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84Characteristics of body posture in the sagittal plane and fitness of first-form pupils from rural areas
Zukowska Hanna1, Szark-Eckardt Miroslawa1, Muszkieta Radoslaw1, Iermakova Tetiana2
Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland1 G.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Ukraine2
Annotation:
Purpose: to find correlations
between characteristics of body posture in the sagittal plane and fitness and endurance of firstform children from rural areas.
Material: an analysis of more than 30 sources of scientific and educational literature. Results: the study involved 209 children, including 102 girls and 107 boys.
They were children who lived in the country since they were born.
To assess particular characteristics of body posture, the children were studied by means of the measuring equipment using the projection Moiré system. Motor skills were estimated using selected EUROFIT physical fitness tests (sitting forward bend, standing broad jump, handgrip, sit-and-reach, bent arm hang and 10 x 5 m shuttle run).
The level of physical endurance was evaluated with the Harvard Step Test modified by Montoye.
Conclusions: the conducted
research reveals statistically significant correlations between the characteristics of body posture in the sagittal plane and selected EUROFIT physical fitness tests and physical endurance of the children involved in the study.
Keywords:
EUROFIT, correlations, physical endurance, circulatory system, spinal.
Жуковска Анна, Шарк-Ецкардт Мирослава, Мушкета Радослав, Ермакова Татьяна. Характеристики положения тела в сагиттальной плоскости и физическое состояние первоклассников из сельской местности. Цель: определить корреляции между характеристиками осанки в сагиттальной плоскости и физической подготовке и выносливости первоклассников из сельских районов. Материал: проанализировано более 30 источников научной и учебной литературы. Результаты: в исследовании приняли участие 209 детей, из них 102 девочки и 107 мальчиков. Дети, которые жили в деревне с рождения. Для оценки конкретных характеристик осанки, дети были исследованы с помощью измерительного оборудования с использованием системы проекция Муар. Двигательные навыки были оценены с использованием выбранных Eurofit физических тестов (сидя наклон вперед, стоя прыжок в длину, хват рукой, гибкость, челночный бег 10 х 5 м с согнутыми в локтях руками). Уровень физической выносливости оценивали с помощью Гарвард степ тест модифицированного Монтойем. Выводы: проведенное исследование показывает статистически значимые корреляции между характеристиками осанки в сагиттальной плоскости и выбранным Eurofit физическим тестом испытаний, а также физической выносливости детей, участвующих в исследовании.
Eurofit, корреляции, физическая выносливость, система кровообращения, спинной.
Жуковска Анна, Шарк-Ецкардт Мирослава, Мушкета Радослав, Єрмакова Тетяна. Характеристики положення тіла в сагітальній площині і фізичний стан першокласників з сільської місцевості. Мета: визначити кореляції між характеристиками постави в сагітальній площині і фізичного стану і витривалості першокласників з сільських районів. Матеріал: проаналізовано понад 30 джерел наукової та навчальної літератури. Результати: у дослідженні взяли участь 209 дітей, з них 102 дівчинки і 107 хлопчиків. Діти, які жили у селі з народження. Для оцінки конкретних характеристик постави, діти були досліджені за допомогою вимірювального обладнання з використанням системи проекції Муар. Рухові навички були оцінені з використанням вибраних Eurofit фізичних тестів (сидячи нахил вперед, стоячи стрибок у довжину, хват рукою, гнучкість, човниковий біг 10 х 5 м із зігнутими в ліктях руками). Рівень фізичної витривалості оцінювали за допомогою Гарвард степ тест модифікованого Монтойєм. Висновки: проведене дослідження показує статистично значущі кореляції між характеристиками постави в сагітальній площині і вибраним Eurofit фізичним тестом випробувань, а також фізичної витривалості дітей, що беруть участь в дослідженні.
Eurofit, кореляції, фізична витривалість, системf кровообігу, спинний.
