157CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN RETAIL FOOD
Radojko Lukic1, Srdan Lalic2, Azra Suceska3, Aida Hanic4, Milica Bugarcic5 Corresponding author E-mail:milica.bugarcic@bba.edu.rs
ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT
The analysis of the effects of applying the concept of sustainable development in retail has been attracting interest recently. In that context we have considered greenhouse gases emission in retail. This is achieved by using modern ecological technology in business - through the whole food value chain. The goal is to achieve the planned reductions of carbon dioxide in retail food, which positively reflects the overall performance of food retailers. This empirical research is mainly based on the analysis of the original sustainable reports officially disclosed by selected food retailers. These reports are now an integral part of the integrated reporting on performance of global food retailers. Having been universally important, harmonized regulations on sustainable retail food reporting are being increasingly applied as a data source for more efficient environmental management. In the future, this will enable the comparative analysis of the carbon dioxide emission of global and other food retailers.
© 2018 EA. All rights reserved.
1 Radojko Lukic, Full Professor, Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, Kamenicka 6, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, +381638824829, rlukic@ekof.bg.ac.rs,ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6529-0297
2 Srdan Lalic, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics Brcko, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 11, 76100 Brcko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, +38765647580, srdjan.lalic.efb@ gmail.com, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1874-8765
3 Azra Suceska, Assistant professor, Belgrade banking academy, University "Union" in Belgrade, Zmaj Jovina 12, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, +38166234304, azra. hanic@bba.edu.rs, ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6971-1706,
4 Aida Hanic, Research Assistant, Institute of Economic Sciences, Zmaj Jovina 12, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, +381603502190, aida.hanic@ien.bg.ac.rs, ORCID ID: 00000003-4378-7002
5 Milica Bugarcic, Teaching Assistant, Belgrade banking academy, University "Union" in Belgrade, Zmaj Jovina 12, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, +381644641881, milica. bugarcic@bba.edu.rs, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9327-9965
Review Article Received: 03 May 2018 Accepted: 10 June 2018 doi:10.5937/ekoPolj1802859L UDC 622.324.6:[641+339.179] Keywords:
greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide, C02 emission sources, renewable energy sources, sustainable reporting
JEL: 110, LSI, M14, M41, Q42, Q56, Q57
Introduction
Significant attention has been recently paid to the analysis of environmental performance in all sectors, including wholesale and retail trade. Within this, greenhouse gases emission (GHG) in retail food is briefly considered. The overall goal of global food retailers is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through the entire food value chain. The costs of carbon dioxide emission reduction are significant and affect the performance of food retailers.
The subject of research in this paper is the significance and trend of carbon dioxide emissions in retail food. Based on a comparative analysis of the original officially disclosed sustainable reports of global food retailers, the aim of the research is to comprehensively examine the problem of carbon dioxide emissions in retail through the entire food value chain and to take appropriate measures to achieve the target reduction. The effects of this are the improvement of the overall, especially environmentally-friendly performance of food retailers. The scientific and professional contribution of this work can be reflected in that, because there is scarce literature fully devoted to the issue of carbon dioxide emissions in retail food.
Numerous factors undoubtedly influence carbon dioxide emissions in retail, and these are as follows: type of store, product category, nature of the item itself, sales, location and distance (type of settlement: urban, suburban and rural), carbon policy (Wang et al., 2017), as well as energy sources, type of ventilation and heating of sales and other premises, cooling devices, mode of transport (logistics), waste treatment, and others. Taxation is also a factor in carbon dioxide emissions in all sectors, including retail food (Qin, 2015). Regarding retail formats (types of stores, classical or modern -Internet shops) on-line sales have insignificant carbon dioxide emissions and, viewed through a value chain, it occurs only in warehousing, while in distribution and in the store, equals zero, contrary to the other types of stores (Seebauer et al., 2016). Carbon dioxide emissions vary by product category (food and non-food products) and within one product category, by individual items, depending on their nature (Linda, 2014; Sullian 2016; Eriksson, 2017). All in all, the main sources of carbon dioxide emissions in retail are as follows: electricity, transport, ventilation and heating, refrigeration and waste. Effective control of the factors that influence the emission of carbon dioxide can significantly affect the improvement of economic, social and, in particular, environmental performance in retail. For these reasons, it is necessary to know the size and intensity of carbon dioxide emissions in modern retail food, which is the focus of this work.
