Policy Concept of the Russian Federation"]. Prezident Rossii. 2023. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/70811 (date of access: 08.10.2023). (In Russ.)
25. US strives to tune up Central Asia for anti-Russian sanctions. News Central Asia. 2022. 30 Sept. URL: https://www.newscentralasia.net/2022/09/30/ us-strives-to-tune-up-central-asia-for-anti-russian sanctions/ (date of access: 08.08.2023).
26. Vinokurov E. Na CentraTnuyu Aziyu neobxodimo smotretv po-novomu [We need to look at Central Asia in a new way]. Vinokurov info. 2023. URL: https://vinokurov.info/ru/na-centralnuju aziju-neobhodimo-smotret-po-novomu/ (date of access: 08.07.2023). (In Russ.)
27. Vinokurov E., Axunbaev A., Babadzhanyan V., Berdigulova A. i dr. Evkonomika Centralvnoi Azii: novyvi vzglyad [Economy of Central Asia: a new view]. Evraziiskii bank razvitiya. Dokladyv i rabochie dokumenty [Reports and working documents]. Almatyv, Bishkek, Moskva. 2022. URL: https://eabr.org/analytics/special-reports/ekonomika-tsentralnoy-azii-novyy-vzglyad/?ysclid=lpi2ybq23t441541228 (date of access: 11.17.2023). (In Russ.)
28. World Development Indicators. World Bank. DataBank. 2023. URL: https://databank.worldbank.org/ reports.aspx?source=2&series=NY.GDP.P CAP.PP.CD&country= (date of access: 09.10.2023).
Received: 11.07.2024. Accepted for publication: 18.07.2024.
KSENIA ATAMALI. AZERBAIJANIS OUTSIDE AZERBAIJAN (Part 2)
Keywords: Azerbaijan; diaspora; diaspora organizations; migration; Azerbaijani diaspora; Azerbaijanis in the CIS countries; Azerbaijanis in the U.S.; Azerbaijanis in Great Britain; Azerbaijanis in France; Azerbaijanis in Germany; Azerbaijanis in Europe; Azerbaijanis in Canada; Azerbaijanis in Georgia.
Ksenia Atamali,
Research Associate,
Center for Interdisciplinary Research,
INION RAN
e-mail: mrsxeniya@ya.ru
Citation: Atamali K. Azerbaijanis outside Azerbaijan (Part 2) // Russia and the Moslem World: Science-Information Journal, 2024, № 4 (326), P. 51-66. DOI: 10.31249/rmw/2024.04.04
Abstract. The article examines the life of Azerbaijanis outside Azerbaijan, the activity of Azerbaijani diasporas around the world, the activities of diaspora organizations, the history of migration and territorial distribution. Of the 50 million Azerbaijanis around the world, only one fifth of them lives in Azerbaijan itself. The article pays special attention to the Azerbaijani diasporas in Europe (especially those in Germany, Great Britain and France), the U.S., Canada, the CIS countries and Georgia. Information on numerous Azerbaijani organizations, communities and cultural centres operating abroad is also provided.
The first part of this article examined the historical background and major waves of migration of Azerbaijanis, and also reviewed the activities of diaspora organizations both at the regional and international levels. The three largest Azerbaijani diasporas in the world were also discussed: in Iran (32 million), Turkiye (over 3.3 million) and Russia (2 million). In total, more than 50 million Azerbaijanis currently live in 70 countries around the world, with less than 10 million in Azerbaijan itself. The second part of the article is going to focus on the diasporas in Europe, the U.S., the CIS countries and other states where a significant proportion of Azerbaijanis live.
Azerbaijanis in Georgia
There are an estimated half a million Azerbaijanis living in Georgia (233 thousand according to the 2014 Census) [1]; they are the second largest ethnic group in the country. They mainly live in the south, southeast, and central parts of the country, especially in the regions (mkhare) of Kvemo Kartli (224 thousand), Kakheti (40 thousand), Shida Kartli (5,5 thousand), and Mtskheta-
Mtianeti (2,3 thousand). There is also a historical Azerbaijani community in Tbilisi (15 thousand) [2].