І ПЕДАГОГІКА І
Introduction
The current generation of children and teenagers is becoming more robust as Przew^da and Dobosz report [24]. As far as physical development is concerned, an increase in the body height and weight is observed in the young generation. However, as the authors report, the morphological development and its acceleration do not go together with acceleration of physical endurance and fitness. Visible regress can be observed within these indicators [24], which is especially noticeable among rural teenagers and in families of lower social status [17, 24, 25]. Numerous researchers [2, 9, 16, 17, 24, 27, 30] emphasise the influence of environment on the level of biological development and health condition of children and teenagers. As the authors suggest, this decrease in physical endurance and fitness can be also caused by the constant development of mechanization, urbanization and technology. Civilization progress facilitates everyday life but it also reduces people’s physical exercise, what leads to a sedentary lifestyle and, in consequence, to different civilization disorders (e.g. obesity).
Human adaptation mechanisms do not keep up with © Zukowska Hanna, Szark-Eckardt Mirostawa, Muszkieta Radostaw, Iermakova Tetiana, 2014 doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1015583
the dynamic development of environment. In case of teenagers and children, inability to adjust to a big number of stimuli and lack of movement lead to mental disorders (e.g. neuroses) and cause reduced fitness and endurance. This in turn causes decreased immunity which results in pain troubles of the motor system (mainly pain of the cervical and lumbar spine). Disorders of adaptation mechanism in children and teenagers are revealed, among others, by the “epidemic” of faulty postures and lower extremity postural distortions as numerous studies indicate [6, 10, 11, 20, 22, 24, 29]. Therefore, as far as health promotion is concerned a special role should be played by positive health indicators which may comprise the evaluation criteria of the population health condition. These include physical development, physical activity, physical endurance and fitness, among others [7]. The indicators reflect the work of human organs and systems as well as they require constant diagnosing and monitoring. Hence, significant as it seems to be is that particularly children should be subject to constant control towards positive health indicators. Additionally, the body posture of a child expresses its mental and physical state. Anomalies, distortions and faulty postures have an influence on physiological and motor functions of a human, for example, distortions in the thoracic region negatively
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affect the lungs and heart work and, in consequence, they lead to circulatory and respiratory impairment. Defects in the region of knees impair a child’s motor activity whereas in the region of feet they reduce a child’s support and marching activities [23].
Methods
Children studied
The research involved 270 pupils, but finally, there were used the results of 209 children who participated in all research stages and were given their parents’ consent. Having divided the children according to their sex the study involved: 102 girls and 107 boys. The children involved in the study lived in the country since they were born (Table 1).
The research was conducted in three rural schools of the Kuyavia-Pomerania Province: D^browa Chelminska, Nowa Wies Wielka and Wojnowo. Children from the neighbouring rural areas were driven to schools.
Research Organisation
The rural schools of the Kuyavia-Pomerania Province which were attended by the studied children were chosen using a random search method [14].
The research involved the evaluation of body posture and assessment of motor skills and physical endurance of the children. The evaluation of body posture was conducted at the Body Posture Laboratory of the AWFiS (University of Physical Education and Sport) in Gdansk whereas the study of motor skills of boys and girls was carried out in sports facilities belonging to schools attended by the children involved in the study. During the study of body posture it was essential for a studied person to assume a free, unconstrained standing position with slightly extended legs, straight knee and hip joints, with arms loosely lowered along the trunk and the head in the Frankfurt plane [19, 31]. The evaluation of body posture was conducted in a properly adapted room (lighting, temperature) in the morning.
Body posture evaluation
The study of body posture was conducted at the Body Posture Laboratory of the AWFiS (University of Physical Education and Sport) in Gdansk using the projection
Moiré system. The applied computer system provided three-dimensional coordinates of the studied regions and calculated the parameters of body posture in the sagittal plane at the same time. Having prepared the data, there were obtained 50 parameters of linear and angular posture dimensions. For the purpose of the study, the following data characterizing body posture in the sagittal plane of the studied rural children were applied: angles of depression of the particular spinal sections (degrees): upper thoracic Y, thoracic-lumbar p, lumbar-sacral a and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane (degrees).
