbidity is also increasing in S5. Total hardness reaches the maximum rate in S4 (Lismir), but it drops again, while the alkalinity reaches the maximum rate in S5. At sampling spot S4, metals Ni, Co, Si, Zn are noted for the maximum concentration comparing to other points, except in sampling spot S9(Mitrovica), where the rate is over 250 jg/dm3. At the sampling point S9, the maximum content of cadmium is observed, at the point S2( Rubovich) - iron, at the point Sj - chromium. According to the performed chemical analysis, it can be concluded that the pollution of the Sitnitsa River is caused by anthropogenic sources, especially at sampling points S4, S5, S6 (Plemetin) and Sc. Namely, where the river Drenica flows into Sitnica, which carries the industrial waters of the ferronickel plant (S4), then S5 and S6, where industrial waters come from thermal plants, and S9, where industrial waters come from the ore smelter in Mitrovica.

Keywords: pollution, heavy metal, industrial water, ICP-MS and ICP-OES method DOI: 10.32737/2221-8688-2022-3-305-316

Introduction

The quality of the rivers' water in developed countries, USA and in particular in the European Union is evaluated in keeping with a classification system, based on which the quality of the rivers water is considered satisfactory from the first to the third category. This classification includes: the number of parameters that are measured and compared, the method of calculation, the physical chemical and biological properties of waters [1-2]. Table 1 shows the classification of rivers waters

according to the Economic Commission of the United Nations for Europe (UNECE), based on some chemical parameters such as; total phosphorus, nitrates, dissolved oxygen, Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia [3].

The Sitnce River lies in the territory of the Republic of Kosovo and is the main branch of the Iber River, with a basin size of 2,861 km2 and an annual flow of 16.6 m3 per second.

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CHEMICAL PROBLEMS 2022 no. 4 (20)

Table 1. Classification of rivers water quality according to ECUNE (mg/dm3)

Category Ptotal NO3- dissolved oxygen BOD COD NH4+

Quality I <10 <5 >7 <3 <3 <0.1

Quality II 10-25 5-25 7-6 3-5 3-10 0.1-0.5

Quality III 25-50 25-50 6-4 5-9 10-20 0.5-2

Quality IV 50-125 50-80 4-3 9-15 20-30 2-8

Quality V >125 >80 <3 >15 >30 >8

According to the reports of the Hydro Meteorological Institute of Kosovo for the State of River Waters, the Sitnica River - starting from Ferizaj to Mitrovica, is the most polluted river in Kosovo [4]. In terms of physical parameters, suspended matter is present and exceeds the maximum allowed values. This

comes from the discharge of water polluted with physical materials from the Nerodime river, then from the Shtime, Graqanka, Prishtina, Drenica, Llapi, Trep9a rivers into the Sitnica river. BOD and COD measurements show high levels of water pollution in this river [5].

Research Methods

ICP-MS (Induction Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy) and ICP-OES (Induction Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission

Spectroscopy), are the most important analytical methods of elemental analysis, due to advantages such as; low detection limits for many elements, very good selectivity and well as high precision [6].

It should be noted that the plasma torch serves as an atomizer and ionizer of the analyte. For solution analyses, the sample is introduced into the aerosol state. Positive metal ions are obtained from the plasma torch, which are introduced into the quadrupole MS through a special device. The spectra obtained are very simple, similar to optical spectra. They consist of a series of spots of isotopes of each element present in the sample. ICP-MS spectra are used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis [7].

The layout of the components of an ICP-MS system is shown in Fig. 1. The most critical

part of the apparatus is the connection that couples the ICP torch to the mass spectrometer. ICP-MS is one of the most trusted techniques for routine daily measurements and in sophisticated geoscience applications, especially as these devices are suitable for rapid chemical analysis of geological materials, soils, alloys, glass, etc.

The basic working principle of the ICP-MS instrument is the high temperature of the argon plasma. The fundamental principle of emission spectroscopy is in the excitation of the outer electrons of atoms in the ground state, and in the imitation of photons of the specific wavelengths.

