CC BY
54the rats blood under prolonged cadmium and lead loading. Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 2 (3), 15-18. doi: 10.32718/ujvas2-3.04.
20. Stepanchuk, V. V. (2014). Ontohenetychni osoblyvosti tsyrkadiannykh khronorytmiv vilnorady-kalnoho homeostazu za umov svyntsevoho otruiennia. Klinichna ta eksperymentalna patolohiia, 13 (2), 131-
133. Rezhym dostupu:
http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/kep_2014_13_2_33 (in Ukrainian).
21. Vlizlo, V. V., Fedoruk, R. S., & Ratych, I. B. (2012). Laboratorni metody doslidzhen u biolohii, tvarynnytstvi ta veterynarnii medytsyni. Dovidnyk. za red. Vlizla, V.V. Lviv. SPOLOM (in Ukrainian).
Dovhiy Y. Y., Kot T.F., Rudik O. V., Dovhiy M. Y., Rudik V. V.
Polissia National University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine Staryi Blvd. 7, Zhytomyr, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine, 10008, Ukraine DOI: 10.24412/2520-2480-2020-3082-24-30 CHANGES IN CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF FUR ANIMALS AND POULTRY BLOOD UNDER EIMERIA INVASION
Abstract
The research has revealed the invasion agents like: Eimeria perforans, E. magna, E. stiedae in rabbits and nutrias, in a small amount- E. coecicola, E. pisiformis and E. intestinalis in rabbits, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. acervulina in chickens and quails. Rapidly infected fur animals (280 rabbits and 180 nutrias), 3468 chickens and 1800 quails were examined while conducting a research. Under the localization of a pathalogic process, the disease appeared in poultry in a mixed pattern; in rabbits and nutrias in an intestinal pattern (11.9 % and 11 %), in a hepatic pattern (8.1 % and 11 %) and mostly in a mixed pattern (80 % and 78 % respectively).
The research showed that sick rabbits and nutrias were weak, mucous membranes of eyes and nose were pale (50.5 and 49 %), yellowish (38 and 42 %). Occasional watery feces (80 and 91 %), flatus were observed, the abdomen was increased and infirm (87.1 and 85 %). Under complications the rabbits had intermittent fever (5%), acute bouts of cramps (7.14 %). Death was observed in rabbits under a severe disease in two weeks time (10%) and in nutrias in 3-5 weeks (7%). Digestive unsets were a characteristic feature under an asymptomatic disease course.
From among the blood biochemical indices of nutrias and rabbits, a decrease in the count of hemoglobuline, in the amount of albumen, crude protein as compared to a control group was registered.
A depressed state, thirst, (27th day), 1-2 °C temperature rise, drowsiness, awkward gait (35th day), watery feces, feces with blood admixtures were registered in chickens, and the quails manifested unwillingness to eat, gathered in warm places, they also had white-and-green watery feces, labored respiration and accelerated cardiac rate.
Some decrease in the amount of red blood cells, pseudoeosinophils as well as some increase in the amount of white blood cells and eosonophils were registered in the blood of sick chickens and quails. Some decrease in the count of hemoglobulin, in the amount of creatinine and urine was registered in blood serum of the infected chickens and quails.
Thus, some changes in blood indices of chickens and quails which suffered from protozoal invasion testified to a toxic and trophic effects of eimerias and their metabolites on the organisms.
Key words: rabbits, nutrias, chickens, quails, invasion, agent, eimerias, metabolites, blood.
Introduction. Eimeriosis is a widely spread animal disease caused by monocellular Eimeria parasites. Eimeriosis of rabbits, nutrias and chickens results in great economic losses in animal breeding. (Yatusevych, 2005, 2006; Dalloul, & Lillehoj, 2005; Manzhos, 2006; Yevstafyeva and others, 2010; Stybel and others, 2012, 2014; Abbas, Colwell, & Gilleard, 2012; Avdosieva, & Mysko, 2015; Arafat, & Abbas, 2018).
The disease causes digestive unset, organism intoxication, lowers down the animal immunity against infectious and invasive diseases (Bogach and others ,2008; Peredera, 2009; Dovhiy and others., 2018, 2019).
National and foreign researchers (Nakai, Tsuchiya, & Takahashi, 1992; Berezovskiy and others, 2002; Teixeira, Teixeira Filho, & Lopes, 2004; Pavlenko and others, 2008; Michels, Bertolini, Esteves, Moreira, & Franca, 2011; Sokol, Gesek, Ras-Norynska, & Michalczyk, 2014; Umar, Lawal, Okubanjo, & Wakawa, 2014; El-Morsy, Abou El-Azm, & Awad,
2016; Arafat, & Abbas, 2018) report about the extension of invasive diseases (helminthic infection and eimeriosis) in poultry, rabbits and nutrias.