Taking the measured angles into consideration, angular dimensions were assessed and small, big and medium angles were determined [18]. Using the Wolanski method completed by Zeyland-Malawka [31] the types of posture were determined. Numeric values were also evaluated for: thoracic kyphosis (x), lordosis (X), total spinal curvatures (5) and compensation index (^).
In order to standardize terminology for the purpose of this scientific paper, the nomenclature of spinal angles presented by Zeyland-Malawka [31] was used. The calculated size of angle a, which means the depression angle of the lumbar-sacrum section according to the Swierc system, determines in this paper the depression angle of the upper thoracic section, angle p - the depression angle of thoracic-lumbar spine remains the same whereas angle y, which means the depression angle of the upper thoracic section according to the Swierc system, means the depression angle of the lumbar-sacral section in this publication.
Evaluation of fitness and physical endurance
Fitness was examined using selected tests of the EUROFIT physical fitness test and the tests were conducted in accordance with generally binding rules [8].
To evaluate the fitness level the following tests were applied: sitting forward bend, standing broad jump, handgrip (with the stronger hand), sit-and-reach within 30s, bent arm hang and 10 x 5m shuttle run.
In order to estimate the endurance level of the studied boys and girls, the Harvard Step test was applied, which was modified by Montoye and used in the research study
Table 1
Statistical description of the children involved in the study
PLACE OF RESIDENCE BOYS GIRLS TOTAL
n % n % N %
D^browa Chelminska 30 46.9 34 53.1 64 30.6
Nowa Wies Wielka 63 57.8 46 42.2 109 52.1
Wojnowo 14 38.9 22 61.1 36 17.2
TOTAL 107 102 209
Table 2
Physical fitness criteria developed by Mazur et al. (1975)
Endurance index Endurance rating
Above 60 excellent
50.1 - 60.0 good
40.1 - 50.0 average
30.1 - 40.0 low average
Below 30 poor
Source: Mazur et al. (1975)
in the study and the angle of pelvic anteversion (r = 0.18) (Table 3).
Table 4 reveals correlations between the analysed angles in the sagittal plane and the sit-and-reach test (Table 4).
When analysing the findings, there can be defined a statistically significant correlation at the assumed level a = 0.05 between the sit-and-reach test and the lumbar-sacral angle - у (poor correlation r = - 0.26). This correlation is of an opposite character. Additionally, a low, but statistically insignificant correlation was determined between the sit-and-reach test and the upper thoracic angle - a (r = - 0.13).
As the analysis of the results revealed in table 5 suggests, it appears that the bend forward test correlates only with the thoracic-lumbar angle - p at a low level and turned out to be statistically insignificant (r = 0.16).
Between the shuttle run test and spinal angles in the sagittal plane (Table 6) there was noticed one statistically significant correlation, that is with the lumbar-sacral angle Y (poor correlation r = 0.23). This correlation is consistent. Apart from that, low correlation can be noticed between the shuttle run test and the upper thoracic angle - a (r = 0.18), the thoracic-lumbar p (r = 0.1) and the angle of pelvic anteversion (r = -0.12). However, these correlations are lower and statistically insignificant.
The standing broad jump test, at a low level,
Table 3
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the bent arm hang
test in the studied boys
BOYS
Bent Arm Hang (s) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a ß Y
r -0.19 -0.3 -0.05 0.18
Correlation power poor average hardly Any low
t 1.98 3.2 0.47 1.86
Statistical significance a = 0.05 a = 0.05 lack lack
Table 4
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the sit-and-reach
test in the boys involved in the study
BOYS
Sit-and-Reach (number) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a P Y
r -0.13 0.04 -0.26 -0.06
Correlation power poor hardly any poor hardly any
t 1.4 0.42 2.74 0.57
Statistical significance lack lack a = 0.05 lack
of Polish children by Mazur et al. [15]. This test also reveals the response of cardiac contraction frequency in children during an exercise and after one-minute rest. This test was determined as the Exercise Test in Step-Test. The exercise test used in the step-test was conducted in accordance with recommendations of Mazur et al. [15] for the Harvard Step Test, adapted for children. The exercise took 5 minutes and during this time the studied person stepped up and down at a rate of 30 steps per minute. The pulse was taken by means of a heart rate monitor Polar -S810i one minute after the exercise.
