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of pesticides and fertilizers. Strictly comply with hygiene regulations, such as dosage, frequency of application, waiting period, the quarantine period, MAC (maximum allowable concentration), MALs and other hygiene regulations.
Conclusions:
1. It was found that the actual level of the HCCH equal to 0.0008 mg. Given the low cumulative properties HCCH,
after 60 days (0.0008 x 60) can be argued about the dangerous dose of education to human health.
2. As a result of the data obtained, it can be argued that in order to neutralize the milk and milk products from or-ganochlorine pesticides, it is necessary to produce sour — milk products, as well as recommended steps to remove the fat in the milk.
References:
1. Hooper K. et al. Analysis of brest milk to assess exposure to chlorinated contaminantes in Kazakhstan//Tnvironmental health perspectives. - 1997. - Vol. 105. - Р. 1254.
2. Бахритдинов Ш. С. Гигиеническая оценка реальной и обоснование допустимой нагрузки пестицидов в районах их интенсивного изменения: Дисс. ... д-ра мед. наук. - Москва, 1989.
3. Норматова Ш. А., Бахритдинов Ш. С. Фактическое употребление молока и молочных продуктов и оценка степени их загрязне-ния//Журнал Гигиена и Санитария. - М., 2011. - № 2. - С. 65-67.
4. Проданчук Н. Г., Спыну Е. И. Принципы и пути оценки опасности комплексного и комбинированного действия пестицидов на организм человека//Современные проблемы токсикологии. - 2001. - № 2. - С. 3-7.
5. Норматова Ш. А., Ашурова М. Д., Эрматова Г. А., Хожиматов Х. О. и др. Актуальные проблемы экологии и здоровья населения в Узбекистане//Актуальные проблемы гуманитарных и естественных наук. - 2014. - № 5(64). - С. 208-211.
Shayhova Guli Islamovna, Tashkent Medical Academy, professor, department of hygiene of children, adolescents, and nutrition hygiene Zufarov Anvar Komildjanovich, professor, head physician of the city nephrology hospital of Tashkent city
Otajonov Ilhom Otaboevich, Tashkent Medical Academy, lecturer, PhD, Department of hygiene
of children, adolescents, and hygiene E-mail: ilhom1802@mail.ru Zakirov Jourat Fatihovich, PhD, doctor of city nephrology hospital of Tashkent city
Characteristics of social and living conditions, the incidence of patients with CRF
Abstract: The high level of clinical entities of identified diseases in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), which are conditioned by their functional state, body resistance, living conditions, working conditions, leisure and everyday life have been identified. The incidence has been studied at average for 2 years (2014, 2015), as it is studied for general morbidity of the population. The study included 105 patients whose social conditions had been studied, as well as morbidity rate. They studied the rates of overall morbidity in 325 patients with CRF who are on the dispensary at the city nephrology hospital of Tashkent city.
Keywords: patients with CRF, social conditions, clinical entities of diseases.
The number of patients with kidney disease is being increased all over the world, due to the incidence rate not only of the kidneys but also the increasing number of patients with diabetes, obesity, aging, damaged renal vascular nature, in particular renal ischemia [1; 2; 8; 9; 10; 11]. A steady rise in the level of CRF has been noted in the world. The number of patients with CRF in the world, who are receiving renal replacement therapy has been more than 4-5 times over the last 20 years [5; 6]. In the US, the prevalence of CRF in 1996 reached up to 268 per 1 million population [7]. In Russia in the past decade — CRF has been diagnosed in adults from 100 to 600 people [3; 4]. In the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbekistan), the prevalence of CRF in 2014 is 19 701 to 30.759 million of population.
Aim: description of the social conditions, the incidence of patients with CRF in Tashkent city.
Materials and methods
Subjects of study: adult population, patients with chronic kidney disease and CRF, who are being treated in the clinic (105) and 325 patients with CRF who are on the dispensary in Tashkent city.
Medical and social research included: the copy of the medical record data (form № 025/U). When studied anamnestic data in patients with CRF (105) the particular attention was made to past illnesses, the presence of chronic diseases and foci of infections. The incidence analysis was carried out in accordance with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health (ICD-10, 2000).
We studied the rates of overall morbidity in 325 patients with CRF who are on the dispensary at the city nephrology hospital of Tashkent city. The incidence has been studied for average 2 years (2014-2015), as is the case for the study of general morbidity of
Characteristics of social and living conditions, the incidence of patients with CRF
the population. Development and morbidity analysis was performed according to the International Classification of Diseases 10 review, highlighting at the same time the main classes and clinical entities of the diseases.
Results
As a result of analysis of medical records, it was found that CRF is one of common diseases. We observed 105 patients, including 74 women and 31 men. The study of educational qualifications showed that incomplete secondary education had 1 (1.4 %) woman and 1 man (3.3 %), secondary education 53 (71.6 %) and 18 (58.0 %), respectively, higher education 20 (27.0 %) and 12 (38.7 %) patients. Among the surveyed disabled patients 8 (10.8 %) were women and 3 (9.7 %) men, the unemployed — 12 (16.2 %) and 11 (35.5 %), respectively, the retired — 47 (63.5 %) and 9 (29.0 %), the working patients 7 (9.5 %), and 8 (25.8 %).
7.8 % of women and 12.0 % of men were employed in production sphere with shift, including the night, work regime. During the day, 5 % ofwomen and 12 % of men exposed to factors such as vibration, noise, dust, smell of paints, 8 % worked with chemicals.
The conducted analysis of the diet also revealed a number of features. Thus, on average 85 % of the surveyed patients with CRF at the age of 18 to 55 years break their diet: four time's meal with long intervals (5-6 hours). In the elderly, there was no desire to take the meals frequently. It was observed low physical activity, especially in elderly population. Both the assortment of products and the structure of nutrition had no fundamental difference. Therefore, it should be noted that only 35 % of the patients
Clinical entities of diagnosed diseases in patients with CRF, endocrine diseases, nutrition and metabolic disorders rank first among women — 35; the most specific gravity had diabetes which was observed in 34 women, diabetic nephropathy identified in only 1 female patient. Among men suffering from CRF, the first place was occupied by genitourinary system diseases: chronic glomerulonephritis was registered in 37, chronic pyelonephritis in 10 male patients with CRF. Second place among women were genitourinary system diseases, the specific gravity of chronic glomerulonephritis
surveyed had an idea of a balanced diet and dietary nutrition in CRF. Only 28 % of patients could evaluate their diet objectively by themselves, but in most cases it was possible to find out with the help of health professionals.
A comprehensive study of the health status of patients with CRF and analysis of questionnaires and medical records showed that all patients had concomitant diseases. Thus, 10 (13.5 %) women and 1 (3.3 %) man had obesity I and II degree, respectively. 45 (62,2 %) and 21 (63.8 %) patients had diabetes, 6 (8.1 %), and 4 (12.9 %) — digestive organ diseases, 9 (12.2 %) and 6 (19.4 %) — respiratory diseases, 34 (45.9 %) and 11 (35.5 %) — diseases of cardiovascular system, 67 (90.5 %) and 29 (93.5 %) — kidney diseases, 5 (6.8 %), 1 (3.3 %) — allergic disorders, 4 (5.4 %) and 2 (6.5 %) — endocrine disorders. In addition, 11 (14.9 %) of the women surveyed had gynecological diseases, and 1 (1.4 %) female — a family member suffered TB. 1 (3.3 %) male patient had neuro-psychological disorder.
According to Table 1 the first place in patients with CRF among identified diseases takes the genitourinary system diseases, which have been defined in 42 women and 48 men. The second place is occupied by endocrine diseases, nutritional and metabolism that were observed in 35 women and 29 men. Diseases of blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism were observed in 4 women and 6 men, congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities were evenly defined in women and men — 4. Infectious and parasitic diseases were in 1patient, circulatory system diseases were in 3 men and 1 woman with CRF.
was registered in 26, chronic pyelonephritis in 15 patients, urolithiasis was observed only in 1 patient.
Among men suffering from CRF, the second place was occupied by endocrine diseases, eating disorders, the specific gravity of diabetes was observed in 29 men. In the structure of diseases of blood and blood-forming organs the specific weight had iron deficiency anemia, ranking the third place in 6 men and 4 women, respectively.