Azerbaijanis first arrived in Georgia in the late 15th - early 17th centuries, when they began to establish settlements on the southern outskirts of the country [3]. Gradually, they spread throughout other areas. During the Russian Empire, Azerbaijanis were called "Tatars" here; later on, during the Soviet era, several thousand Azerbaijanis were forcibly deported. In the 1980s, tensions between Georgians and Azerbaijanis escalated, although an armed conflict never broke out. In Kvemo Kartli, Azerbaijani families were evicted from their homes, while Azerbaijani officials were removed from administrative posts; there also were a number of clashes. In the early 1990s, many Azerbaijanis emigrated, and Azerbaijani geographical names were replaced with Georgian ones [4].
As for diaspora organizations, the National Congress of Azerbaijanis in Georgia was founded in 2008, and the Azerbaijani Students' Association of Georgia (GATA) was founded in 2009 [5]. Since 1922, the "Gurcistan" newspaper has been published in the Azerbaijani language, and there is also the State Azerbaijani Drama Theatre, founded in 1909 in Tbilisi. Azerbaijanis in Georgia profess both Shia and Sunni Islam, and speak the Borgali dialect [6].
Azerbaijanis in Europe
Of all the countries in Europe, the largest number of ethnic Azerbaijanis live in Germany (280 thousand), followed by France (75 thousand), with Sweden in the third place (30 thousand), and the Netherlands in the fourth (20 thousand). In other European countries, their number does not exceed 10 thousand people.
It is worth noting that the Congress of European Azerbaijanis (CEA), which was established in Berlin in 2004, significantly improved the organization of diaspora associations around the world. More than 50 diaspora organizations from
28 countries are members of the CEA. The main objective of the Congress is to protect national and cultural values, as well as ensure political and legal interests of Azerbaijanis outside Azerbaijan. Among other things, the Congress is engaged in supporting and sponsoring various studies, research centres and other projects related to Azerbaijan. The organization cooperates with diaspora associations in the CIS countries and other regions [7].
We should also mention Azerbaijani societies and organizations in Sweden and the Netherlands, where there are several tens of thousands of citizens of Azerbaijani origin. The Swedish community mainly consists of Iranian Azerbaijanis, who immigrated between 1980 and 1985. In 2001, they founded the Azerbaijan-Sweden Committee. A year earlier, the Azerbaijan-Sweden Association was created, uniting 14 Azerbaijani communities.
Since 1993, the Azerbaijan Turkish Cultural Association has been operating in The Hague, which works to familiarize the general public with the culture of Azerbaijan. Also, since 2003, the Azerbaijan-Netherlands Society has been active and publishing the "Benelux" newspaper. Speaking about the Baltic countries, most Azerbaijanis migrated here due to Soviet economic ties. In 1988, Azerbaijani societies were founded in Vilnius, Riga and Tallinn [7]. In total, at the moment, less than 10 thousand Azerbaijanis live in all three republics [8].
Data on the number of Azerbaijanis living in Germany varies significantly. In 2019, the German ambassador to Azerbaijan mentioned 25 thousand people [9], while other sources put their number at 280-300 thousand [10]. One way or another, the German Azerbaijanis are concentrated in Berlin and arrived from Turkiye, Iran and Azerbaijan. In the 1920s, soon after the collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the influx of Azerbaijani migrants, magazines such as "Iranshahr" (1921), "Istiqlal" (1932-1934) and "Qurtulush" (1934) were launched in Germany [11]. The next wave of migration occurred in the 1960s. In the early 1990s, Azerbaijanis also fled to Germany
following the beginning of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, an increase in the number of refugees in Azerbaijan and deteriorating economic situation in the country.
Most of the German Azerbaijanis work in the service sector and in the construction industry; however, there are also noticeable cultural figures, for example, Vugar Aslanov, a famous journalist and writer. In 2013, in Berlin, Azerbaijani journalist and former political prisoner Emin Millie founded an independent media organization Meydan.TV targeting the Azerbaijani community [12].