In the plasma, there is enough energy to remove the electron from the orbital to generate ions. The detection of positive ions adds the ICP-MS the characteristics to determine the elements in trace.

Fig. 1. Schematic of an ICP-MS system

Research Area

The water sampling in the Sitnica River was carried out at the beginning of spring, so the water level was very high due to atmospheric precipitation [8]. The sampling sites were chosen in places where we expected pollution from various factors (traffic, agricultural land, sewage, Electricity Corporation of Kosovo, Ferronickel Factory, etc.) [9]. The parameters that have been determined in the field are as follows: water temperature, air temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, geographical position, relief description, etc.

Fig. 2. Hydrological map of Kosovo with main rivers and sampling points

The number of sampling sites is 9 and in the each sampling site was taken one liter of water for analysis. The samples are marked with the symbols Si, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 (Tab.2). Note that S1 represents the sample

taken in Jezerca and the last sample in Mitrovica is S9. Also, the results have been processed with the help of the Geographical Information System (GIS). The hydrographic map with sampling sites and main cities of the

Republic of Kosovo was obtained from the data obtained from the field (fig.1)

Table 2. Sitnica river water sampling sites with detailed descriptions

Samples Location The coordinates Altitude (m) Type of soil/relief Water level Possible pollutants

Si Jezerc 34T05011374 UTH468490 753 Mountain/woods High little reliability

S2 Rubovc 34T0511162 UTH4701535 555 Field/agriculture High sewage, agricultural pollutants

S3 Lipj an 34T0509209 UTH4706850 552 Field/agriculture High trafic, sewage, agricultural pollutants

S4 Lismir 34T 0505446 UTH4721046 536 Field/agriculture High sewage, agricultural pollutants

S5 Palaj 34T 0504962 UTH4725257 529 Field/agriculture High scrap metal and T.C. Kosova A

S6 Plemetin 34T 0503151 UTH4728261 489 Field/agriculture high Sewage, T.C.Kosova B

S7 Pestova 34T 0499286 UTH4736647 524 Field/agriculture high sewage, agricultural pollutants

S8 Vushtrri Bridge 34T 0496283 UTH4741292 516 Field/agriculture high sewage, agricultural pollutants

S9 Mitrovica (exit) 34T 0490406 UTH4749405 507 Fushor high ore processing smelter, Trafic, sewage

Results

Some of the results obtained due to the parameters of the Sitnica river water are determination of some physio-chemical presented in tabular form (tables 3-6).

Table 3. Temperature, conductivity, pH and turbidity evaluated in the sample

Samples Temp. of water / °C Temp. of air/°C Conductivity, ^s /cm pH turbidity (NTU)

Si 11.9 11.9 400 7.83 0.29

S2 11.9 11.8 516 7.5 10.3

S3 11.9 11.8 613 8.61 8.8

S4 11.9 11.8 792 8.14 14.71

S5 12 11.5 840 8.20 30.6

S6 12 11.5 728 8.24 25.3

S7 11.7 11 630 8.05 30.23

Ss 11.8 11 624 8.04 29.7

S9 11.8 13 665 8.05 21.3

Table 4. Alkalinity in the presence of methyl orange mA and of Phenolphthalein pA, total hardness, transient hardness, carbonate concentration and bicarbonate in mg/dm3 in the samples.

Sampling points Alkalinity, mA Alkalinity, pA Total hardness/0 D Trensient hardness/o D Y(CO3-2) mg/ dm3 Y (HCO3-) mg/ dm3

Si 20 n.d 11.501 0.56 n.d. 122

S2 20.5 n.d. 12.283 0.574 n.d. 125.05

S3 23 n.d. 13.958 o.644 n.d. 140.30

S4 22 n.d. 17,978 0.616 n.d. 134.2

S5 25 n.d. 17.866 0.7 n.d. 152.5

S6 21 n.d. 16.024 0.588 n.d. 128.1

S7 20 n.d. 14.181 0.56 n.d. 122

Ss 20.5 n.d. 13.399 0.574 n.d. 125.05

S9 21 n.d. 15.577 0.588 n.d. 128.1

Table 5. Consumption of potassium permanganate, amount of magnesium oxide, calcium and chloride concentration in the samples taken for analysis