Materials and methods
There is a voluminous literature devoted to analyzing the way company's performance is affected by general problems and effects of carbon dioxide emission reduction through the whole (food) chain (Jones, 2005; Martinuzzi, 2011; Kahn, 2014; Congcong, 2016; Li, 2016; Seebauer et al., 2016; Bazan, 2017, Clune, 2017), as well as consumer
preferences (Ji, 2017). In other words, it is generally known that carbon dioxide reduction increases the economic performance of companies (Cusshiella, 2017), the profitability of producers and retailers, as well as consumer preferences (Eagle, 2017). In view of the significance of the problem of carbon dioxide emissions, generally speaking, the number of papers dedicated to the specificities and impacts of carbon dioxide emission reduction on the performance of retail companies is modest (Patten, 2014; Makarov, 2015; Riboldazzi, 2016; Sullian, 2016). In Serbian literature this issue is only partially considered in some papers (Lukic, 2011a, b, 2012, 2014, 2016a, b, c, 2017). For that reason, this paper attempts to make thorough analysis of specific issues of carbon dioxide emissions in the retail sector, i.e.retail food, firstly on the example of global retailers from different countries, primarily developed market economies, which, due to the general importance of the matter, publish reports on sustainable development along with regular annual financial reports. This practice of global retailers provides them with more reliable information base for efficient management of carbon dioxide emissions through the whole value chain. This is particularly true for retailers in Serbia whose practice of making the reports on environment and sustainable development publicly available has just begun.
The general research hypothesis in this paper is that the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions positively reflects on overall (integrated, especially environmental) performance of retailers (food). The methodology is primarily based on the comparative analysis of the carbon dioxide emission of global selected food retailers from various comparable developed market economies. The problem of comprehensiveness of the research on carbon dioxide emissions in retail food is that, at the time being, there is no unified system of sustainable (environmental) reporting for all retailers. In addition, many retailers still do not publish their reports, thus providing an incomplete "comparability" of data on carbon dioxide emissions by individual food retailers. Nevertheless, understanding of the importance and trend of carbon dioxide emissions from global retailers (food) is very important in order to manage overall, integrated and, in particular, environmental performance in (concrete) retail (food). Globally, other food retailers will increasingly publish reports on sustainable development (with data oncarbon dioxide emissions). In this way, they will increase its information base for more efficient management of total business, including environmental protection. This may have a positive impact on the gain of the target profit.
The main data sources for the research of the treated problem in this paper are literature, articles, publications, studies, OECD, Eurostat and, in particular, officially disclosed annual financial and sustainable reports of (global) retailers (food). They were processed in such a way that is easy to comprehend the significance and trend of carbon dioxide emission in retail food.
Results and discussion
The carbon dioxide emission through the entire food value chain is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Emissions of carbon dioxide through the life cycle of food after farm
Lifecycle stage postfarm gate Number of GWP (global warming potential) values Median (kgCO2-eq/kg) Mean (kgCO2-eq/ kg) Stdev Min (kgCO2-eq/ kg) Max (kgCO2-eq/ kg)
Processing meat 5 0,59 0,66 0,14 0,54 0,87
Processing vegetables 15 0,06 0,07 0,04 0,01 0,013
Packaging 8 0,05 0,06 0,06 0,01 0,21
Transport to RDC (Regional Distribution Centre 21 0,09 0,13 0,19 0,02 0,95
Retail 20 0,04 0,10 0,25 0,01 1.14
Note: The table is compiled on the basis of various relevant studies. Source: Clune et al. (2017)
The data in the given table show that, on average, emission of carbon dioxide is higher in the processing of meat than processing of vegetables. It is also higher in transport than in retail, and is the lowest in the packaging phase. This is in line with the nature of the activities concerned.
Different is the carbon dioxide emission of individual retailers (food). This is illustrated by the research results in this paper.
At Wal-Mart (United States of America, Dominant operational format: Hypermarket / Supercenter / Superstore), a great significance is given to reducing carbon dioxide emissions (Table 2.). This is achieved by the following: investing in renewable energy sources, reducing energy demand, improving energy efficiency, improving refrigeration in stores and maximizing the efficiency of the vehicle fleet.
Table 2. Carbon dioxide emission (Scope 1 and 2) and retail area at Wal-Mart, 2005-2014
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Carbon dioxide emission (million ton CO2e) 18,9 19,3 20,1 20,8 20,3 20,6 20,8 21,2 21,0 21,9
Retail area (million square meters) 740 805 867 921 952 985 1,037 1,072 1,102 1,134
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Carbon dioxide intensity (million tons CO2 /million 2e m2)* 0,025 0,024 0,023 0,022 0,021 0,021 0,020 0,020 0,019 0,019
Note: Calculations performed by the author
Source: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 2016 Global Responsibility Report, available at: https://cdn. corporate.walmart.com/9c/73/3f9abcef444397f2c771e081e095/2016-global-responsibility-report.pdf#page=58&zoom=auto,-130,628
In generating greenhouse gas emissions, Wal-Mart participates with the following: electricity supply 69%, refrigeration 18%, fuel transport 5.9%, fUel on the site 7% and mobile refrigerators with 0.1 % (Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. 2016 Global Responsibility Report, available at: https://cdn.corporate.walmart.com/9c/73/3f9abcef444397f2c771e081 e095/2016-global-responsibility-report.pdf#page=58&zoom=auto,-130,628. Therefore, the main source of greenhouse gas emissions in Wal-Mart is electricity supply. With the increased application of the ecological operation principles, Wal-Mart reduced carbon dioxide emissions from year to year, which reflects favourably on its overall performance, especially environmental.
In Kroger (United States, Dominant operational format: Hypermarket / Supercenter / Superstore) carbon dioxide emissions amounted to 32.9 (tonnes of CO2e / 1,000 sq ft) in 2015, and 36.3 in 2006. This means that there was a 9.3% reduction achieved (2016 Sustainability Report / Kroger, available at: http://sustainability.kroger.com / environment-energy-carbon.html. The effects of this decrease are the improvement of environmental and overall performance in the company Kroger.
At Tesco (United Kingdom, Dominant operational format: Hypermarket / Supercenter / Superstore), as with Wal-Mart, considerable attention is paid to the research and control of carbon dioxide emissions. This positively reflects on its overall performance, including the surrounding ones. , Illustration of the specificity of carbon dioxide emissions measurement at Tesco is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Tesco's emission limit
Boundary for Direct Carbon Footprint
f "'1 ( ^ Asset Waste
Sites Recycling &
Disposal
V_J V 7
Source: Carbon Footprint 101: A Guide for Food Retailers, available at:https://www. fmi.org/docs/sustainability/carbon-footprint-101-a-guide-for-foodretailers.pdf? sfvrsn=4#page=11&zoom=auto,-121.85
Table 3. and Figure 2. show the greenhouse gas emissions in Tesco.
Table 3. Emission of greenhouse gases in Tesco
Total ton CO2e
2016/17 2015/16 Base year 2006/07
Scope 1 1,236,980 1,301,746 1,345,507
Scope 2
Market-based method 1,582,275 2,004,992 Not available
Location-based method 2,357,245 2,528,323 2,259,984
Scope 1 and 2 carbon dioxide intensity (kgCO2e/ sq. ft of stores and distributive centres) 22,95 26,33 51,14
Scope 3 1,073,721 1,097,491 1,064,460
f
Employee Commuting
Total ton CO2e
2016/17 2015/16 Base year 2006/07
Total gross emission 3,892,977 4,404,230 4,669,951
CO2e from renewable energy exported to the grid 1,154 1,513 -
Total net emissions 3,891,822 4,402,717 4,669,951
Overall net carbon intensity (total net emissions kgCO2e/sq ft of stores and distributive centres) 31,69 35,06 66,23
Source: Tesco PLC Annual Report and Financial Statements 2017, available at: https://www. tescoplc.com/media/392373/68336_tesco_ar_digital_interactive_250417.pdf
The data in the given table show that the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions in Tesco is decreasing from year to year.
Figure 2. Total carbon dioxide (million tonnes of CO2e) in Tesco 2016/2017
■ Scope 1 -1.24 million
■ Scope 2 [market-based method) - 1.5S million
a Scope 3-1.07 million
Source: Tesco - Our carbon footprint, available at:https://www.tescoplc.com/tesco-and-society/ sourcing-great-products/reducing-our-impact-on-the-environment/our-carbon-footprint/
Figure 3. shows sources of carbon dioxide emission throughout the value chain, with an emphasis on Tesco's participation in carbon footprint.
Figure 3. Emissions of carbon dioxide by source in Tesco
Source: Tesco - Our Carbon Footprint, available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/tesco-and-society/sourcing-great-products/reducing-our-impact-on-the-environment/our-carbon-
footprint/
Therefore, Tesco participated in total emission of carbon dioxide through entire value chain with 9%.