Some difficulties in fighting the disease are caused by high resistance of eimerias to the environmental factors as well as to desinfectants ( Zaikina and others., 2008). These agents cause 90-100% death of rabbits, nutrias and poultry, as well as hypovitaminose, natural resistance weakening, growth inhibition and delaying in progression (Gawel ab., 2005; Glechyk and others., 2005; Golubtsova and others., 2012, 2016. It should be mentioned that eimeriosis treatment and prevention in chickens and quails are closely connected with chemotherapy and immunocorrection (Nagorna 2017). Thus, one of the most perspective ways of fighting the parasites resistance is using effective, ecologically safe and available medicines (Zaikina, 2013)
Materials and methods. Scientific and production studies were conducted on both private and spe-
cialized farms of Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Volyn and Rivne ob-lasts. The materials for analysis were the feces of fur animals, quails and chickens, blood samples from healthy animals and those suffering from eimeriosis: rabbits of Kalifornia breed, Silver nutrias from two months to three years old with an average body mass of 2.5kg, and poultry ( chickens of Highsack cross) up to 120 days old with body mass of 1.1-1.2kg and quails of Japanese oviferous breed, 35days old, with body mass of 130-160gr. The poultry was divided into groups according to their age ( chickens-10-50 days old, 3-6, 69, 9-12months old; quails - 1-30, 60-90, 90-180 days old.
As many as 250 rabbits, 180 nutrias, 3468 chickens and 1800 quails were studied. Organs samples of fur animals (25 rabbits and 15 nutrias ) and those of poultry (32 chickens and 40 quails) were taken for histological analysis. As many as 798 blood samples (126 - from rabbits, 72 - from nutrias, 290 - from chickens and 310 from quails ) were taken. As many as 1100 samples from rabbits and 620 from nutrias were taken for coprological survey. On the average 7180 samples of feces from chickens and quails were analyzed for eimeria oocyst.
Experimental groups of animals were infected by field agents: Eimeriaperforans, E. magna, E. stiedae in rabbits and nutrias, and in some amounts by - E. coe-cicola, E. pisiformis and E. Intestinalis; in rabbits, quails and chickens - by E. maxima, E. tenella, E. ne-catrix and E. acervulina.
Healthy animals, where no oocysts were registered, served as a control group.
For analysis, blood samples were taken in rabbits from auricular vein, in nutrias from a finger, in poultry from an axillary vein in the morning before feeding on the 1st, 7th and 14th days of an experiment.
Experimental part of a research was conducted with due regards to "Universal Ethic Principles for the Experiments on Animals " (Kyiv 2001), "European Convention for the Protection of Vertebtate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes" (Strasbourg, 1987) and conforming to the Law of Ukraine №692 " Cruelty to Animals Act" (3447-IV) of 21.02.2006 .
Coprological examination was conducted by applying Fullerborn, Darling's methods in compliance with Ukrainian State Standard 5079:2008 and by " Method of Coprological Diagnostication of Helmin-thosis and Eimeriosis" » ( Patent of Ukraine and Utility Model № 66145 (Dovhiy and others., 2013)) as well as by quantitative methods after Markov (Gates 1920; Laboratory diagnosis of parasitism, 2015; Jaromin-Glen et ab, 2017).
The internal organs of the experimental animals ( liver, duodenum and others), which were taken immediately after slaughter or death of an animal according to the schemes suggested by the researchers, served as the material for pathomorphological analysis (Rirs, 1962; Goralsky and others., 2005; Goralsky, Khomich, & Kononsky, 2005; Baevskij et, a., 2017).
Biochemical indices of blood serum ( hemoglobu-lin, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, urea) were determined by semiautometical biochemical analyzer of
ERBA type (Chech republic), with reagents kit from DAC firm. The content of crude protein, albumens, globulins, bilirubin and others was determined in blood serum. Agent's identification was determined by morphological characteristics ( Dahno and others., 2001).
Results. From among fur animals as many as 250 rabbits and 189 nutrias were studied. The highest ex-tensity (EI) and intensity (II) of invasion under eimeri-osis on private farms were registered in May, June, July and August in rabbits and in nutrias of all age-groups. Mean EI in rabbits up to 2 months old was 56%, and from 2 to 6 months old - 58%; in nutrias up to 8 months old mean EI was 53% and from 8 to 12 months old -63%. The highest II levels were registered : in rabbits -from 2 - 6 months old (26.8 thousand oocysts per 1gr of feces, EI was 58%; in 8 months old nutrias (11.1 thousand oocysts per 1gr of feces, EI was 63%). Baby rabbits (2 -6 months old) and nutrias ( 8 -10 months old ) were infested more rapidly.