The endurance index was evaluated and for the analysis purpose there were used the endurance criterion (Table 2) proposed by Mazur et al. [15].
Results
Correlations of the characteristics of body posture in the sagittal plane with motor skills in boys and girls
The results achieved by the studied boys in the bent arm hang test reveal a statistically significant correlation at the assumed level a = 0.05 with the upper thoracic angle
- a (poor correlation r = - 0.19 and thoracic-lumbar angle
- p (moderate correlation r = -0.3). These correlations are opposite (when one variable increases - the duration of the hang, the second one decreases - the alpha angle, the beta angle). There is a poor, but statistically insignificant correlation between the time of hang of the boys involved
ПСИХОЛОГІЯ
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insignificantly correlates with the upper thoracic angle - a (r = - 0.1) and the lumbar-sacral angle y (r = - 0.12) (Table 7).
While analysing the results revealed in table 8 it appears that there are low, but statistically insignificant correlations between the handgrip test and the upper thoracic angle a (r = 0.12) and the angle of pelvic anteversion (r = 0.13), likewise, within the correlations
between the Step-test and the spinal angles in the sagittal plane there can be noticed a low (r = - 0.18), statistically insignificant correlation with the upper thoracic angle - a (Table 8, 9).
The results achieved by the girls involved in the study in the bent arm hang test do not significantly correlate at the assumed level a = 0.05 with any of the independent variables. Poor, but statistically insignificant correlations
Table 5
Correlations occurring between angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilt (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle ofpelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the sitting forward bending
test in the boys involved in the study
BOYS
Sitting forward bending (cm) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a ß Y
r 0.07 0.16 -0.01 0.05
Correlation power hardly any poor hardly any hardly any
t 0.71 1.67 0.09 0.54
Statistical significance lack lack lack lack
Table 6
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the shuttle run 10
x 5 test in the boys involved in the study
BOYS
Shuttle Run 10 x 5 (s) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a ß Y
r 0.18 0.1 0.23 -0.12
Correlation power poor poor poor poor
t 1.85 1.01 2.42 1.21
Statistical significance lack lack a = 0.05 lack
Table 7
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the standing broad
jump test in the boys involved in the study
BOYS
Standing Broad Jump (cm) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a P Y
r -0.1 0.04 -0.12 -0,001
Correlation power poor hardly any poor hardly
t 1.02 0.4 1.19 0,02
Statistical significance lack lack lack lack
angle of pelvic anteversion (poor correlation r = -0.22). The correlation between the above mentioned test and the angle p is consistent (when one variable increases and so does the second one) whereas the second correlation is of an opposite character. A poor but statistically insignificant correlation was defined between the sit-and-reach test and the upper thoracic angle (r = 0.12).
When conducting the statistical analysis of the bend forward test findings (Table 12) there were noticed
Table 8
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the handgrip test
in the boys involved in the study
BOYS
Handgrip Test (KG) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a P Y
R 0.12 -0.02 -0.03 0.13
Correlation power poor hardly any hardly any poor
T 1.2 0.25 0.31 1.35
Statistical significance lack lack lack lack
Table 9
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the number of points scored in the Step-test in the boys involved in the study
BOYS
s) in © 3 st e 1 p e t Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a e Y
r -0.18 -0.03 0.03 0.001
Correlation power poor hardly any hardly any hardly any
t 1.87 0.34 0.30 0.04
Statistical significance lack lack lack lack
Table 10
Correlations occurring between angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the number of points scored
in the bent arm hang test in the girls involved in the study
GIRLS
Bent Arm hang (s) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a ß Y
R 0.11 0.19 0.13 -0.19
Correlation power poor poor poor hardly any
T 1.07 1.95 1.35 0.98
Statistical significance lack lack lack lack
were defined between this test and the upper thoracic angle - a (r = 0.11), the thoracic-lumbar angle - p (r = 0.19) and the lumbar-sacral y (r = 0.13) (Table 10).
When examining the results of the correlations between the sit-and-reach test and the spinal angles in the sagittal plane (Table 11) there can be defined a statistically significant correlation at the assumed level a = 0.05 with the following parameters: the thoracic-lumbar angle - p (average correlation r = 0.32) and the
ПСИХОЛОГІЯ
Table 11
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the number of points scored in the sit-and-reach test in the girls involved in the study
GIRLS
Sit-and-Reach (number) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
A P Y
r 0.12 0.32 -0.08 -0.22
Correlation power Poor moderate hardly any poor
t 1.19 3.33 0.77 2.29
Statistical significance Lack a = 0.05 lack a = 0.05
Table 12
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the number of points scored in the sitting forward bend test in the girls involved in the study
GIRLS
Sitting forward bend (cm) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
A P Y
r 0.04 0.1 -0.05 -0.22
Correlation power hardly any poor hardly any poor
t 0.42 1.02 0.54 2.29
Statistical significance Lack lack lack a = 0.05
statistically significant correlations at the assumed level a = 0.05 with the angle of pelvic anteversion (poor correlation r = -0.22). The correlation between this test and the angle of pelvic anteversion is opposite. Moreover, there is a poor, statistically insignificant correlation with the thoracic-lumbar angle - p (r = 0.1).
The results of the 10 x 5m shuttle run test reveal a statistically significant correlation at the assumed level a= 0.05 with the thoracic-lumbar angle - p (poor correlation r = - 0.22, of an opposite character, i.e. the higher value of the variable the lower result of the shuttle run test). Besides, statistically insignificant correlations at the low level can be observed with the upper thoracic angle a (r= -0.14) (Table 13).
Besides, one low and statistically insignificant correlation (at the assumed level a = 0.05) was defined between the following tests: the standing broad jump test and the thoracic-lumbar angle - p (r = 0.22) (Table 14) as well as the handgrip test and the upper thoracic angle a (r = 0.21) (Table 15). The remaining correlations between the above mentioned tests and the step-test and the evaluated angles were at a low level and they were statistically insignificant (Table 14, 15, 16).
When analyzing the correlations between the independent descriptive variable: body posture (correct
and incorrect) and the EUROFIT physical fitness tests, the step-test and the reaction of the circulatory system in the fifth minute of an exercise and after one-minute rest in the studied boys and girls from selected rural schools of the Kuyavia-Pomerania Province, there was defined only one statistically significant correlation at the assumed level a = 0.05, with the bent arm hang test (r = 0.26) in girls (Table 20). Other correlations both in boys and girls turned out to be statistically insignificant (Table 17, 18, 19, 20). All the correlations in both studied groups had a consistent character whereas better results were achieved in fitness tests by children with the correct body posture.
Discussion
A number of researchers decide to evaluate fitness of different populations and they seek for its correlations with health [1]. Nevertheless, in the available reference books only few papers concern the formation of the fitness level of children with health disorders. Most frequently scholarly publications, when exploring the issue of faulty postures in the context of fitness, refer to children aged 10 years and older [3, 4, 10], but they refer less often to younger children at the school age. These publications concern children from towns and cities [4, 12, 13, 21, 26] more frequently than from rural areas. Since no reference material was found, the
І ПЕДАГОГІКА І та медико"біол°гічні
----- --------------- проблеми фізичного
виховання і спорту
Table 13
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the number of points scored in the 10 x 5 m shuttle run test in the girls involved in the study
GIRLS
Shuttle Run 10 x 5 (s) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
A ß Y
r -0.14 -0.22 -0.01 -0.03
Correlation power poor poor hardly any hardly any
t 1.41 2.20 0.09 0.33
Statistical significance lack a = 0.05 lack lack
Table 14
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the number of points scored in the standing broad jump test in the girls involved in the study
GIRLS
Standing Broad Jump (cm) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a ß Y
R 0.16 0.22 -0.01 -0.16
Correlation power poor poor hardly any poor
T 1.63 2.30 0.06 1.58
Statistical significance lack a = 0.05 lack lack
Table 15
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the number of points scored in the handgrip test in the girls involved in the study
GIRLS
Handgrip Test (KG) Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a ß Y
R 0.21 0.15 0.09 -0.04
Correlation power poor poor hardly any hardly any
T 2.15 1.46 0.9 0.4
Statistical significance a = 0.05 lack lack lack
research study developed by authors analysing other age groups were referred to. The data analyses conducted by Chrzanowska and Chojnacki [4], among others, in the research of students, by Pr^tkiewicz-Abacjew et al. [21] in the research of children beginning school education, by Resiak [26] in the research of children at the beginning of primary school education, by Sudera et al. [28] in the research of children in pre-school age, by Cieszkowski et al. [5] in the research of children aged 7-10 years.