Table 4. shows ecological performances at Tesco.
Table 4. Global ecological performances at Tesco
2016/17 2015/16 2014/15 2013/14
Carbon dioxide (million ton CO2e) 3,9 5,1 5,26 -
Emission of CO2 reduction (stores and distributional centres) compared to 2006/07 40,5% 39,5% 38,3% -
Emission of CO2 reduction (distribution) compared to 2011/12 19,7% 17.4% 14,47% 7,8%
Direct water consumption (million m3) 23,5 25,5 32,6 32,9
Waste percentage (food and non-food) which is recycled, used again or turn into energy 93% 88% 84% 86%
Source: Reducing our impact on the environment, available at: https://www.tescoplc.com / tesco-and-society/sourcing-great-products/reducing-our-impact-on-the-environment/
Tesco has tendency to improve ecological performances (carbon dioxide emission reduction, direct water consumption reduction and waste treatment improvement). This reflects favourably on its market, economic and financial performances.
Due to the increasing importance, special attention is paid to carbon dioxide emissions in Marks & Spencer (M & S) (United Kingdom, Dominant Operating Format: Department Store), as shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Emission of carbon dioxide in Marks & Spencer
Plan A baseline 2006/7 (000 tCOJ Legal baseline 2013/14 (000 tCO2e) Last year 2014/15 (000 tCO2e) 2015/16 000 tCO2e Achievement in relation to 2006/7
Total gross/location-based emission CO., 2e 732 567 592 566 -23%
Total carbon intensity measure (per 1000 sq. ft of sales floor (ton C02e/1,000 sq. ft) 46 30 30 29 -47%
Source: M & S Plan Report 2016, available at: http://annualreport.marksandspencer.com
/M&S_PlanA_Report_2016.pdf.
At Marks & Spencer, a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions was recorded in 2014/15 in relation to 2006/7. Reduction was achieved by improving energy efficiency using the so-called "green energy" through the whole value chain.
In 2015, Carrefour (France, Dominant operational format: Hypermarket/Supercenter/ Superstore) emitted 3.61 million tonnes of CO2e. In 2015, carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by 29.7% compared to 2010. The aim is to achieve a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 40% until 2025 and 70% until 2050 (Unique and Multiple/2015 Annual Activity and Responsible Commitment Report, available at: http://www.
carrefour.com/sites/default/files/carrefour_2015_annual_activity_and_responsible_
commitment_report.pdf. This will have a positive impact on Carrefour's environmental and overall performance.
Aldi (Germany, Dominant operational format: Discount Store) also publishes reports on sustainable development, in which special attention is paid to the emission of carbon dioxide. Table 6. shows the greenhouse gas emissions at Aldi.
Table 6. Greenhouse gases emission in Aldi (tons CO2e)
2014 2015
Scope 1 284,831 312,940
Scope 2 369,961 567,424
Total 654,792 680,364
Source: Aldi-Sustainability Report 2015, available at: https://www.cr-aldinord.com/2015/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/ALDI _North_Group_NHB_Sustainability_Report_2015.pdf.
At Aldi, greenhouse gases emissions by sectors (in percent) in 2015 were as follows: electricity 53.1%, cooling equipment 20.0%, heating energy 14.3% and logistics 12.6% (Aldi-Sustainability Report 2015,available at:https://www.cr-aldinord.com/2015/ wpcontent/uploads/sites/2/2016/04/ALDI_North_Group_NHB_Sustainability_ Report_2015.pdf.)
In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, special attention is paid to the use of energy from renewable sources (LED lamps).
At Ahold (Germany, Dominant operational format: Supermarket), considerable attention is paid to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. This is shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Carbon dioxide emission at Ahold
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Carbon dioxide emissions (thousand tons) 2,176 2,106 2,107 2,090 2,019
Carbon dioxide emissions (kg CO2/m2 sales area) 567 574 543 507 480 473 465 420
Sources (%)
Electricity 49%
Refrigerant appliances 29%
Fuel 12%
Gas 10%
Source: Ahold - Responsible Retailing Report 2015, available at: https://www.aholddelhaiz e.com/media/1934/ahold-responsible-retailing-report-2015.pdf
Carbon dioxide emissions at Ahold has been decreasing. Since 2016, Ahold has been operating under the name of Ahold Delhaize., Table 8. shows data on carbon dioxide emissions for Ahold Delhaize (Belgium, Dominant operational format: Supermarket) in 2016.