While conducting the research the following agents from II were identified: in rabbits- E. perforans - 10 th., E. magna - 12 th., E. stiedae - 16 th., E. coe-cicola - 810, E. pisiformis - 320 and E. intestinalis -467 oocysts; and in nutrias - E. perforans - 12 th., E. magna - 12 th., E. stiedae - 14 th. oocysts per 1gr of feces. The incubation period in rabbits and in nutrias lasted from 2 to 12 days. The disease had acute and sub-acute progression.
Under the pathalogic process localization, the disease appeared in an intestinal pattern (in rabbits - 11.9 %, in nutrias - 11%), in a hepatic pattern (8.1 % and 11 %), and mostly in a mixed pattern (80 % and 78 % respectively).
The research showed that sick rabbits and nutrias were weak, moved little (90 % and 84 %), mucous membranes of eyes and nose were pale (50,5 and 49 %), yellowish (38 and 42 %). Occasional watery feces (80 and 91 %) and flatus were observed, the abdomen was increased and infirm (87.1 and 85 %). Under complications the rabbits had intermittent fever (5%), acute bouts of cramps (7. 14 %). Death was observed in rabbits under a severe disease in two - three weeks (10%) and in nutrias in 3-5 weeks (7%). Under a hepatic pattern an asymptomatic disease course lasted for 4 -5 days.
The most peculiar characteristics under eimeriosis were digestive unset, high laxation rate, redness and yellowishness of conjunctiva, fever. The abdomen was tucked, anemia developed. Bouts of cramps of neck protractor, back muscles and hind limbs were registered in baby rabbits and nutrias.Clinical characteristics under a hepatic pattern were similar but less clear cut.
Larger liver mass and pain appeared when palpating the abdomen of sick rabbits and nutrias (in a hepatic pattern), as well as tightness and pain in abdomenal wall (in intestinal pattern.
Under zootomy, in rabbits some changes in liver structure, beliary dilatation caused by intensive eimerias reproduction, intensive hommorhages of great vessels were found; in nutrias was found swelling of intestinal mucosa in stomach as well as some changes in
liver pulp and its dyshesion, that testify to cirrhosis of the liver progression.
Haematological parameters of nutrias in an experimental group ( where the mean II -12.6 th. oocysts per 1gr of feces) as well as those in a control group were different. Hemoglobulin count was 13.5% lower (P<0,01), albumen content was 29.2% lower (P<0,01), crude protein content was 15. 3% lower (P<0.01). In rabbits under eimeriosis (mean II - 4.4 th oocysts per 1gr of feces) hemoglobulin content was 8.7% lower as compared to control, the crude protein content was 24.4% lower, and that of albumen was 8.9% lower.
Thus, in animals suffering from eimeriosis the mechanisms of immunoregulation are destroyed, metabolism is disturbed, crude protein as well as albumen contents decrease, that testifies to hepatopathy.
As follows from the research, in chickens and quails which are grown on private farms and in specialized enterprises the following eimerias are registered: : E. tenella, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. acervulina. The infected poultry had some clinical characteristics: they were suppressed, manifested unwillingness to take food, got flocked, they also had watery feces of pale-green colour, the tips of wings were dirty with excrements, they inhibited in growth and delayed in progression
The research showed that under eimeriosis 3540% of chickens suffered from periodical watery feces 35-38%, from suppression, and 16-22% suffered from anemia of caruncle and jowls.
Under invasion in quails, 50-55% of them suffered from watery feces, 40-45% suffered from suppression, and 7-10% - from anemia of mucous linings and caruncle.
The infected poultry under a high invasion intensity (from 2.5±0,.2 to 4.3±0.28 th. oocysts per 1gr of feces) had a body temperature which fluctuated within 41.5±0.91 °C, pulse rate - 334±4.93 ticks/ min, breath rate - 23.0±0.78 respiratory movements per min. The research results point to a fact that these indices tend to increase.
At the same time these indices are within physiological limits in healthy poultry.
In the infected quails, under a high invasion intensity E. tenella (1.8±0.8-2.0±0.9) and E. necatrix (1.0±0.4-1.2±0.6 th. oocysts/1gr of feces, the body temperature was within 43.5±0.98 °C, pulse rate -345±4.98 ticks/ min, breath rate -39.0±0.92 respiratory movements per min.
It should be mentioned that in the literature on the subject there are no data as to physiological fluctuations of body temperature, pulse and breath frequency in quails. Therefore, the received indices of the infected quails were compared with those of healthy ones.
