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Arctic
Environmental
Research
Arctic Environmental Research 19(3): 87-92 UDC 582.475:581.522.4 DOI 10.3897/issn2541-8416.2019.19.3.87
Research Article
3
Assessment of deciduous trees introduction prospect in the taiga zone (Karelia)
IT Kishchenko1
1 Petrozavodsk State University (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation)
Corresponding author: Ivan Kishchenko (ivanki@karelia.ru)
Academic editor: Yuliya V) Bespalaya ♦ Received 20 March 2019 ♦ Accepted 5 August 2019 ♦ Published 15 November 2019
Citation: Kishchenko IT (2019) Assessment of deciduous trees introduction prospect in the taiga zone (Karelia). Arctic Environmental Research 19(3): 87-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/issn2541-8416.2019.19.3.87
Abstract
The article aimed at assessing introduction prospect for 32 species of the genera Acer L., Betula L., Fraxinus L., Padus Mill., Syringa L. and Sorbus L. at the Botanical Gardens of Petrozavodsk State University (Southern Karelia, central taiga subzone). The degree of introduction prospect was assessed with the use of the integral assessment method by P. I. Lapin and S. V. Sidneva. Such indicators as annual maturing of shoots, regular growth of axial shoots, winter hardiness of plants, habit preservation, shoot-forming capability, generative reproduction capability, capability to reproduce in plantation were taken into account. It was found that Acer ginnala, Acer platanoides, Betula platyphylla, Betula ulmifolia, Fraxinus excelsior, Padus virginiana, Padus pensylvanica, Padus maackii, Syringa vulgaris, Syringa pubescens, Syringa emodi, Syringa x henryi, Syringa josikaea, Syringa villosa, Syringa vulgaris var. Congo, Sorbus decora, Sorbus virginianis and Sorbus americana have the highest prospect rates (80-100 points), the other studied species - fairly high prospect rates (56-79 points). All the studied introduced species of deciduous trees can be successfully used in Karelia for gardening and landscaping purposes. Acer platanoides, Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus excelsior, Padus pensylvanica, Padus maackii, Syringa vulgaris и Sorbus decora show the highest degree of introduction prospect (about100 points).
Keywords
Acer, Betula, introduction, Fraxinus, Padus, Sorbus, Syringa, woody plants
Introduction
Most indigenous species of woody plants in the taiga zone of Russia are known to be extremely sensitive to progressive environmental pollution. At the
same time, many species of deciduous trees from other geographical regions are fairly tolerant to pollution of air with gas and smoke and notable for
Copyright Kishchenko IT. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
their longevity (Plotnikova 1983; Vstovskaya 1983; Lapin 1987; Catalog... 2010; Hatch 2018). Besides, many of these species are characterized by much higher productivity than the local ones and quite often capable of naturalization (Lukin 1977; Kalutsky and Bolotov 1983; Mamaev and Makhiev 1996; Bo-tenkov and Popova 1997). According to many scientists (Bazilevskaya 1964; Bradshaw 1995; Mamaev and Makhiev 1996; Isaev et al. 1997; Budantsev et al. 2004; Houtman 2004.), biological diversity of natural and artificial phytocenoses may be increased only due to woody plants introduction. All this suggests that deciduous woody plants introduction and its prospects assessment are required. The latter can be determined only on the basis of comprehensive study of the test plants adaptation in new conditions (Bazilevskaya 1964; Bulygin and Vekshin 2004; Baryshnikova and Arestova 2008; Loskutov 2008a; Loskutov 2008b; Vstovskaya 2012; Belyuchenko 2014; Alekhin and Shestak 2017).
The studies aimed at assessing introduction prospects for deciduous woody plants. There is no record of any earlier studies of this kind in Karelia.