Sampling points Y(CaO)/mg dm-3 Y(MgO)/mg dm-3 KMnO4 /mg dm-3 Y (Cl-)/mg dm-3

Si 8.33 3.17 26.0 17.72

S2 10.96 1.32 25.2 15.9525

S3 11.68 2.27 26.5 17.725

S4 10.73 7.25 26.3 24.815

S5 8.945 8.92 26.3 35.45

S6 11,52 4.51 26.0 21.27

S7 3.8 10.38 26.2 17.725

Ss 10.62 2.78 26.3 15.95

S9 7.94 7.64 23.7 14.18

Table 6. Presentation of the concentration of elements determined in river water by ICP-MS and

ICP-OES techniques

Element Sampling points and results

^g/dm3 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9

Na 954 11800 16400 25000 30800 23500 18500 16900 17100

Li < 1 2 4 13 13 12 9 9 11

Be < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1

Mg 4890 11800 15200 >20000 >20000 >20000 >20000 >20000 >20000

Al 14 46 59 52 30 30 34 24 43

Si 4000 4300 4100 4700 4300 3400 4300 4300 4300

K 700 3440 4970 6120 6390 5100 4470 4200 5370

Ca > 20000 >20000 >20000 >20000 >20000 >20000 >20000 >20000 >20000

Sc 1 1 < 1 1 1 < 1 1 1 1

Cr 4.5 2.4 2.1 3.1 3.5 4.3 3.1 3.1 3.4

Mn 0.5 93.2 107 265 209 195 94.1 72 172

Fe 40 170 150 120 100 100 80 70 100

Co 0.021 0.265 0.355 0.64 0.611 0.461 0.343 0.288 0.569

Ni 1.4 2.7 3.9 19.5 15.2 13.2 9.9 9.1 9.5

Cu 2.3 3.8 4.7 4.1 7.4 5.7 5.8 5.2 5.9

Zn 4.6 11 11.1 50.1 45.4 31.9 15.5 12.3 > 250

As 0.5 1.53 2.24 3.14 3.25 2.91 2.7 2.56 2.7

Se < 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4

Sr 60.5 > 200 > 200 > 200 > 200 > 200 > 200 > 200 > 200

Zr < 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03

Nb 0.01 0.013 0.019 0.018 0.012 0.012 0.01 0.011 0.012

Mo 0.1 0.4 0.4 1 1.3 1.6 0.8 0.8 0.8

Pd < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01

Ag < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2

Cd 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 1.72

In < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001

Te < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1

I < 1 < 1 < 1 2 1 2 < 1 < 1 < 1

Cs 0.004 0.009 0.014 0.044 0.116 0.1 0.091 0.074 0.13

Ba 10.4 43.9 35.6 52.5 43.2 46.8 37.7 38.8 43.1

La 0.005 0.07 0.083 0.054 0.04 0.034 0.041 0.032 0.043

Ce 0.007 0.109 0.132 0.307 0.061 0.055 0.072 0.055 0.072

Pr 0.001 0.016 0.016 0.013 0.014 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.14

Nd 0.003 0.06 0.063 0.04 0.032 0.028 0.034 0.034 0.038

Sm < 0.001 0.013 0.017 0.014 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.009

Eu < 0.001 0.004 0.003 0.006 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.004 0.003

Gd 0.002 0.015 0.016 0.014 0.01 0.012 0.009 0.009 0.03

Tb < 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002

Dy 0.002 0.011 0.01 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.007 0.011

Ho < 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002

Er < 0.001 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005

Tm < 0.001 <0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001

Yb 0.001 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.006

Lu < 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001

Hf < 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.005 < 0.001 0.001 0.002 < 0.001 < 0.001

Ta < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001

W 0.08 0.28 0.13 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.33

Re 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.01 0.005 0.006 0.006

Os < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002

Pt < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3

Au < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002

Hg < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2

Tl < 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.009

Pb 0.55 4.93 1.84 5.8 4.89 11.2 4.89 3.25 6.9

Bi < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.3

Th < 0.001 0.01 0.008 0.007 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.002 0.003

U 0.166 0.797 0.974 1.13 1.1 1.02 0.898 0.95 1.23

Hg, (ng/L) < 6 14 20 22 20 25 24 10 42

Results and discussion

In the Sitnica river water analysis, the water temperature ranges from 11.7 to 12°C. The water temperature in nearly every sampling site was the same with a small difference of ± 0.30C. The lowest temperature was recorded in

sampling site S7, namely in Pestova 11.7°C, while the highest temperature was 12°C in S6 and S5.

