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120BORROWED WORDS IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
Lola Turakulova
Magister, UzSWLU
ABSTRACT
This article is related to the study of the influence of one culture on another, in the transition from one ethnic community to another of new objects of material culture, in the perception of other spiritual values. Along with new realities and artifacts come foreign lexemes that are perceived by the recipient language and function in the modern Uzbek language.
Keywords: comparative linguistics, intercultural communication, Uzbek language, lexicology, lexical borrowings.
No matter how much the language is original and closed, in modern conditions of globalization it is constantly changing, and first of all it concerns the lexical sphere of the language, which is directly related to the representation of the inner and outer world of a person in the language. In conditions of close communication between peoples, there is an exchange of products of labor activity, new technologies, ideas, etc. Language, in turn, borrows words for naming material objects.
Compared to phonetic, grammatical, syntactic systems, the lexical system of the language is the most open to innovation. It is in the vocabulary that the idea of a particular cultural community about the surrounding world, reality, is concentrated. New phenomena at the lexical level, caused by the influence of another culture and another language, are commonly referred to by the term 'borrowing'.
When considering the causes of lexical borrowings from one language to another, the sociolinguistic aspect of the language is taken into account. This is, first of all, the study of language development in the environment, in the interaction of internal (linguistic) and non-linguistic (social) causes. The process of lexical borrowing is caused by a whole complex of reasons, in which linguistic, psychological, social, logical, etc. reasons are intertwined.
The lexical basis of the modern literary language spoken by representatives of Uzbek nationality is Persian words, also referred to as words of common Turkic origin. They are the main similarity feature of all the languages of the vast Turkic group.
However, if we compare the Uzbek language with related Kipchak dialects, there are a lot of Arabic and Persian (current Tajik) borrowings in it.
Words borrowed from arabic and persian. Arabic and Persian languages had a great influence not only on the dialects and dialects of the Turkic group, but also on the Russian language.
Thus, the most famous Turkic borrowings present in the Uzbek language are: tarvuz (watermelon), balik (fish), ataman, oltin (gold), leopard, eggplant, drum, bosh (head), fringe, shoe, mess, karakul, raisins, wild boar, carp, trap, kumis, cap, rovon (rhubarb), sandik (chest) and many others.
The words of Persian origin that settled in the Uzbek language through Turkic dialects and became part of its vocabulary include, for example, beads, turquoise, dagger, shackles.
So the favorite green tea in the east, which is an obligatory part of every Uzbek's meal, was imported from China, and the word "tea" itself is also borrowed from the Chinese language.
LEXICAL BORROWINGS FROM THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. The influence of the Russian language became especially pronounced with the advent of Soviet power in the early 20th century, although long before that, since the 17th century, thanks to the development of international trade, technological progress and political interaction of peoples, words of Slavic origin began to appear in Uzbek dialects.
After the revolution, life in the Uzbek SSR changed beyond recognition - the material level of the local population began to grow, much attention was paid to education and literacy of the indigenous people, cultural and spiritual life also enriched. All this ultimately affected the development and expansion of the social functions of the language, its qualitative component. There was a rapid increase in lexical composition, neologisms and a lot of borrowed words appeared, especially from the Russian language.
Traditionally, the expansion and enrichment of the national languages of the republics of the Soviet Union took place in two directions:
The assimilation, borrowing of foreign words and their adaptation, including the emergence of "semi-dialect words".
Word-making, which can include the appearance of new words based on the vocabulary of other languages.
Let's look at the most notable, cardinal borrowings from the Russian language that have taken root in Uzbek: Let's look at the most notable, cardinal borrowings from the Russian language that have taken root in Uzbek:
The names of the months of the year - previously, the months were calculated according to the lunar calendar and had completely different names: for example, the month of July was called "Saraton". Later, all months of the year acquired the names familiar to the Russian person, but since there is no soft sign in the Uzbek language, the spelling looks like this: dekabr, aprel, iyun.
International terms that have entered the modern Uzbek language include: train, car, apparatus, gallery, football, volleyball, names of various berries (raspberries,
blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries, etc.), educational institutions (college, lyceum, university, institute), names of plants and horticultural crops (tomato, potato, Bulgarian (pepper), types of shoes (sneakers, boots, boots, shoes), types of furniture (table, chair, armchair, sofa, bed, wardrobe), etc.
An interesting feature of the last decades has been the displacement of some of the little-used Uzbek words by their Russian counterparts. For example, the word "sarimsok" — garlic is used almost nowhere, only its Russian counterpart is used. The same applies to the Uzbek words "likopcha" - plate, "kuzoynok" - glasses, etc.
Special attention should be paid to borrowings from Western European languages, especially those used in political and economic vocabulary: barter, broker, auditor, contract, management, letter of credit, department, grant, rating, etc. there are also a lot of borrowings in the field of sports, telecommunications, finance, diplomacy, food.
1. Borrowings from Western European languages in the field of economics and politics: auditor (auditor), barter (barter), broker (broker), dumping (demping), dealer (diller), engineering (injiniring), clearing (kliring), consulting (kon-salting), provider (provayder), management (menejment), transfer (transfert), manager (menejer), summit ( sammit), briefing (briefing), congress (kon-gress), symposium (simpozium), department (departament), parliament (parlament), speaker (spiker), regulation (reglament), grant (grant), dayjest (dayjest), eurodollar (evrodollar), master (magistr), rating (reyting), impeachment (impeachment), Pi-Ar (Pi-Ar). The vast majority of foreign-language names of persons are borrowed from English, for example: auditor (auditor), advayzer (advayzer), underwriter (anderrayter), attorney (attorney), bidder (bidder), broker (broker), bill broker (bil-broker), bondholder (bondholder), bootlegger (butleger), vendor (vendor), jobber (jobber), dealer (diller), distributor (distributor), insider (insayder), interviewer (intervyuer), copywriter (kopi-rayter), menejer (menejer), sponsor (sponsor), farmer (fermer), hacker (haker).
From the above analysis of linguistic material, it can be concluded that borrowings from Western European languages are widespread in the modern Uzbek language. Borrowings have penetrated almost all its spheres of operation: both in political, economic, sports, scientific, and everyday life.
At this stage of the development of the Uzbek language, there is an active entry and use of foreign words. This contributes to the development of synonymy in the language. It should also be noted that not all newly borrowed words are reflected in dictionaries. In many ways, borrowing can be considered as one of the serious consequences of the interaction of cultures.
REFERENCES
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