The observed persons with incorrect body postures in the research conducted by Chrzanowska and Chojnacki [4] revealed worse endurance and agility, in the research by Pr^tkiewicz-Abacjew et al. [21] and Resiak [26] -flexibility of the spine, trunk muscle strength, explosive strength of lower limbs and endurance, in the research by Cieszkowski et al. [5] - jumping ability, shoulder muscle strength and shoulder girdle strength and endurance, but they revealed better flexibility. The above presented
Table 16
Correlations occurring between the angles characteristic of anterior-posterior pelvic tilts (upper thoracic - a, thoracic-lumbar - ft, sacral-lumbar y) and the angle of pelvic anteversion in the sagittal plane and the number of points scored in the step test in the boys involved in the study
GIRLS
5« C © S % 1 a Angle Angle of (pelvic) anteversion
a p Y
r -0.07 0.06 0.09 0.11
Correlation power hardly any hardly any hardly any poor
t 0.68 0.61 0.93 1.1
Statistical significance lack lack lack lack
Table 17
Correlations occurring between the posture (correct and incorrect) and selected tests of the EUROFIT physical
fitness test in the boys involved in the study
Type of posture (correct and incorrect) BOYS
Bent Arm Hang (s) Sit-and- Reach (number) Sitting forward bend (cm) 10 x 5 (s) Shuttle Run Standing Broad Jump Handgrip Test (KG)
C 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.08 0.13 0.08
Correlation power hardly any poor poor hardly any poor hardly any
c 0.34 1.26 2.13 0.76 1.8 0.69
Statistical significance Lack lack lack lack lack lack
Table 18
Correlations occurring between the posture (correct and incorrect) and the number of points scored in the step-test and the reaction of the circulatory system in the fifth minute of an exercise and after one-minute rest in the boys
involved in the study
Type of posture (correct and incorrect) BOYS
Step-test (points) Reaction of the circulatory system
in the fifth minute of an exercise after one-minute rest
C 0.12 0.14 0.13
Correlation power poor poor Poor
c 1.54 2.21 1.89
Statistical significance lack lack Lack
results of other authors, like in own research, reveal a significant influence of body posture on fitness of children and teenagers.