Table 8. Carbon dioxide emission at Ahold Delhaize
2016 Actuals 2020 Target
% reduction in CO2 equivalent emissions per m2 of sales area (from 2008 baseline) -22% -30%
Total CO2 equivalent emissions per m2 of sales area -location-based approach 496 n/a
Total CO2 equivalent emissions (thousand tonnes) -location-based approach 4,505 n/a
Total Scope 1 CO2 equivalent emissions (thousand tonnes) - location-based approach 1,940 n/a
Total Scope 2 CO2 equivalent emissions (thousand tonnes) - location-based approach 2,420 n/a
Total Scope 3 CO2 equivalent emissions (thousand tonnes) - location-based approach 144 n/a
Offset CO2 equivalent emissions (thousand tonnes) 241 n/a
Avoided grid electricity CO2 emissions (thousand tonnes) 31 n/a
Source: Ahold Delhaize Supplementary report on Sustainable Retailing performance 2016, available at: https://www.aholddelhaize.com/media/3984/supplementary-report-on-sustainabl
e-retailing-performance-2016.pdf.
Significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2020 (30%) is expected at Ahold Delhaize. This will be achieved by using so-called "green energy" in business operations. Sources of carbon dioxide emissions were the following: electricity 60%, cooling devices 31% and transport 9% (Ahold Delhaize Supplementary Report on Sustainable Retailing performance 2016, available at: https://www.aholddelhaize.com/ media/3 984/supplementary-report-on-sustainable-retailing-performance-2016.pdf. Delhaize Serbia is also part of Ahold Delhaize which employs the same sustainable development strategy and environment reporting.
In the Fast Retailing (Japan, Dominant Operating Format: Apparel/Footwear Specialty), exceptional attention is paid to the issue of carbon dioxide emission reduction. Figure 4. shows carbon dioxide emissions through the entire value chain in Fast Retailing.
Figure 4. Sustainable reporting - Carbon dioxide emission through value chain in Fast Retailing
Source: Fast Retailing - Sustainability Report, available at: http://www.fastretailing. com/eng/ sustainability/environment/co2_popup.html
In 2016, at Fast Retailing, carbon dioxide emissions amounted to 2,917,069 (tCO2e). In logistics it was 17,707 (tCO2e). Table 9. presents carbon dioxide emission (tCO2e) in stores and management offices by sources (generators) at Fast Retailing for 2016.
Table 9. Carbon dioxide emission in stores and management according to sources (generators)
at Fast Retailing for 2016 (tCO2e)
Store gas 11,436
HQ gas 38
Total 11,474
Scope 1
Store electricity 123,932
HQ electricity 2,466
Total 126,398
Scope 2
Source: Fast Retailing - Sustainability Report 2017, available at: http:// www.fastretailing.com/eng/sustainability/report/pdf/sustainability2017_ en.pdf#page=1&pagemode=thumbs&zoom=80
FastRetailingplanstoreducecarbondioxideemissionsinstoresby10%by2020(FastRetailing - Sustainability Report 2017, available at: http://www.fastretaili ng.com/eng/sustainability/ report/pdf/sustainability2017_en.pdf#page=1&pagemode=thumbs&zoom=80.\
Conclusion
A growing number of retailers (food) in the world have been publishing reports on sustainable development. By their reputation, and because of its importance, other retailers will certainly tend to publish these reports in the future. It provides the basis for a comparative analysis of environmental performance in retail food from various aspects. In this report, special significance is given to trend of greenhouse gas emissions, in particular, carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide emissions in trade, in total and by sectors, vary by country. They are significantly higher in China than in Europe or the European Union. Likewise, carbon dioxide emissions are significantly higher in trade of France, Germany and Great Britain than in Greece, Croatia, Turkey and Serbia. Carbon dioxide emissions are higher in Croatian trade than in Serbian. These differences are due to the application of various ecological measures in business.
Carbon dioxide emissions differ in individual stages of the product life cycle, retail companies and product categories. Carbon dioxide emission generators in retail companies are as follows: electricity, transport, ventilation, heating and cooking, refrigeration, and waste. The goal of all retailers is to take appropriate measures, primarily ecological, to reach a planned reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the future. Among other things, this is achieved with the increasing use of electricity from renewable sources (so-called "green energy"), by using modern ventilation, heating and cooking systems, refrigeration units, green logistics (ecological vehicles) and more efficient waste treatment. The effect of this is to improve the overall performance of retail companies (food), especially environmental.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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