Materials and methods
The studies were carried out at the Botanical Gardens of Petrozavodsk State University located in the central taiga subzone, in the absence of air pollution (61°47’N, 34°20’E). The subjects of the studies were plants of six species of Acer L. (A. negundo L., A. ginnala Maxim., A. platanoides L., A. pseudoplata-nus L., A. semenovii Rgl. et Herd., Acer tataricum L.), 6 species and 1 form of genus Betula L. [B. pu-bescens Ehrh., B. pendula Roth, В. pendula Roht. var. carelica (Merckl.) Hamet-Ahti, В. lutea Michx., B. mandshurica Rgl., B. platyphylla Sukacz., B. ulmi-folia Siebold et Zucc.], 3 species of genus Fraxinus L. (F. excelsior L., F. americana L., F. pennsylvanica Marsh.), species of genus Padus L. [P. avium Mill., P maackii (Rupr.) Kom., P. virginiana (L.) Mill., В pensylvanica (L. f.) Sok.], 5 species, 2 hybrids and 1 cultivar of the genus Siringa L. [S. vulgaris L., S. pubescens subsp. microphylla (Diels) M.S. Chang
& X.L. Chen, S. emodi Wall. ex Royle., S. x henryi Schneid., S. josikaeа Jacq. ex Rheb. f., S. villosa Vahl, S. vulgaris var. Congo Lemoine], 8 species of genus Sorbus L (S. аucuparia L., S. hybrida L., S. decora L., S. sibirica Hedl. L., S. virginiana Mill., S. americana Marsh., S. amurensis Koehne., S. discolor Maxim.) (Cherepanov 1995). Trees were planted at the age of
6-8 years, 15-30 specimen of each. A description of the study subjects is provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of objects
Species and form Place of origin of seedlings, city Age, years old
Acer negundo St. Petersburg 51
A. ginnala St. Petersburg 46
A. platanoides St. Petersburg 61
A. pseudoplatanus St. Petersburg 51
A. semenovii St. Petersburg 46
A. tataricum St. Petersburg 61
Betula pubescens Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) 45
B. pendula Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) 42
В. pendula var. carelica Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) 18
В. lutea Arkhangelsk 18
B. mandshurica St. Petersburg 44
B. platyphylla St. Petersburg 44
B. ulmifolia St. Petersburg 44
Fraxinus excelsior St. Petersburg 54
F. americana St. Petersburg 40
F. pennsylvanica St. Petersburg 40
Padus maackii St. Petersburg 48
P. virginiana St. Petersburg 61
P. pensylvanica St. Petersburg 51
P. avium Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) 50
Syringa vulgaris Kiev 51
S. vulgaris var. Congo Moscow 53
S. pubescens Moscow 53
S. emodi Moscow 53
S. x henryi Moscow 51
S. josikaea Moscow 63
S. villosa Moscow 51
Sorbus aucuparia Petrozavodsk (indigenous species) 50
S. hybrida St. Petersburg 37
S. decora Minsk 21
S. sibirica St. Petersburg 41
S. virginiana St. Petersburg 42
S. americana St. Petersburg 45
S. amurensis St. Petersburg 43
S. discolor Arkhangelsk 41
Prospects of the plants introduction were assessed in points with the use of the methods by P I. Lapin and S.V. Sidneva (Lapin and Sidneva 1973). We took into account indicators such aslignification shoots, winter hardiness, preservation habitus, conducive ability, increase in height, the ability to generative development, opportunity breeding in culture breeding in culture.
Results
Annual maturing of shoots is one of the most important indicators of successful introduction characterizing successful wintering. It is mainly determined by shoot stiffening degree, development of plug, waxy bloom, fuzz and shoot protection degree. Maximum grade is 20 points (Table 2).
The studies demonstrated that the majority of the studied species have maximum annual maturing of shoots or close to it, only Padus virginiana, Sorbus hy-brida, Syringa vulgaris var. Congo, Sorbus sibirica and Sorbus discolor have lower results of 12-15 points.
Winter hardiness of plants is the main indicator of successful woody plants introduction in the temperate zone where winter weather conditions often have a negative impact on the introduced plants. Maximum winter hardiness grade is 25 points. The lowest grade of 5-10 points was recorded for Fraxi-nus аmericana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Syringa vulgaris var. Congo, the middle one of 13-18 points -for Sorbus hybrida, Sorbus sibirica, Sorbus amurensis and Sorbus discolor, all the other studied species were found to have the highest grade or close to it. Similar conclusion regarding Sorbus sibirica was previously drawn by O.V. Vvedenskaya (Vvedenskaya 2011).
Habit preservation characterizes plants capability to maintain to one degree or another the biologically inherent form of growth which is, on the whole, determined by their winter hardiness. The highest grade for habit preservation is 10 points. All species with the exception of Sorbus hybrida and Sorbus sibir-ica (7 points) preserve completely their habit. Similar conclusions regarding the introduced species Acer in the Bashkir Cis-Ural region were previously drawn by N. A. Ryazanova and V.P Putenikhin (Ryazanova
and Putenikhin 2010), in Siberia - I. A. Alekhin and K. V. Shestak (Alekhin and Shestak 2017), regarding Syringa - N. V. Polyakova (Polyakova 2016).
Shoot-forming capability of plants enables them to maintain the form of growth by ensuring its regeneration even after severe crown freezing. Maximum shoot-forming capability grade is 5 points. Lower shoot-forming capability grade (2-3 points) was documented for Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer semenovii, Betula lutea, Fraxinus аmericana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Syringa emodi, Syringa x henryi, Syringa josi-kaea, Syringa villosa and Syringa vulgaris var. Congo. All the other studied species were found to have the highest grade or close to it. In the Orenburg Cis-Ural region the high shoot-forming capability for the same species Syringa as in this study has been previously documented by N. M. Nazarova (Nazarova 2013).