After analyzing the body temperature, pulse and breath frequency in quails under different invasion intensity, it was made a conclusion that these indices tend to rise under a high invasion intensity. The body temperature, pulse and breath frequency were being studied during five days. These analysis made it possible to determine the effects of eilmeria invasion on the general state of poultry.
The received data point to the fact that in the infected chickens and quails the body temperature, pulse and breath rates increased under different invasion intensity but did not exceed the physiological limits. We consider these changes of clinical indices testify to some chronic inflammations in chickens and quails bodies.
The research, conducted in Zhytomyr oblast in the economies with different forms of ownership where chickens and quails are bred, show:
••■ in chickens:
- on private farms -- E. tenella (II - 2.5±0.12), E. maxima (II - 1.2±0.6) i E. necatrix (II - 1.3±0.7) th. oocysts/1gr of feces under invasion extensity of 35%.
- specialized households: FE "Mykolay" - - E. tenella (II - 4.1±0.21), E. maxima (II - 2.3±0.10) th. oocysts per 1gr of feces under invasion extensity of 31.6%; and in PE "Pharaon" E. tenella (II - 2.1±0.9), E. maxima (II - 1.4±0.8) th. oocysts per 1gr of feces under invasion extensity of 40.3%.
• in quails :
- on private farms E. tenella (II - 2.0±0.9) and E. necatrix (II - 1.0±0.4)th. oocysts per 1gr of feces under invasion extensity of 40.3%.
- in spesialized households the following agents were found: FE " Mykolay" - E. tenella (II - 2.3±0.10) i E. necatrix (II - 1.8±0.9) th. oocysts per 1gr of feces under invasion extensity of 39.67%, and in PE "Pharaon" E. Tenella- (II - 1.8±0.9), E. necatrix (II -1.7±0.8) ) th. oocysts per 1gr of feces under invasion extensity of 35%.
According to a research, chickens and quails infestation on private farms in Kyiv oblas equalled to:
- in chickens -- E. tenella (II - 2.5±0.12) and E. maxima (II - 1.3±0.7) th. oocysts per 1gr of feces under invasion extensity of 37.4%, and it slightly fluctuated during a year;
- in quails -- E. tenella (II - 4.5±0.28) and E. maxima (II - 2.1±0.9) th. oocysts per 1gr of feces under invasion extensity of 35.1%.
While analyzing the results of coprological analysis, it has been established that eimeriosis agents in chickens and quails are different. In FE " Mykolay" Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima were found, and in PE "Pharaon " - Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix.
During a calendar year the invasion extensity slightly fluctuated. The highest rate of invasion extensity was registered in autumn - 33%, in winter it was 28.5%, in spring - 21.2%, and in summer - 16.4%. Thus, the highest rate of invasion extensity under eimeriosis of chickens and quails was registered on farms in autumn-winter period (November, December, January, February).
It has been established that during a year the invasion extensity under eimeriosis in quails was different and equalled 31.6-39.6 %.
The decrease in invasion extensity under eimeri-osis in poultry was observed in summer period. Probably, natural and climatic conditions as well as breeding technologies were beneficial in rising the invasion ex-tensity in chickens and quails.
Besides, the chickens and quails infestation depended on poultry's age. Thus, in chickens of 10 -15 days old invasion extensity was 41.0-42.0 % with an average invasion intensity of- 15.62±0.31 th. oo-cysts/gr of feces. The maximal infestation in quails was registered on 10th - 30th day and in 1st - 2nd month with - 47.0 and 51.3 %. It should be mentioned that invasion extensity in quails of 2-5 months old gradually dropped from 30.3 to 18.3 %.
Under quails zootomy, some changes in a digestive tract (more evident in a caecum) were found. But 45% of quails had some changes in a liver, in great and small segments of a gut, less evident changes were in lungs, spleen and kidneys.
It was found that the caecum wall was swollen, the lumen was widened and full of watery exudate with mucus and gasses, there were also some evidences of serosal and hemoreologic catarrhal inflammation, and the mucous lining was pale with potechial hemorrhages.
In our opinion, all these evidences depended on invasion intensity. In 23 % of quails caecum was swollen, its wall was thin, dry, firm and of grey colour ( fig.1). In a small gut and in duodenum blood vessels of a serous membrane were full of blood (fig.2).
Fig. 1 Flatulency of a caecum in quails under eimeria invasion
Fig.2 Duodenum in quails where the vessels of a serous membrane were full of blood full of blo
The liver in the experimental quails was increased, infirm and had uneven colour. There were some segments of brown- and- red, as well as of yellow colours, potechial hemorrhages and some centers of coagulation
necrosis, which were of a round shape, greyish in colour, 3 mm in diameter. A gallbladder was increased, full of bile of green colour and it went above the caudal liver edge (fig.3).