The Azerbaijani diaspora in Germany is considered to be one of the largest in Europe. Today in Germany there are more than 30 Azerbaijani organizations, including the Azerbaijan-German Academy (since 1986) and the Azerbaijan-German Society (since 1988); both established in Berlin. Large Azerbaijani societies exist in Berlin, Cologne, Stuttgart, Nuremberg and many other cities. They are promoting Azerbaijani culture, arranging courses in the Azerbaijani language, holding national holidays, as well as providing legal and financial assistance to migrants and helping with integration into German society. In 2014, in Frankfurt, the delegation of the State Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan held a meeting with the heads of the Azerbaijani diaspora organizations of Germany, discussing the life of German Azerbaijanis [13].
According to approximate estimates, the number of Azerbaijanis in France reaches 70-75 thousand people [10]. Azerbaijanis in France are mainly concentrated in Paris, Alsace, Bordeaux and Marseille. The first wave of immigration to France took place early in the 20th century. In 1919, the Azerbaijani intelligentsia formed the Franco-Caucasus Committee and published a number of bulletins and books about Azerbaijan in French. The second wave happened in the years after the Second World War, while the third wave came in the 1970-1980s. It consisted mainly of economic migrants and Iranian Azerbaijanis, fleeing the Islamic Revolution [14].
There are a number of diaspora organizations operating in France. In 1990, the Azerbaijan Cultural Centre was opened in Strasbourg, specializing in the organization of cultural events and national holidays. In 1999, the Society of Azerbaijani Students of France (SASF) was also created there, the purpose of which was not only to unite Azerbaijani graduates and students, but also to spread information about events such as Black January and the Khojaly massacre. In 2003, a group of Azerbaijani students founded the Azerbaijani-French Youth Association (AFYA), which works to promote intercultural relations between the two countries. In addition, the Azerbaijan Cultural Centre has been operating in Strasbourg since 2005, uniting several communities [7].
Many prominent politicians of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic received education in France and later lived there in exile: Chairman of the National Assembly Alimardan bey Topchubashov, Minister of Industry and Trade Mirza Asadullayev and Minister of Agriculture and Labor Akbar agha Sheykhulislamov. We should also mention Robert Hossein, a French actor of Azeri origin; Reza Deghati, a world famous photojournalist, who fled from the Iranian Revolution; and Adile Aliyeva, a French-Azerbaijani pianist, who in 2022 became the recipient of the Knight of the Legion of Honour, the highest French order of merit [15].
The Azerbaijani diaspora in the UK is rather small, numbering only 17 thousand people [8], who reside mostly in London. The diaspora consists of Azerbaijanis from Azerbaijan, as well as Iran, Turkiye, Armenia, Georgia, Central Asia and Russia. It should be noted that major migration of Azerbaijanis to the UK started in the middle of the 20th century [7].
British Azerbaijanis actively participate in the public life of the country. In 2006, the Azerbaijan House Culture and Friendship Centre was founded in London; also, in 2011, Leyla Aliyeva, the daughter of Ilham Aliyev, launched the English language version of the "Baku" magazine [16]. Some artists of Azerbaijani origin have achieved considerable popularity in the UK.
For example, Sami Yusuf, a British singer and composer with Iranian Azerbaijani roots successfully performs Islamic religious songs [17]. Among the athletes, there are Jennifer and Jessica Gadirova, the bronze medallists of the 2020 Olympic Games and promising artistic gymnasts representing Great Britain [18]. Although the British Azerbaijanis hold no significant government posts, they remain politically active [19]. In London, the Azerbaijani community pickets [20] and protests [21] against the "Armenian aggression".