Maximum grade of regular growth of axial shoots (5 points) was documented for all species with the exception of Padus avium, Padus virginiana and Padus maackii (3-4 points). E. A. Arestova (Arestova 2011) previously determined that the species Sorbus having the same names as those in the study had normal development cycle during the vegetation period in the city of Saratov.
Generative reproduction capability of plants is a highly important indicator for introduction assessment, since the selection of the most adapted species grown from the seeds of the local generation ensures successful plant acclimatization. Maximum grade of this capability is 25 points. The lowest generative reproduction capability (5-10 points) is typical of Acer ginnala, Acer negundo, Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer semenovii, Acer ta-taricum, Sorbus hybrida и Sorbus discolor, middle one (15-18 points) - for Betula lutea, Betula mandshurica, Syringa vulgaris var. Congo, Sorbus sibirica and Sorbus americana, the highest one (20-25 points) - for the other species. In the Krasnoyarsk Region T.A. Karaseva (Karaseva 2004) also found generative reproduction capability for the introduced species Acer to be low.
Capability to reproduce in plantation by seeds show a high degree of plants adaptation to natural conditions of a new region and therefore practical relevance. Capability to reproduce in plantation has a maximum grade of 10 points. Acer negundo, Acer pseudoplatanus,
Table 2. Evaluation of the prospects for the introduction of deciduous trees, scores
Species Lignification Winter Preservation Conduciveability Increase The ability Opportunity Overall
shoots hardiness habitus in height to generative development breeding in culture breeding in culture Perspective Assessment
Acer ginnala 20 23 10 5 5 10 10 83
A. negundo 16 21 10 3 5 5 5 65
A. platanoides 20 25 10 5 5 20 10 95
A. pseudoplatanus 17 22 10 3 5 5 5 67
A. semenovii 16 21 10 3 5 5 5 65
A. tataricum 20 23 10 4 5 10 5 77
betula lutea 20 22 10 3 5 15 3 73
B. mandshurica 20 20 10 4 5 15 5 79
B. platyphylla 20 22 10 5 5 20 10 92
B. ulmifolia 20 25 10 5 5 20 10 90
Fraxinus excelsior 20 25 10 5 5 25 10 100
F. americana 20 5 10 3 5 25 10 78
F. pennsylvanica 20 5 10 3 5 25 10 78
Padus avium 18 25 10 5 4 25 10 97
P. virginiana 15 20 7 4 3 25 10 84
P. pensylvanica 19 25 10 5 5 25 10 99
P. maackii 17 25 10 5 4 25 10 96
Syringa vulgaris 20 25 10 5 5 25 10 100
S. pubescens 20 20 10 4 5 20 10 89
S. emodi 20 20 10 3 5 20 10 88
S. x henryi 20 20 10 3 5 20 10 88
S. josikaea 20 20 10 3 5 20 10 88
S. villosa 20 20 10 3 5 20 10 88
S. vulgaris var. congo 15 10 10 2 5 15 10 67
Sorbus hybrida 15 17 10 5 8 8 3 66
S. decora 20 22 10 5 10 20 5 92
S. sibirica 15 18 10 5 7 15 4 74
S. virginianis 18 20 10 5 8 20 5 86
S. americana 20 20 10 5 8 18 4 85
S. amurensis 13 14 10 5 6 10 4 62
S. discolor 12 13 10 5 6 8 4 58
Acer semenovii, Acer tataricum, Betula lutea, Betula mandshurica, Sorbus hybrida, Sorbus decora, Sorbus sibirica, Sorbus virginianis, Sorbus americana, Sorbus amurensis and Sorbus discolorwere found to reproduce poorly in plantation (3-5 points), the other studied species have high grades.
Discussion
The above data was used for a summary assessment of the introduction prospects with the maximum of 100 points. Acer ginnala, Acer platanoides, Betula platyphyl-la, Betula ulmifolia, Fraxinus excelsior, Padus virginiana, Padus pensylvanica, Padus maackii, Syringa vulgaris, Syringa pubescens, Syringa emodi, Syringa x henryi,
Syringa josikaea, Syringa villosa, Sorbus decora, Sorbus virginianis and Sorbus americanawere found to have the highest prospect rates (80-100 points), whereas the other species have fairly high prospect rates (56-79 points). Similar data for the taiga zone was previously recorded by other researchers (Vstovskaya 1983; Plotnikova 1983; Botenkov and Bradshaw 1995; Popova 1997; Houtman 2004; Karaseva 2004; Baryshnikova and Arestova 2008; Polyakova 2016; Alekhin and Shestak 2017; Hatch 2018; http://www.jfschmidt.com/pdfs/JFS_New_2009.pdf).
Conclusion
All 32 studied species of deciduous woody plants introduced at the Botanical Gardens of Petroza-
vodsk State University show a high degree of introduction prospect and can be successfully used in settlements of the taiga zone for gardening and landscaping purposes. Acer platanoides, Betula
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