The fourth place in the structure of the incidence of congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities
Table 1. - Distribution of clinical entities identified in patients with CRF
ICD-10 Classification of diseases Women (180) Men (145) Total (325)
abs. % abs. % abs. %
I Infectious and parasitic diseases 1 5.6 ± 5.5 0 0.0 ± 0.0 1 3.1 ± 3.1
II Urinary tract infections 1 5.6 ± 5.5 0 0.0 ± 0.0 1 3.1 ± 3.1
III Diseases of the blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism 4 22.2 ± 11.0 6 41.4 ± 16.5 10 30.8 ± 9.6
Anemia 4 22.2 ± 11.0 6 41.4 ± 16.5 10 30.8 ± 9.6
IV Endocrine diseases, nutritional and metabolic disorders 35 194.4 ± 29.5 29 200.0 ± 33.2 64 196.9 ± 22.1
Diabetes 34 188.9 ± 29.2 28 193.1 ± 32.8 62 190.8 ± 21.8
Diabetic nephropathy 1 5.6 ± 5.5 0 0.0 ± 0.0 1 3.1 ± 3.1
V Diseases of the circulatory system 1 5.6 ± 5.5 3 20.7 ± 11.8 4 12.3 ± 6.1
Hypertension 1 5.6 ± 5.5 2 13.8 ± 9.7 3 9.2 ± 5.3
Cardiac ischemia 0 0.0 ± 0.0 1 6.9 ± 6.9 1 3.1 ± 3.1
VI Diseases of the genitourinary system 42 233.3 ± 31.5 48 331.0 ± 39.1 90 276.9 ± 24.8
Chronic glomerulonephritis 26 144.4 ± 26.2 37 255.2 ± 36.2 63 193.8 ± 21.9
Chronic pyelonephritis 15 83.3 ± 20.6 10 69.0 ± 21.0 25 76.9 ± 14.8
Urolithiasis 1 5.6 ± 5.5 0 0.0 ± 0.0 1 3.1 ± 3.1
VII Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities 4 22.2 ± 11.0 4 27.6 ± 13.6 8 24.6 ± 4.5
polycystic renal disease 4 22.2 ± 11.0 4 27.6 ± 13.6 8 24.6 ± 4.5
Total 87 483.3 ± 37.2 90 620.7 ± 40.3 177 544.6 ± 27.6
within this class the largest specific gravity made polycystic kidney disease: in 4 women and 4 men with CRF. The last place in the structure of morbidity was diseases of the circulatory system. The most common form of this disease was hypertension in 2 men and 1 woman, cardiac ischemia was observed in only 1patient. Urinary tract infection was detected only in 1 patient with CRF.
Thus, the high level of certain clinical entities of identified diseases among patients with CRF are conditioned by their functional state, body resistance, living conditions, work -rest cycle, healthy diet and lifestyle. All this point to the fact that only the doctor and the patient talk at doctor's reception is insufficient. It is necessary to develop and conduct educational programs to teach patients the basics of a healthy lifestyle.
Conclusions:
1. The prevalence of CRF in the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan currently stands at an average of 1000 people
with significant difference depending on the specific areas. It is assumed that these differences largely depend on the quality of diagnosis in primary care.
2. Rank places in the structure of general disease incidence of women with CRF are different from men, the first place takes the diseases of the genitourinary system, diabetes, iron deficiency anemia, the second place polycystic kidney disease, hypertension.
3. Among the men with CRF, the first place was occupied by diseases of the genitourinary system: chronic glomerulonephri-tis, chronic pyelonephritis, the second place was occupied by endocrine diseases, eating disorders, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, nutritional and metabolic disturbances.
4. The revealed features of morbidity in patients with CRF will help in processing improvements for further reduction of this pathology in Uzbekistan.
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9. DAmico G. Influence of clinical and histological features on actuarial renal survival in adult patients with idiopathic IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Survey of the recent literature//Am. J. Kidney Dis. - 1992. - V. 20: 315.
10. DAmico G. Natural history of idiopathic IgA nephropathy: Role of clinical and histological prognostic factors//Am J Kidney Dis. -2000. - V. 36: 227.
Parpieva Nargiza Nusratovna, Director of Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center Tuberculosis and Pulmonology by Alimov
Zaidova Zebokhon Alisherovna, Senior Researcher, Tashkent Pediatric medical Institute
E-mail: evovision@bk.ru
State oxidant-antioxidant plasma systems blood red blood cells in patients children with pulmonary tuberculosis
Abstact: As a result of carried out biochemical blood analysis in 44 children and adolescents with an active pulmonary tuberculosis the considerable changes in processes of lipid peroxidation were detected: authentic decrease ofvitamin E content, increase of superoxide dismutase and ceruloplasmin levels in comparison with noninfected subjects. Intensity of lipid peroxidation increased in the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis along with the change of antioxidants protection. This was manifested by growth of concentration of malonic dialdegide and dien conjugate. The most expressed changes of the evaluated biochemical parameters were in children and adolescents with complicated course of tuberculosis. detected: authentic decrease ofvitamin E content, increase of superoxide dismutase and ceruloplasmin levels in comparison with noninfected subjects. Intensity of lipid peroxidation increased in the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis along with the change of antioxidants protection. This was manifested by growth of concentration of malonic dialdegide and dien conjugate. The most expressed changes of the evaluated biochemical parameters were in children and adolescents with complicated course of tuberculosis.