Azerbaijanis in the U.S. and Canada
The main wave of Azerbaijani immigration to the U.S. occurred in the 1940s and 1950s. Among them were also refugees who left for Iran and Turkiye after the fall of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1920, and now moved to the U.S. in search of better opportunities. They settled mainly in New York, as well as in northern New Jersey and Massachusetts, and later in Houston, Texas and San Francisco, California. It is worth noting that there is a large Iranian community near Los Angeles, mainly consisting of Iranian Azerbaijanis. Data on the number of Azerbaijanis in the U.S. varies, according to some estimates, their number reaches 450 thousand people (mostly emigrants from Iran) [8].
Today, there are over 30 diaspora organizations operating in the U.S. The first one - the Azerbaijani Society of America - was founded in 1957 in New Jersey and remains one of the most influential institutions of the Azerbaijani diaspora to this day [11]. Over the years, Azerbaijani houses, cultural centres and associations have been established in New York, Texas and California to help Azerbaijanis in America maintain ties with their homeland. It is worth mentioning the U.S. Azerbaijanis network, an influential organization founded in 2007, which is engaged in protecting the interests of American Azerbaijanis at all levels. It also unites and coordinates the activities of Turkic
diaspora organizations, societies and associations [22]. As for the media, English-language magazines about Azerbaijan are published in New York, Washington and California. In 2004, the pan-Turkic television channel GunAz.TV, broadcasting in Azerbaijani, was launched in Chicago; the channel also runs a news website [23].
Politically, American Azerbaijanis became active in the late 1990s, speaking out in defence of interests of Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The activities of the diaspora even caught the attention of the U.S. Congress [24].
According to the 2021 Census, less than 10 thousand Canadians claimed Azerbaijani origin [25]. However, other estimates suggest that the number of Azerbaijanis in the country may reach 170,000 [8] (of which 50,000-60,000 are Iranian Azerbaijanis). According to data provided by the diaspora, the majority are Iranian Azerbaijanis and reside in Ontario. The Azerbaijani diaspora can be divided into two parts: refugees from Iran after the 1979 Revolution and economic migrants from Azerbaijan after the country gained independence in 1991 [26].
There are a number of Azerbaijani public organizations in Canada that were founded in the 2000s and 2010s. They are mainly involved in introducing people to Azerbaijani culture and organizing national holidays and events; they are also engaged in charity and provide assistance to migrants. We should also mention the Network of Azerbaijani Canadians (founded in Toronto in 2020), a relatively new but influential politically oriented organization in Canada [27]. Moreover, Azerbaijani Canadians regularly hold pickets and protests against Armenian provocations [28].
Azerbaijanis in Other Countries
There are about 90,000 Azerbaijanis (0,5 percent of the total population) living in Kazakhstan, primarily in the southern regions of the country (a third live in the Turkestan Region), as
well as in large cities such as Almaty, Astana, and Aktau. Azerbaijanis voluntarily resettled here in the early 20th century, but later they were also deported here from Georgia and Armenia; in the 1950s-1980s, they arrived to work in the oil industry. The Azerbaijani diaspora is one of the fastest growing diasporas in the country. Most of them are Shi'ites, but there are also a small number of Sunnis and Christians [29].
As for diaspora organizations, since 1992 the Turan Azerbaijani Cultural Society has been operating in Almaty; its purpose is to develop interethnic relations in Kazakhstan and promote Azerbaijanis in the public and cultural life of the country. Soon other ACCs were established in many regions. In 2000, the Turan Society was transformed into the Turan Congress, which has been publishing the "Vatan" newspaper since 2007.
Azerbaijanis are the 10th largest ethnic group in Kyrgyzstan (17,2 thousand as of 2009) and make up 0,3 percent of the country's total population [30]. Unlike the Azerbaijani diaspora in Kazakhstan, virtually the entire diaspora in Kyrgyzstan consists of descendants of Azerbaijanis deported from Transcaucasia in the 1940s. Most Azerbaijanis live in rural areas, primarily in the Chuy Region (10 thousand), although the percentage of urban residents is gradually increasing. The diaspora is growing mainly through natural increase [31]. In 1992, the Azeri organization was established, which is engaged in protecting the rights of Azerbaijanis in Kyrgyzstan, participating in the country's public life, and maintaining ties with their historical homeland. The Kyrgyz National Television and Radio Broadcasting Company has the Azeri department [7].