The pH ranges from 7.83 at sampling site Si and 8.61 at sampling site S3. Electrical

conductivity ranges from 400 to 840 |iS/cm. The highest conductivity is recorded in sampling site S5 (Palaj), while the lowest is in sampling site S1 (the source). Turbidity ranges between 0.29 NTU at the source and 30.6 NTU at sampling site S5. Site S5 is the point within the territory of KEK. Coal mines and large ash wastes are some of the parameters that determined the highest values of turbidity and electrical conductivity [10].

The overall hardness ranges between 11.501°dH in the source and 17.99°dH in the sampling site S4 (Lismir). Transient hardness varies between values 0.56 and 0.7°dH. The relative increase of these parameters towards the river flow is the result of the addition of salts and other elements in the water [11].

The alkalinity of the water in the presence of the methyl orange indicator ranges between the values of 20 and 25, which proves the presence of bicarbonates in the values of 122 to 152.5^g/dm3. We did not have the alkalinity values recorded in the presence of the

Diagram 1. Iron concentration at sampling points

Diagram 2 show the Ni concentration diagram in each sample separately. The diagram indicates a jump in nickel concentration in sample S4 which was taken from the sampling site in Lismir. To our thinking, the increase in the concentration of Ni at this point comes from the industrial waters of Ferro-Nickel [15], which

phenolphthalein indicator, which proves the absence of carbonates. The consumption of potassium permanganate varies between the values of 23.7 to 26.5 mg/dm3, which proves the pollution of the Sitnica river water with different organic materials from industrial waters, sewage and other possible natural pollutants, such as rotting plants and animal waste, etc [12-13].

Diagrams 1-8 show the concentrations of some metals at sampling points S1-S9.

The diagram 1 shows iron concentration in each sample. From the diagram we can see a jump/very high concentration of iron in sample S2, the sampling site is the village of Rubovc in the municipality of Lipjan. This increase in concentration came as a result of flooding of a scrap yard located near the river bed [14]. The concentration of iron from sample S2 to sample S3 and so on, goes down continuously until sample S9, where we have an increase in concentration because of the ore processing smelter in Mitrovica.

Diagram 2. Nickel concentration at sampling points

together with the waters of the Drenica River, flow into the Sitnica River in the Lismir village. Then in all the other samples we have a decrease in the concentration of Ni, until sample S9 where there is also an increase which comes from industrial waters as well.

Diagram 3.

300 250

I 700

i ISO

8

0 ÍS1 SJ [ S3 I S4 I SS L 'Il 0 S7Î58 S<>'

7-i i|jg/dm 3 : 4fo 11 Sl.ipO.lMS.i Bi.q 15,^1?,}:? soi

Diagram 3. Zinc concentration at sampling points

Diagram 4. Manganese concentration at sampling points

Diagram 3 shows the concentration of zinc with an increase in the concentration of the sample S4 (Lismir), which, in our view comes from the industrial waters of Ferro-Nickel [16]. Characteristic in this diagram is the very high concentration of zinc in sample S9 above 250pg/dm3, the sampling site of which is outside the city of Mitrovica where is the ore processing smelter.