Fig3. Uneven in colour liver (1) and increased in size gallbladder (2) under quails eimeriosis. Gross specimen.
Some changes in hematological indicators were registered in the infected chickens and quails as compared to clinically healthy ones.
A feasible increase in the amount of white blood cells by 23.3 %, 42.2±1.74 (p<0.001) was registered in the morphological indicators of the experimental chickens which were infected with eimerias. Leukocytosis in chickens blood occurs due to stimulation of leukocyto-poiesis organs with cleavage products of tissue albumens as well as due to a toxic effects of their metabolites.
A slight decrease in the amount of red blood cells by 8.6% 3.2±0.11 (p<0.001) was registered in sick
chickens blood. Such changes testified to some trophic effects of eimerias which, in the process of nourishing, were causing albumen deficiency. These changes also testified to some toxic effects of their metabolites which contribute to marrow functions depressing.
An increase in the amount of eosinophils by 42.5%, 14.1±0.53 (p<0.001) can be explained by an allergic effects of somatic toxins on their organisms.
It was mentioned that the amount of pseudoeosin-ophils decreased by 38.3%, 18.4±0.44 (p<0,01).
Some changes in morphological indicators in the blood of quails infected with eimerias, as compared to healthy quails, were registered as well. Both, a decrease
in the amount of red blood cells by 8.6 %, 3.3±0.009 (p<0,05) and an increase in the amount of white blood cells by 26.8 %, 46.3±1,18 (p<0.001) were registered.
In a leukogram of sick quails were registered: an increase in the amount of basophils by 20 %, 2.0±0.08 (p<0.001), eosinophils - by 30.8 %, 11.7±0.39 (p<0.01), lymphocytes - by 5.1 %, 49.1±1,49 (p<0.05) and a decrease in the amount of pseudoeosinophils by 19.5 %, 26.5±0.86 (p<0.001). No feasible changes in the amount of monocytes in sick and healthy quails were found.
Biochemical indicators of chickens blood showed a feasible decrease in the hemoglobulin count by 20.3 %, 69.2±2,55 (p<0.001), albumens by 27.4 % 16.80±0.61 (p<0.001), total calcium rate - by 9.6 %, 3.67±0.14 (p<0.05) as well as an increase in the total bilirubin content - by 41.8 %, 5.97±0.19 (p<0.01), creatinine - by 11.0 %, 101.94±4.64 (p<0.01), urea -by 23.8 %, 5.74±0.26 (p<0.001), and an increase in AlAT enzymes activity
- by 21.3 % 16.71± 0.75 (p<0.001) and AcAT -by 18.6 %, 116.59±5.09 (p<0.001), alkaline phophates (AP)- by 13.4 %, 127.68±5,53 (p<0.05).
As follows from the results of biochemical analysis, hemoglobulin count in blood of the infected quails decreased by 22.5 %, 72.0±2,64 (p<0.001), 10.0 %, the crude protein content decreased by 52.09±1.48 (p<0.05) as compared to the indicators of healthy quails.
It should be mentioned that a slight decrease in the content of crude protein, especially of albumen fraction in blood serum of quails, was first of all caused by a toxic effects of eimerias which absorb a lot of nutrients, including that of protein in the process of nourishing in an intestinal. There is also a secretory function abnormality of digestive system organs in sick quails caused by insufficient digestion of proteins as well as by amino acids absorption because of eimerias activity.
A decrease in albumens content by 21.0 %, 17.28±0.59 (p<0.001) was registered. A substantial decrease of their content in blood serum of sick quails testifies to synthesis disturbance caused by liver affection with metabolites toxins, which are released by eimerias.
A decrease in the level of calcium by 9.6% testifies to some abnormality in digestion of an element from the poultry feed because of digestive unset in sick poultry.
An increase in bilirubin content by 72.3 %, 3.84±0.11 (p<0.001) testifies to affection of liver hepatocytes in sick poultry. Herewith, there occurred a distortion in transformation of free bilirubin into a conjugated one and its further secretion into bile capillaries.
An increase in enzymes activity ( AcAT - by 13.86 %, 131.15±.6.12 (p<0.05), AlAT - by 28.9 %, 16.76±0.52 (p<0.001)) in blood serum of the infected quails was registered.
It should be mentioned that an increase in cholesterol content and in enzymes activity in blood serum of sick quails occurs due to an invasive cytolysis of hepatocytes of a liver. At the same time an increase in creatinine content in blood serum of sick quails is an
evidence of destortion of kidneys' secretive functions, that is proved by an increase in urea content by 20.7 %, 4.72±0.16 (p<0.001).
Thus, changes of hematological indices of the infected quails and chickens testify to a bleeding disorder and abnormality of an absorption of nutrients in their digestive tract, as well as to a hepatic disfunction and kidney failure.
Discussion. The research shows that eimeriosis is widely spread in Ukraine among fur anilmals and poultry.
A number of authors have confirmed the results of our research (Yatusevych, 2006; Manzhos, 2006 and others) where it was established that eimeriosis is one of the diseases which results in significant economic losses to enterprises where rabbits, nutrias and poultry are grown.
Economic losses total 40-60% : death of 2-3 week old rabbits, 3-5 week old nutrias, 4-7day old poultry, their growth inhibition and delaying in progression, shortage in animal yield, product degeneration.
Eimeria invasion results in organism intoxication with eimeria toxins and metabolites, that blusts the animal immunity against infectious and invasive diseases.
The researchers (Peredera 2009; Franchuk, 2015; Yatusevych and others. 2006; Glechyk, 2009; Golubtsova, 2016; Zaikina, 2013; Yevstafyeva and others, 2010; Stybel and others, 2003) confirm our results: rabbits and nutrias are infected with E. perforans, E. magna, E. stiedae and poultry is infected with E. acer-vulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix.
Under a microscopical analysis of liver structure in rabbits and nutrias was found a biliary dilatation, the walls of bile vessels were thickened, they contained some bile of yellow-and-green colour, the gallbladder was increased and full of dark-green bile. There were some necrosis centers on the liver, the blind end was with coagulation necrosis, full of blood and gas bubbles. It has been confirmed by a number of scientists (Yatusevych, 2006; Kot and others, 2019, Stybel and others, 2003)
It has been estalished that the highest indices of invasion extensity (EI) were found in chickens of 5090 days old - from 61.0 to 62.1 %. In chickens of 1050 days old EI eqalled 41.0 - 42.0 %, in chickens of 3 - 12 months old EI decreased from 42,8 to 25,8 %. The quails of age groups : 1-30 days and 60-90 days were characterised by a maximal invasion. EI equalled 47.0 Ta 51.3 % respectively. In quails of 2-5 months old EI gradually fell down from 30.3 to 18.3 %, that was confirmed by other authors (Yatusevych and others, 2006; Yevstafyeva and others, 2010; Stybel and others, 2003).
The rate of poultry invasion depended on a season. The highest rates were registered in autumn -33%, then the eimeria invasion rate dropped: in winter -28.5%, in spring -21,2% and in summer - 16.4%. On the farms of Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil oblasts, where chickens are grown, the invasion rate equalled 12.8% during a year. It was confirmed by the research by a number of authors (Glechyk, 2005; Golubtsova, 2016; Zaikina, 2013; Stybel and others, 2012; )
In chickens with invasion intensity of 16.2±2.64
th. oocysts was registered E. tenella, and with invasion intensity of 18.7±2.8 th. oocysts - E. necatrix. Hemo-globuline count in sick chickens blood decreased by 24.9%. The crude protein content in the blood serum of infected chickens decreased by 11.3%, albumen content - by 27.4%, and creatinine content increased - by 11.0%, urea content - by 23.8%. Our research was confirmed by experimental data of the scientists (Golubtsova, 2016; Gawel et ab, 2004; Kovalenko and others, 2008; Dovhiy and others, 2010)
Some scientists (Golubtsova, 2012; Dovhiy and others, 2018; Bogach, 2008) admit some significant changes in morphological, biochemical and immuno-logical blood parameters of quails infected with eimerias.
The research shows that crude protein content in blood serum of the infected quails decreased by 10.0%, albumens content decreased by 21.0%. Thus, some changes in haematological parameters were registered in the infected quails and chickens. These changes testify to a toxic effects of eimerias and metabolites on the organism.
Conclusions.
The research has registered such agents as : E. per-forans, E. magna, E. Stiedae in rabbits and nutrias, and in some amounts - E. coecicola, E. intestinalis, E. pisi-formis in rabbits in Rivne and Volyn oblasts .
Tha agents : E. maxima, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. Necatrix were registered in experimental chickens and quails of Zhytomyr and Kyiv oblasts.The clinical characteristics typical of eimeriosis of poultry and fur animals are: opression, unwillingness to eat, sluggishness, acute bout of cramps, mucous linings are pale and yellowish, watery feces are with blood admixtures. Pale caruncle and wattles were typical of sick chickens and quails.
The highest rates of eimeriosis affection were registered in rabbits of 2 - 6 months old in May, June, July and August, with invasion intensity - 26.8th. oocysts per/gr of feces under its extensity - 58%, and in nutrias of 8 months old II equalled -11.1 th oocysts per/gr of feces under EI - 63%. The rate of poultry affection depended on a season, and equalled - 33% in autumn, 28.5% in winter, 21.2 in spring and 16.4 % in summer.