Today, over 40 thousand Azerbaijanis live in Uzbekistan. The first Azerbaijanis arrived here in the 16th century, and then actively relocated here at the beginning of the 20th century; some Azerbaijanis were also deported here in the 1940s during Stalin's repressions. In addition, Azerbaijanis helped to rebuild Tashkent after it was destroyed by an earthquake in the 1960s. The
diaspora in Uzbekistan is remarkably close-knit; there are seven Azerbaijani cultural and national centres in the country [32]. The Association of Azerbaijan Cultural Centres was established in 2003; in Tashkent, there are also the Brotherhood Azerbaijan Culture Centre and the Azerbaijan House, where a museum named after Heydar Aliyev is open to public [7].
There are about 54,000 Azerbaijanis in Turkmenistan [33]. They are concentrated mainly in Turkmenba§y, Balkanabat and Ashgabat, where there are entire Azerbaijani districts. With the collapse of the USSR, Azerbaijani-Turkmen relations soured, and coupled with the difficult economic situation this led to a mass outflow of Azerbaijanis from the country. The situation was further worsened by the policy of Turkmenization, due to which many Azerbaijanis and representatives of other ethnic minorities were dismissed from their jobs. We should also mention the assassination attempt on the President of Turkmenistan in November 2002, which was blamed on Azerbaijani citizens. After the incident, Azerbaijanis we deported from the country en masse [34]. Over time, relations between the two countries improved [35], and holding Azerbaijani cultural events is now allowed in Turkmenistan [36].
After the start of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, almost all Azerbaijanis (85 thousand as of 1989) left the territory of Armenia. As of 2001, only 29 Azerbaijanis were registered in the country [37], now their number may be as high as several hundred [38]. They live mainly in rural areas in mixed families; most have changed their names to avoid discrimination [39].
One of the largest Azerbaijani diasporas is located in Ukraine. According to the 2001 Census, 42,2 thousand Azerbaijanis were registered in the country; according to other estimates, their number may reach 280 thousand. [8] They are scattered throughout various regions, concentrating in large cities. Since 1999, the Ukrainian Congress of Azerbaijan has been operating in the country, which protects the rights of Azerbaijanis and works to preserve national and cultural traditions. There are
branches of the Congress in many regions; the "Voice of Azerbaijan" newspaper is being published in Kyiv [7].
The Azerbaijani diaspora in China is about 30 thousand people. Close trade and economic relations between China and Azerbaijan, as well as the importance of the latter for the Belt and Road Initiative, contribute to the growth of the Azerbaijani diaspora. We should also mention the high mutual interest between the two countries [40], not only economic, but also cultural. In addition, student exchange programs are encouraging migration.
There are about 80,000 Azerbaijani Jews living in Israel. Most of them emigrated here from Azerbaijan and Dagestan in the 1990s. [41] Friendly and economic ties (especially in the oil sector) between Azerbaijan and Israel have a positive effect on the dynamics of repatriation to Israel. There are large Azerbaijani communities in Tel Aviv and the suburbs of Haifa; there are also the Israel-Azerbaijan International Association (Aziz) [42] and the Azerbaijan House, which organizes national events and protests against Armenian aggression [43].
Conclusion
In conclusion, it should be noted once again that only one fifth of Azerbaijanis live in Azerbaijan, while around 40 million ethnic Azerbaijanis live outside of it. The largest diaspora is in Iran, reaching 30-32 million. However, statistical data for Iran and most other countries vary greatly, so it is impossible to accurately estimate the number of Azerbaijanis settled around the world.
