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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal ofEcology, 2020, 10(2), 332-346, doi: 10.15421/2020_105
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Annotated key to weevils of the world: Part 5 - Subfamily
Entiminae (Curculionidae)
A.A. Legalov1'2
1 Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Frunze Street, 11,
Novosibirsk 630091, Russia Tomsk State University, Lenina Prospekt 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 19.03.2020. Accepted26.04.2020
Taxonomic entities included in the present key are: new tribe Isanirini Legalov, trib. n. (type genus Isaniris J. Thomson, 1858), three new subtribes Deracanthina Legalov, subtrib. n. (type genus Deracanthus Schoenherr, 1823) of the tribe Ophryastini, Rhigiina Legalov, subtrib. n. (type genus Rhigus Schoenherr, 1823) of the tribe Entimini and Mesagroicina Legalov, subtrib. n. (type genus Mesagroicus Schoenherr, 1840) of the tribe Naupactini. The systematic position of Gonipterina Lacordaire, 1863, placem. n., Auchmeresthinae Reitter, 1913, placem. n., Omilei Horn, 1876, placem. n., Brachycamacina Poinar, Legalov et Brown, 2013, placem. n., Trigonoscutae LeConte, 1874, placem. n. and Calyptilli Horn, 1876, placem. n. are changed. Changes of status for Strangaliodidina Lacordaire, 1863, stat. n., Phyxeliina Horn, 1876, stat. n., Byrsopagina Lacordaire, 1863, stat. n., Canonopsina Dreux et Voisin, 1989, stat. n., Metacinopini Reitter, 1913, stat. n., Simoina Pierce, 1913, stat. n., Pseudocneorrhinina Kono, 1930, stat. n., