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Актуальные проблемы авиации и космонавтики - 2016. Том 2
УДК 504.062.4
АВИАЦИОННЫЕ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ
В. А. Миягашева, А. И. Судаков Научный руководитель - П. Р. Чирков Руководитель по иностранному языку - А. Н. Ефимова
Сибирский государственный аэрокосмический университет имени академика М. Ф. Решетнева
Российская Федерация, 660037, г. Красноярск, просп. им. газ. «Красноярский рабочий», 31
Е-mail: vica6521@mail.ru
Авиационные двигатели производят выбросы, которые похожи на другие выбросы в результате сжигания ископаемого топлива. Тем не менее, выбросы самолетов являются необычными в том, что значительная часть происходит на высоте. Эти выбросы приводят к серьёзным экологическим проблемам в отношении их глобального воздействия их влияния на качество воздуха на уровне земли. Авиационные шумы тоже всегда были загрязняющим фактором, так как шумовое загрязнение значительно ухудшает условия жизни людей.
Ключевые слова: загрязняющие выбросы, авиационный шум, авиационные загрязнения, фактор, окружающая среда, улучшение.
AVIATION POLLUTION
V. A. Miyagasheva, A. I. Sudakov Scientific Supervisor - P. R.Chirkov Foreign Language Supervisor - A. N. Efimova
Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation Е-mail: vica6521@mail.ru
Aircraft engines produce emissions that are similar to other emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion. But aircraft emissions are specific, because a significant proportion is emitted at altitude. These emissions give rise to important environmental concerns regarding their global impact and their effect on local air quality at ground level. Aircraft noise has always been a pollutant factor too, as noise pollution is a very strong factor changing people's life to the worse.
Keywords: pollutant emissions, aircraft noise, aviation pollution, factor, environment, improvement measures.
Airplanes carry hundreds of thousands of pounds of people, baggage daily, and cover thousands of miles at high speeds by consuming huge amounts of fossil fuels. Airport operations are an important factor in our economy, facilitating import, export and business procedures. However, these benefits can just a little outweigh the impact air travel has on the life conditions of growing numbers of people and on the local and global environment. Noise and air pollution - both from aircraft and from airport ground operations - are a problem for those who live, work and study around airports.
Aircraft noise has historically been the principal environmental issue for aviation. Noise disturbance is difficult to evaluate, as sometimes people who suffer from it demonstrate merely emotional reactions. As to the environment, the impact is usually not a lasting one, though pollutant factors tend to accumulate in the territories located close to the airports and the long-lasting polluting effects can be considerable. Still, the noise is the most obvious factor, as it can have significant adverse effects on people living close to an airport, including: interference with communication, sleep disturbance, annoyance responses, learning acquisition, performance effects and cardiovascular and psycho-physiological effects.
Aircraft noise - whether it is the regular rumble of international jets or the buzz of microlights and light aircraft - is always quite strong. The noise from airborne aircraft is related to air speed. Any fast-
Секция «Актуальные на учные проблемы в мире (глазами молодьш исследователей)»
moving components, such as propellers and compressor blades, generate noise, as do the exhaust gases of jets. But demands for air transport safety and environmental friendliness are quite high. All commercial aircraft must meet the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO's) noise certification standards. These apply to aircraft designs and types when they are first approved for operational use, and they have been progressively tightened since the initial standard was adopted in 1971.
Aircraft are also responsible for an increasing proportion of air pollutant emissions, both at local and global level. Aircraft engines generally combust fuel efficiently, and jet exhausts have very low smoke emissions. However, pollutant emissions from aircraft at ground level are increasing with aircraft movements. In addition, a large amount of air pollution around airports is also generated by surface traffic.
The main pollutant of concern around airports is nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO2 is formed by nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from surface traffic, aircraft and airport operations. PM2.5 is also of concern, since particulate emissions from jet exhausts are almost all in this fine fraction. NOx in the lower atmosphere contributes to the production of ozone; ozone in the lower atmosphere is a pollutant, and contributes to global warming. Nitrogen oxides from high-altitude supersonic aircraft are thought to damage the stratospheric ozone layer, the protective layer that filters out harmful radiation from the sun.
ICAO sets international standards for smoke and certain gaseous pollutants for newly-produced large jet engines; it also restricts the venting of raw fuels. The latest standards came into effect in 2013 and apply to engine types certified after this date. Reductions in emissions from aircraft engines have generally been lower in recent years than in other sectors, where technologies such as selective catalytic reduction and exhaust gas recirculation have been employed. There are also increasing numbers of larger aircraft movements, which have disproportionately higher emissions than smaller aircraft.
Airlines have to eliminate or reduce emissions into the air and water from their activities at airports and maintenance bases; they have to implement a wide array of recycling programs to reduce the amount of solid waste they send to landfills and to conserve trees and other natural resources. Also the airlines have to take measures to better minimize releases of fuel into the environment and to cleanup historic fuel contamination. A variety of methods to manage the environmental impacts of aircraft de-icing has also been developed. Concept of aircraft noise management comprises four principal elements and requires careful assessment of all different options to mitigate noise, including: reduction of aircraft noise at source; land-use planning and management measures; noise abatement operational procedures; and, operating restrictions. All these measures taken together can minimize the adverse impact the quickly developing aviation transport has on the quality of life.
References
1. Aviation pollution. Available at: http://www.environmental-protection.org.uk/committees/air-quality/air-pollution-and-transport/aviation-pollution [13.03.2016]
2. Gumennikova A. V., Emel'yanova M. N., Semenkin E. S. i dr. Ob evolutsionnyh algoritmah resheniya slozhnyh zadach optimisatsyi [On the evolutionary algorithms for solving complex optimization problems] // Vestnik SibGAU, 2003, № 4 (10). P. 14-23. (In Russ.)
3. Environmental issues for aviation. Available at: http://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/environmental-issues-aviation [13.03.2016]
4. Airlines and the Environment. Available at: http://www.avjobs.com/history/airlines-and-the-environment.asp [13.03.2016]
© Миягашева В. А., Судаков А. И., 2016