There are a large number of regional and international diaspora organizations operating worldwide, some of which have great influence in the countries where they are located. The organizations provide financial, legal and social assistance to migrants; preserve national culture, traditions and community in a foreign country; promote Azerbaijani culture and Azerbaijan's
interests abroad; strengthen the position of members of diaspora in state structures; hold national holidays, events, festivals, etc. Many Azerbaijani cultural centres, associations and public organizations in different cities and even countries are united in alliances, federations or committees for better management. Congresses and conventions of diaspora organizations are held in different countries, where delegates exchange experiences and discuss the problems of Azerbaijanis around the world.
Thus, Azerbaijanis are never alienated from their historical homeland regardless of their place of residence, remaining a close-knit community even abroad.
References
1. Ethnic composition of Georgia 2014 // URL: http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ georgia-ethnic-loc2014.htm (date of access: 22.03.2024).
2. Ethnic Groups by Major Administrative-Territorial Units / / URL: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/ Georgia_Census_ 2002-_Ethnic_group_by_major_administrative-territorial_units. pdf (date of access: 22.03.2024).
3. Volkova N.G. Azerbaijanis of Georgia (Based on Field Research Materials from 1973-1976) // Field Research of the Institute of Ethnography, 1976. -Moscow, 1978. - P. 109. (In Russian).
4. Armianskoe i azerbaidzhanskoe menshinstva Gruzii [Armenian and Azerbaijani Minorities in Georgia] // URL: https://www.crisisgroup.org/ru/ europe-central-asia/caucasus/georgia/georgia-s-armenian-and-azeri-minorities [in Russian] (date of access: 22.03.2024).
5. Kongress azerbaidzhantsev Gruzii planiruet sozvat chrezvychainyi sieezd [Congress of Azerbaijanis of Georgia Plans to Convene an Emergency Congress]. // URL: https://www.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1767397.html (In Russian) (date of access: 22.03.2024).
6. Baskakov N.A. Introduction to the study of Turkic languages. - 1969. -P. 266.
7. Diaspora organizations in abroad // URL: https://www.azerbaijans.com/ content_495_en.html (In Russian) (date of access: 18.03.2024).
8. Gde prozhivaiut 50 mln azerbaidzhantsev [Where 50 Million Azerbaijanis Live] // URL: https://az.sputniknews.ru/20151230/403219542.html (In Russian) (date of access: 13.03.2024).
9. Number of Azerbaijanis living in Germany announced / / URL: https://multikultural.az/en/azerbaycanciliq/358/number-of-azerbaijanis-living-in-germany-announced/ (date of access: 08.03.2024).
10. Gslsn ilin sonuna qsdsr dunyada ya§ayan azsrbaycanlilarin sayi vs msskunla§ma cografiyasina dair xsrits hazirlanacaq / / URL: https://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/1034370.html (In Azerbaijani) (date of access: 08.03.2024).
11. The activities of Diaspora. // URL: https://www.azerbaijans.com/content_ 494_en.html (date of access: 18.03.2024).
12. Emin Milli pokidaet Meydan.TV [Emin Milli Leaves Meydan.TV] // URL: https://turan.az/ru/politika/emin-milli-pokidaet-meydantv (In Russian) (date of access: 08.03.2024).
13. Vo Frankfurte proshla vstrecha s glavami azerbaidzhanskikh diasporskikh organizatsii Germanii [A Meeting with the Heads of Azerbaijani Diaspora Organizations in Germany was Held in Frankfurt] / / URL: https://fnkaa.ru/BO-c^paHKc^ypTe-npomna-BCTpe^a-c-rnaBaM/ (In Russian) (date of access: 17.03.2024).
14. Azerbaidzhantsy vo Frantsii 1920 gody [Azerbaijanis in France 1920s] // URL: https://great.az/azerbaycan/10578-azerbajdzhancy-vo-francii-1920-gody.html (In Russian) (date of access: 11.03.2024).
15. Emmaniuel Makron nagradil azerbaidzhanskuiu pianistku ordenom Pochetnogo legiona [Emmanuel Macron Awards Azerbaijani Pianist the Knight of the Legion of Honour] // URL: https://1news.az/news/ 20220714055211746-Emmanyuel-Makron-nagradil-azerbaidzhanskuyu-pianistku-ordenom-Pochetnogo-legiona (In Russian) (date of access: 17.03.2024).