Maximal eimerias affection in poultry depended on age. Thus, in chickens of 50-90 days old the affection equalled (EI 61.0 % -6 2,1%), in chickens of 10-50 days old it equalled (EI 41.0-42.0 %), 3-12 months old -( EI 42.8-25.8 %), and in quails maximal affection is registered at the age of 30, 90 days (EI 47.0 and 51.3 % respectively). The invasion peak in chickens and quails occurred in autumn-winter period.
Under a microscopical examination of the internal organs of fur animals and poultry an affection of a liver and duodenum, that manifested itself in mucous lining swelling , were registered, and in poultry -there was also registered an intestine, liver and lungs swelling.
A decrease in hemoglobulin, crude protein and albumens content was registered in rabbits and nutrias under eimeria invasion.
A decrease in albumen content (by 27.4 %, P<0.01), crude protein content ( by11.3 %, P<0.05), and an increase in a content of bilirubin (by 41.8 %,
P<0.01), creatinine (by 11.0 %, P<0.01), urea (by 23.8%, P<0.01) were registered in chickens blood serum.
A decrease in hemoglobulin count (by 22.5 %, P<0.01), crude protein content (by 10.0 %, P<0.05), and albumens content ( by 21.0 %, P<0.001) Calcium rate (by 9.6 %, P<0.05) as well as an increase in bilirubin content (by 72.3 %, (P<0.01), urea content (by 20.7 %, (P<0.001) were registered in quails blood.
References
1. Abbas, R., Colwell, D. & Gilleard, J. (2012). Botanicals: an alternative approach for the control of avian coccidiosis. World's Poult. Sci. J., 68, 203-215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933912000268.
2. Arafat, N., & Abbas, I. (2018). Coccidia of Japanese Quail: From Identification, Prevalence, Infection and Immunization. J. Parasitol., 104(1), 23-30. doi: 10.1645/17-109.
3. Avdosieva, I. K., & Mysko, H. L. (2015). Kompleks zakhodiv profilaktyky eimerioziv ptytsi-zaporuka uspikhu. Tvarynnytstvo sohodni, 6, 42-47 (in Ukrainian).
4. Berezovskyi A.V. Grytsyk O.B. (2002). «Brovadez 20» as a Disinvasional Solution. Vet. Medicine , Ukraine 6, 27-28, (Ukraine).
5. Bogach M.V. (2008). Intestiine Invasions in Turkeys (spreading, diagnostication, pathogenes, prevention) abstract of dissertation in candidacy for a degree of PhD in vet. Sciences: speciality 16.00.11 -Parazitology, 22 (Ukraine).
6. Baevskij R. M., Kirilov O. I., & Kleckin S. Z. (1984). Mathematical Analysis of a Pulp Rate under Stress. Moscow (in Russian).
7. Glechyk M.V. (2005). Characteristics of Intestinal Parasites in Chickens in Lviv oblast. Bulletin of Lviv National University of Vet. Medicine and Biotechnologies after Gzhytskiy S.Z. Lviv, V. 11, 2 (41). P. 1, 40-45 (Ukraine)
8. Golubtsova M.V. (2016). Associational Invasions in Chickens (spreading, diagnostication, pathogenes, disease prevention) abstract of dissertation in candidacy for a degree of PhD in vet. Sciences: speciality 16.00.11 - Parazitology, Kharkiv, 22 (Ukraine).
9. Golubtsova M.V. (2016). Effects of Associational Invasions on Hematological Blood Indices of Experimentally Infected Chickens. Lviv, 13 (1-2), 201204 (Ukraine).
10. Goralskiy L.P. , Khomych V.T. (2019). Grounds for Histological Techniques and Morpho-Functional Methods of Analysis under a Normal State and under Pathalogy. Textbook. ZhNAEU, (15-th issue), 256, (Ukraine).
11. Girkovyi A.Y. Golubtsova M.V. Stybel V.V. Danko M.M. (2013). Recommended Practice in Diagnostication, Treatment, and Eimeriosis Prevention in Chickens, 32, (Ukraine).
12. Dahno I.S. , Berezovskyi A.V. , Galat V.F. and others, (2001). Atlas of Animals' Helmints. Kyiv, «Vetinform», (Ukraine).
13. Dovhiy Y.Y, Dovhiy M.Y., Rudik O.V. (2018). Effectiveness of Combined Therapy under Hel-mintic Protozoal Invasion in Chickens. Bulletin of Summy National Agricultural University, 1 (42), 127130, ( Ukraine).
