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1452CHARACTERISTICS OF CONJUNCTIONS IN LINGUISTICS Karimova G.R.
Karimova Gulshan Ravshanovna - Senior Teacher,
DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, INSTITUTE OF TRAINING AND RETRAINING, KARSHI, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article deals with the problems of one of the actual themes of modern linguistics - Conjunctions which contribute to a better understanding of the use of discourse and they affect the way how texts are perceived. Studies have shown that the use of conjunctions can be problematic, therefore, their use is worth studying more extensively in order to distinguish the difficulties and thus to provide solutions to help master the use of conjunctions.
Keywords: conjunction, linguistics, linker, coordinator, discourse, connector, conjoin, grammar, function, system.
The study of conjunctions has received considerable attention in linguistics. They have been studied under numerous labels such as linkers, coordinators, discourse markers, pragmatic markers, discourse connectors, and many others. Indeed, conjunctions play an important role in discourse as they are used as coordination to conjoin "different grammatical units: clauses, clause elements, words" [3, p. 26]. Generally speaking, conjunctions are the most common way of coordination which is one of the items in grammar, a body rules specifying how meaning are created in language. Conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, and clauses. It can be said that conjunctions were "linking" or "joining" words which joined together various things. If conjunctions "joined" words, then any word that occur between others would be a conjunctions [4, p. 27].
There are many definitions of conjunctions which are proposed by people or scientists. According to professor A. Iriskulov, Conjunctions are words which have no inflectional or derivational ending. They are simply tools for putting other words together.
They perform a function in the system - outside the system they have little or no meaning whatever and work as coordination of linguistic forms of syntactic units having equal value or connect dependent clauses. As to their functions conjunctions fall under two classes: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions [2].
Coordinating conjunctions, probably the most common conjunctions, are connecting words. They take two or more elements and form a relationship or connection between them. These elements can be words, phrases or clauses, but to use conjunctions correctly all elements in a given list should be the same. (You may be familiar with the term parallel structure, which describes a list of elements with the same syntactic function.) When a conjunction connects individual words, they make a list. And is an additive connector - it expresses a collection of many elements. The flower was red, fresh and beautiful. Or, on the other hand, expresses an alternative relationship - it is one element in the list, not all. Would you like coffee, tea or milk? Use but to express a contrast. She does not like football, but she likes volleyball. So shows a causal relationship. He was very slow, so he was late.
Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses. When coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses (a clause with a subject and a verb), a comma is required before the conjunction. He failed his exam, so he did not finish the school. Even when only two clauses are in the list, the comma is required. Of course, if a writer has multiple clauses in a sentence, he should use a comma to separate each from the others. He went to the shop, he bought a cigarette, and he returned home. Traditional grammar rules state that a writer cannot begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction.
Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause. The subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering the questions "when" or "why" about the main clause, or imposing conditions or
opposition on it. The subordinating conjunction does not always come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes at the beginning of the first clause.
A subordinating conjunction always introduces a dependent clause (a noun and a verb not expressing a complete thought). The subordinating conjunction signals the relationship between the dependent clause and the independent clause (a subject and verb standing alone as a complete thought). A dependent clause is less important than the independent clause and is sometimes called a subordinate clause. It is helpful to remember that sub means under, so that the subordinate clause is subordinate to the independent clause.
Subordinating conjunctions are the biggest group, but they are also the most difficult to use. Be careful because a lot of the conjunctions above are also used in other situations too as prepositions and other parts of speech. Generally, a subordinating conjunction connects two full sentences. The sentences must be connected with a comma is the sentence that has the subordinating conjunction comes first. They don't need to be connected with a comma (and usually shouldn't be) if the sentence with the subordinating conjunction comes second.
References
1. Caron J. Connectives. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Pergamon, Vol. 2, 1994. 707 p.
2. Iriskulov A.T. Theoretical Grammar of English. Tashkent, 2006.
3. Leech G. and Svartvik J. A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman, 1994. 256 p.
4. Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G. and Svartvik J. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. New York: Longman, 1985. 234 p.