16. Conde Nast launches new magazine about Azerbaijan / / URL: https://azertag.az/en/xeber/conde_nast_launches_new_magazine_about_ azerbaijan-284630 (date of access: 17.03.2024).
17. First VP Mehriban Aliyeva presents Sami Yusuf honorary diploma // URL: https://www.azernews.az/culture/156735.html (date of access: 18.03.2024).
18. Azerbaidzhanki Dzhessika i Dzhennifer - budushchie superzvezdy i glavnye nadezhdy Velikobritanii [Azerbaijanis Jessica and Jennifer are the UK's Future Superstars and Best Hopes] // URL: https://haqqin.az/ news/207909 (In Russian) (date of access: 18.03.2024).
19. Diplomat na sviazi: Posol Elin Suleimanov o vydaiushchikhsia azerbaidzhantsakh Britanii i SSHA i roli diaspory [Diplomat on the line: Ambassador Elin Suleymanov on Prominent Azerbaijanis in Britain and the U.S. and the Role of the Diaspora] // URL: https://1news.az/news/ 20221114010919297-Diplomat-na-svyazi-Posol-Elin-Suleimanov-o-vydayushcikhsya-
azerbaidzhantsakh-Britanii-i-SSHA-i-roIi-diaspory (In Russian) (date of access: 18.03.2024).
20. Predstaviteli azerbaidzhanskoi diaspory v Velikobritanii proveli piket v Londone [Representatives of the Azerbaijani Diaspora in the UK Hold a Picket in London] // URL: https://vestikavkaza.ru/news/predstaviteIi-azerbajdzanskoj-diaspory-v-velikobritanii-proveli-piket-v-Iondone. html (In Russian) (date of access: 18.03.2024)
21. V Londone proshIa mirnaia aktsiia azerbaidzhantsev v sviazi s poslednimi provokatsiiami Armenii [A Peaceful Protest by Azerbaijanis Was Held in London in Connection with the Latest Provocations by Armenia] // URL: https://www.trend.az/azerbaijan/poIitics/3276407.htmI (In Russian) (date of access: 18.03.2024).
22. U.S. Azerbaijanis Network // URL: https://usazeris.org/who-we-are/ (date of access: 24.03.2024).
23. GunAz.TV // URL: https://gunaz.tv/en/static/about (date of access: 24.03.2024).
24. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and ReIated Programs Appropriations for 2003: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, Part 4. - U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002. -P. 474, 477.
25. Census ProfiIe, 2021 Census of PopuIation / / URL: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/ census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/detaiIs/ page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERIist=1&STATISTICIist=1,4&DGUIDIist=2021A 000011124&HEADERIist=31&SearchText=Canada (date of access: 20.03.2024).
26. Azerbaijani diaspora in Canada shouId do much to resist Armenians // URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20131002100648/http://www.news.az/articIes/ 18085 (date of access: 20.03.2024).
27. Network of Azerbaijani Canadians // URL: https://azcanet.ca/#/we-are-nac (date of access: 20.03.2024).
28. Azerbaijani community hoIds picket in Canada against Armenia's recent provocations // URL: https://news.az/news/azerbaijani-community-hoIds-picket-incanada-against-armenias-recent-provocations (date of access: 20.03.2024).
29. Azerbaidzhanskaia diaspora Kazakhstana [Azerbaijani Diaspora in Kazakhstan] // URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182836/ http://www.ia-centr.ru/archive/pubIic_detaiIs8e00.htmI?id=1094 (In Russian) (date of access: 23.03.2024).
30. ChisIennost postoiannogo naseIeniia po natsionaInostiam [Number of Resident PopuIation by NationaIity] // URL: https://www.stat.kg/
media/files/9cd9d7ee-78f0-413e-885d-80f914049ebf.pdf (In Russian) (date of access: 23.03.2024).