Conclusions
To summarise the correlations between the characteristics of body posture and motor skills and the reaction of the circulatory system in the sagittal plane in the studied children, the following can be stated:
S As far as boys are concerned, the factors which most frequently reveal a statistically significant correlation with the studied fitness parameters, at the assumed level a = 0.05m, include: the
lumbar-sacral angle (the sit-and-reach and 10 x 5 shuttle run tests),
S Such independent variables as the upper thoracic angle and the thoracic-lumbar angle correlated with the results of only one of the fitness tests (in both cases this was the bent arm hang test), S The remaining parameters of body posture did not reveal statistically significant correlations with any of the conducted tests intended to evaluate fitness of the studied boys,
S As far as girls are concerned, the factors which most frequently correlate with the studied fitness
І ПЕДАГОГІКА І та медико"біол°гічні
*----“---------------* проблеми фізичного
виховання і спорту
Table 19
Correlations occurring between the posture (correct and incorrect) and selected tests of the EUROFIT physical
fitness test in the boys involved in the study
Type of posture (correct and incorrect) GIRLS
Bent Arm Hang (s) Sit-and-Reach (number) Sitting forward bend (cm) 10 x 5 (s) Shuttle Run Standing Broad Jump Handgrip Test (KG)
C 0.26 0.23 0.15 0.13 0.06 0.15
Correlation power low low low low hardly any low
c 7.08 5 3.45 1.66 0.36 2.22
Statistical significance a = 0.05 lack lack lack Lack lack
Table 20
Correlations occurring between the posture (correct and incorrect) and the number of points scored in the step-test and the reaction of the circulatory system in the fifth minute of an exercise and after one-minute rest in the boys
involved in the study
Type of posture (correct and incorrect) GIRLS
Step-test (points) Reaction of the circulatory system
in the fifth minute of an exercise after one-minute rest
C 0.06 0.13 0.15
Correlation power hardly any poor poor
c 0.31 1.64 2.48
Statistical significance lack lack lack
parameters are: the thoracic-lumbar angle (tests: sit-and-reach, 10 x 5 shuttle run and standing broad jump) and the angle of pelvic anteversion (tests: sit-and-reach and sitting forward bend),
S The independent variables like the correct posture and the upper thoracic angle correlated with the results of only one of the fitness tests
(the first one with the handgrip test whereas the second one with the step-test),
S The remaining posture indexes did not reveal any statistically significant correlations with any of the conducted tests intended to evaluate the fitness level of the children involved in the study.
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Информация об авторах:
Жуковска Анна: ORCID: 0000-0001-6688-9314; [email protected]. pl; Университет Казимира Великого в Быдгощ; ул. Ходкевича 30, г.Быдгощ 85-064, Польша.;
Шарк-Ецкардт Мирослава: ORCID: 0000-0003-0668-0951; rektor@ ukw.edu.pl; Университет Казимира Великого в Быдгощ; ул. Ходкеви-ча 30, г.Быдгощ 85-064, Польша.
Мушкета Радослав Каролиевич: д.п.н., проф.; ORCID: 0000-00016057-1583; [email protected]; Университет Казимира Великого в Быдгощ; ул. Ходкевича 30, г.Быдгощ 85-064, Польша.
Ермакова Татьяна Сергеевна: ORCID: 0000-0002-3081-0229; [email protected]; Харьковский национальный педагогический университет имени Г.С. Сковороды; ул. Артема, 29, г. Харьков, 61002, Украина.
Цитируйте эту статью как: Жуковска Анна, Шарк-Ецкардт Мирослава, Мушкета Радослав, Ермакова Татьяна. Характеристики положения тела в сагиттальной плоскости и физическое состояние первоклассников из сельской местности // Педагогіка, психологія та медико-біологічні проблеми фізичного виховання і спорту. - 2014. - №° 7. - С. 50-60. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.1015583
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Дата поступления в редакцию: 14.03.2014 г.
Опубликовано: 28.03.2014 г.
Information about the authors:
Zukowska Hanna: ORCID: 0000-0001-6688-9314; zukowska@ukw. edu.pl; Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz; Chodkiewicza str. 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
Szark-Eckardt Miroslawa: ORCID: 0000-0003-0668-0951; rektor@ ukw.edu.pl; Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz; Chodkiewicza str.
30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
Muszkieta Radoslaw: ORCID: 0000-0001-6057-1583; [email protected]; Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz; Chodkiewicza str.
30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
lermakova T.S.: ORCID: 0000-0002-3081-0229; tatiana-iermakova@ rambler.ru ; G.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University ; Artema str., 29, Kharkiv, 61002, Ukraine.
Cite this article as: Zukowska Hanna, Szark-Eckardt Miroslawa, Muszkieta Radoslaw, Iermakova Tetiana. Characteristics of body posture in the sagittal plane and fitness of first-form pupils from rural areas. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2014, vol.7, pp. 50-60. doi:10.6084/ m9.figshare.1015583
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Received: 14.03.2014 Published: 28.03.2014