Diagram 4 shows the concentration of Mn with an increase in the concentration of the samble S4 then S5, S6 and S9, respectively in Lismir, Palaj, Plemetin and Mitrovica. The high level of manganese comes as a result of industrial water pollution from Ferro-Nickel

Diagram 5. Cadmium concentration at sampling points

Diagram 7 show the highest concentration of Pb is recorded in sample S6 (Plemetin), respectively 11.2^g/dm3 and in sample S9 (Mitrovica) 5.8^g/dm3. Sample site S6 is the point after KEK's (Thermal Power Plants) industrial water discharge, while sample site S9

(S4), Thermal Power Plants and scrap metal (S5, S6) and ore processing smelter in Mitrovica (S9).

Diagram 5 shows the concentration of cadmium in the waters of the river Sitnica, where we observed that the concentration is the highest in the sampling site S9, near the ore processing smelter in Mitrovica.

Diagram 6 shows the concentration of chromium with a high value in sampling site Si (4.5^g/dm3), respectively in the source and in S6 (4.3^g/dm3), respektively in Plemetin (Thermal Power Plants). In source (S1) the high level of chromium may be from the soil composition because the reliability of unnatural contaminants is very small [17].

Diagram 6

S

6 4 Î 3

I J

0 íií] [sFj [si] S4 ¡ ss. Sí, 57 | S8 S9 ]

O ng/dm3 ííí 2,4 M 3^! M" 3,1 34

Diagram 6. Chromium concentration at sampling points

is close to the ore smelter in Mitrovica. Therefore, this concentration of Pb in these two points, we believe that comes from the industrial waters of KEK (Thermal Power Plants) and from the smelter.

Diagram 8 shows the highest (Palaj), wher is the Thermal Power Plant (T.C. concentration of Cu is recorded in sample S5 Kosova A) and scrap metal.

Diagram 7. 15 c 0 % 10 4-* c V u 5 c 3 o ( u > 0

-J 1,93 A 11,2 6,9 /

SI [sil S3 S4 SS S6 S7 S8 [S9

-Pbng/dm3p,9^,845,8^,8^1,it,2Í6,9

Diagram 7. Lead concentration at sampling points

Diagram 8.

0 SI S2 S3 S4 SS S6 S7 S8 S91

Cu ng/dm3 2,3 3,8 4,7 4,1 7,4 5,7 5,8 5,2 5,9

Diagram 8. Copper concentration at sampling points

Conclusions

The determination of the physical-chemical parameters and their evaluation in the water of the river Sitnica was done along the entire flow of the river within the territory of the Republic of Kosovo. Electrical conductivity, hardness and turbidity have increased, depending on the degree of pollution of the river by the human factor; as a result of the addition of various salts and other primes which in one way or another have affected the increase of these parameters. The results of our analyzes show that the water of the Sitnica river has a low alkalinity, while in terms of hardness it is classified as moderately hard water (Tables 3 and 4).

From the results of the analyzes it is also obvious that the high concentrations of metals are mainly marked by industrial water discharges. The pollution of the water of the Sitnica river by heavy metals is the result of the discharge of untreated industrial waters (Ferro-Nickel, KEK - Thermal Power Plants, etc.) into the water flow of the Sitnica river. Besides, the

pollution comes as a result of the presence of scrap metal and illegal waste dumps near the bed of river.

Based on the reports of the Hydro Meteorological Institute of Kosovo, on the state of river waters for 2018, 2019, 2021, the Sitnica river is the most polluted river in Kosovo.

Finally, based on our results, we can conclude that the increase in the concentration of the most of the microelements that were determined by the ICP-MS and ICP-OES method mainly occurred in points S4, S5 and S9 (with some exceptions). The question is about the points where there is discharge of the waters of the Drenica river, respectively the industrial waters of Ferro-Nicely (S4), the industrial waters of KEK (S5) and S9 after the ore smelter.

All these come as a result of the lack of legal infrastructure and insufficient control over some industries, especially of their industrial waters before they flow into the rivers in Kosovo.

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"University Book" Publishing House, Tirana, 1998

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15. Polie S. Blagojevic. Heavy metals in water, Novi Sad, Serbia, 1999.