31. Demograficheskie tendentsii, formirovanie natsii i mezhetnicheskie otnosheniia v Kirgizii [Demographic Trends, Nation Formation and Interethnic Relations in Kyrgyzstan] // URL: https://www.demoscope.ru/ weekly/2005/0197/analit04.php (In Russian) (date of access: 23.03.2024).
32. V solnechnom Uzbekistane - 20 let spustia: azerbaidzhantsy iz 16 veka, iziuminki Tashkenta, pervoe posolstvo [In Sunny Uzbekistan - 20 Years Later: Azerbaijanis from the 16th century, Highlights of Tashkent, the First Embassy] // URL: https://www.trend.az/life/travel/1869124.html (In Russian) (date of access: 23.03.2024).
33. Azeri in Turkmenistan // URL: https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/ 10528/TX (date of access: 23.03.2024).
34. R. Nazarov: National Diasporas in Turkmenistan. Part 3. Azerbaijanis. / / URL: https://centrasia.org/newsA.php?st=1201781640 (In Russian) (date of access: 23.03.2024).
35. Turkmenistan i Azerbaidzhan privetstvuiut uspeshnoe razvitie strategicheskikh sviazei [Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan Welcome Successful Development of Strategic Ties] // URL: https://www.newscentralasia.net/ 2023/10/31/turkmenistan-i-azerbaydzhan-privetstvuyut-uspeshnoye-razvitiye-strategicheskikh-svyazey/ [In Russian] (date of access: 23.03.2024).
36. Azerbaidzhanskaia kultura v Turkmenistane: kulinarnye i muzykalnye izyski [Azerbaijani Culture in Turkmenistan: Culinary and Musical Delights] / / URL: https://www.newscentralasia.net/2023/12/31/azerbaydzhanskaya-kultura-v-turkmenistane-kulinarnyye-i-muzykalnyye-izyski/ (In Russian) (date of access: 23.03.2024).
37. Uqqmjfib ijingnwümubnLpjnLbbbn. mqqmjfib ^бшЪ^шр / / URL: https://archive.168.am/articles/10810 (In Armenian) (date of access: 23.03.2024).
38. Second Report Submitted by Armenia Pursuant to Article 25, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities // URL: https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1052022/432_1163080631_pdf-2nd-sr-armenia.pdf (date of access: 23.03.2024).
39. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2003: Armenia // URL: https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27823.htm (date of access: 23.03.2024).
40. Azerbaidzhan-Kitai: chem obuslovlen vzaimnyi interes [Azerbaijan-China: What is the Reason for Mutual Interest] // URL: https://vestikavkaza.ru/ articles/azerbajdzan-kitaj-cem-obuslovlen-vzaimnyj-interes.html (In Russian) (date of access: 25.03.2024).
41. Vektory sovremennoi politiki Azerbaidzhana na Blizhnem i Dalnem Vostoke [Vectors of Azerbaijan's Modern Policy in the Middle and Far East] // URL: https://idmedina.ru/books/islamic/71277 (In Russian) (date of access: 23.03.2024).
42. Azerbaidzhanskaia diaspora v Izraile obratilas k mezhdunarodnym organizatsiiam [Azerbaijani Diaspora in Israel Appeals to International Organizations] // URL: https://caliber.az/post/140908/ (In Russian) (date of access: 24.03.2024).
43. V Izraile proshel marsh i miting v podderzhku Azerbaidzhana i azerbaidzhanskogo soldata [A March and Rally in Support of Azerbaijan and an Azerbaijani Soldier Took Place in Israel] / / URL: https://vzglyad.az/news/171374/B-H3paHne-npomen-Mapm-H-MHTHHr-B-nogn;ep«Ky-A3ep6aHg«aHa-H-a3ep6aHg«aHCKoro-congaTa-®OTO.html (In Russian) (date of access: 24.03.2024).
Received: 13.09.20024. Accepted for publication: 12.10.2024.