14. Dovhiy Y.Y, Rudik O.V. (2019). Therapeutic Effectiveness of Robenkoks and its Effects on Hematological Indices in Quails under Eimeriosis Invasion. Agrarian Bulletin of the Black Littoral, 94, 15-20, (Ukraine) doi: 10.37000/abbsl.2019.94.03
15. Dalloul, R., & Lillehoj, H. (2005). Recent advances in immunomodulation and vaccination strategies against coccidiosis. Avian Dis., 49, 1-8. doi: 10.1637/7306-11150R.
16. El-Morsy, M., Abou, El-Azm, K., & Awad, S. (2016). Efficacy of Some Anticoccidial Drugs on Experimentally Induced Cecal Coccidiosis (E. tsunodai) in Japane Quails. Egypt. J. Vet. Sci., 47(2), 165177. doi: 10.21608/EJVS.2017.3591.
17. Jaromin-Glen K., Klapec G., Karamon J., Malicki J. & Skowronska A. (2017). Division of methods for counting helminthes eggs and the problem of efficiency of these methods. Lals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 24 (1), 1-7. doi: 10/5604/12321966.1233891
18Yevstafyeva V.O., Klymenko O.S., Khyzhnia L.Y. (2010). Monitoring of Intestinal Parasites in Chickens from Private Enterprises of Poltava Oblast. Bulletin of Poltava State Agricultural Academy, 4 , 130-131, (Ukraine).
19. Zaiikina G.V. (2013) Helmintic Protozoal Invasions of the Poultry (Spreading, Screaning of Disin-vasional Solutions): ) abstract of dissertation in candidacy for a degree of PhD in vet. Sciences: : speciality 16.00.11 - Parazitology. Kyiv, 24 (Ukraine).
20. Kovalenko I.I., Marshalkina T.V., Zaikina G.V. (2008). Monitoring of Waterfowl Helminthosis on the Farms of Steppe Zone of Ukraine and Medical-Preventive Actions. Veterinary Medicine: Parasitol-ogy.1, 27-29, (Ukraine)
21. Jaromin-Glen K., Klapec G., Karamon J., Malicki J. & Skowronska A. (2017). Division of Methods for Counting Helminthes Eggs and the Efficiency
of these Methods. Lals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 24 (1), 1-7. doi: 10/5604/12321966.1233891
22. Levchenko V.I.,Vlizlo V.V., Kondrahin I.P. and others. (2017). Clinical Diagnostication of Animals Diseases. Educational Publication. Bila Tserkva. BNAU, 243 (Ukraine).
23. Manzhos O.F.,Panikar I.I. (2006). Veterinary Protozoology. Textbook. Poltava, 144 (Ukraine).
24. Nagorna L.V. (2017). Acariasis and Myiasis of Productive Poultry ( Spreading and Anti-parasites Actions): abstract of a dissertation in candidacy for a doctorate degree in vet. Sciences: speciality 16.00.11 -Parazitology, Kyiv, 24, (Ukraine).
25. Pavlenko I.I, Kovalenko I.I., Marshalkina T.V., Zaikina G.V. (2008). Monitoring Of Fowl Helminthosis on the Farms of Dnipropetrovsk, Za-porizhzhia Oblasts and Preventive Actions. /Veterinary Medicine: department of thematic sciences. collect., X. issue. 91, 352-354, (Ukraine).
26. Peredera O.O. (2009). Hepatic Form of Rabbits Eimeriosis: (agents biology, pathogenes, disinva-sional solutions) ) abstract of dissertation in candidacy for a degree of PhD in vet. Sciences: speciality 16.00.11 - Parasitology, 23 (Ukraine).
27. Stybel V.V., Girkovyi A.Y. (2012). Analysis of Epizootological Situation as to Chickens Eimeriosis on the Farms of Ternopil Oblast. Bulletin of ZhNAEU. Zhytomyr, 1 (32). V. 3. P. 1., 37-40, (Ukraine).
28. Stybel V.V., Girkovyi A.Y. (2014). The Effects of Immunisation on Leukocytic Profile and Biochemical Indices of Chickens Blood Infected with Eimeriosis Agents. Scientific Bulletin of the Institute of Animals Biology and SSRCI of Vet. Preparations and Supplementary Feeds. Lviv, Issue 15 (4), 184-187, (Ukraine).
29. Yatusevych A.I., Dubina I.N. (2006). Parasitic Diseases of Rabbits.Vitebsk: New Knowledge, 119 (Belorus).
30. Yatusevych A.I., Zabudko V.A. (2005). Nutrias Eimeriosis.Vitebsk: EE VSAVM ,87 (Belorus).