16. Salmons W., Foerstner U. Metals in the Hydrocycle, Springer-Verlage, Berlin, 1984.

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SITNICA ÇAYININ SUYUNUN KiMY9Vi ANALÎZÎ

V. Limani Hajnuni

Pristina Universiteti "Hasan Pristina" "George Bush", 31, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo Respublikasi Aqrar Universiteti "Vasil Aprilov" 15A, 4002, Plovdiv, Bolqaristan Tel; +38344470575 e-mail; vlora.limani@hotmail.com

Xulasa: Bu tadqiqatin maqsadi Kosovo Respublikasinin sarhadlari daxilinda Sitnica çayinin suyunun bazi fiziki-kimyavi parametrlarinin muayyan edilmasi yolu ila keyfiyyatini va çayin butun axini boyunca agir metallarla va muxtalif çirkab sularla çirklanma daracasinin oyranilmasidir. Numuna goturma noqtalarinin (S) sayi 9 olmuçdur. Agir metallarin izlanmasi ICP-MS va ICP-OES metodu ila aparilib. S4 numuna alma noqtasinda nikel, kobalt va silisium metallarinin maksimum konsentrasiyasi muçahida olunub. S9 numuna alma noqtasinda kadmiumun, S2-da damirin va Si-da xromun miqdari maksimal olmuçdur.

Aparilan kimyavi analizlara asasan, bela naticaya galinir ki, bu çayda çirklanmasinin sababi insan faaliyyati ila baglidir. Mahz, damir-nikel zavodunun, iES-larinin va Mitrovitsadaki metal aritma zavodunun sanaye sularinin Sitnica çayina tokulmasi naticasinda çirklanma ba§ verir. Açar sozlar; Sitnica çayi, çirklanma, agir metal, sanaye suyu, ICP-MS va ICP-OES metodu.

ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ВОДЫ РЕКИ СИТНИЦА

В. Лимани Хайнуни

Приштинский университет «Хасан Приштина» "Джордж Буш", 31, 10000 Приштина, Республика Косово "Аграрный университет" Менделеевский бул. 12, 4000, Пловдив, Болгария e-mail; vlora.limani@,hotmail.com

Аннотация: Целью данного исследования является определение качества воды реки Ситница путем исследования некоторых физико-химических параметров этой воды и степени загрязнения тяжелыми металлами и различными стоками по всему течению реки в пределах Республики Косово. Географическое положение точек отбора проб определяли с помощью 12-и канального навигатора GPS, марки GARMIN GEKO. Количество точек отбора проб составляет 9, и в каждой точке отбора проб были взяты пробы для определения химических параметров. Отслеживание тяжелых материалов осуществляли с помощью методов ICP-MS и ICP-OES. По нашим анализам было замечено, что температура практически не меняется и находится в интервале 11.5-120С. Электропроводность, начиная с родника, увеличивается и достигает максимального значения в точке S5 (840 мкСм/см), как следствие промышленных разливов воды и других техногенных загрязнителей, после чего снова начинает падать по течению реки. pH воды увеличивается от 7.83 в точке отбора S1 до 8.6 в точке отбора S3. Мутность также увеличивается в точке отбора S5. Общая жесткость достигает максимального показателя в S4, а щелочность достигает максимального показателя в S5. В точке отбора проб S4 никель, кобальт, кремний, а также цинк имеют значительную концентрацию по сравнению с другими точками, за исключением точки отбора проб S 9, где показатель превышает 250 мкг/дм3. В точке отбора S9 наблюдается максимальное содержание кадмия, в точке S2 - железа, в точке S1- хрома. Замечена аномалия в точке отбора проб S7, расчетная общая жесткость имеет значительное падение по сравнению с точкой до и после. По проведенному химическому анализу можно сделать вывод, что загрязнение реки Ситница обусловлено антропогенными источниками, особенно в точках отбора проб S4, S5, S6 (Племетин) и S9. А именно там, где в Ситницу впадает река Дреница, несущая промышленные воды ферроникелевого завода (S 4), затем S5 и S6, куда поступают промышленные воды от тепловых электростанций, и S 9, куда поступают промышленные воды от рудоплавильного завода в Митровице.

Ключевые слова: загрязнение, тяжелые металлы, техническая вода, метод ИСП -МС и ИСП-ОЭС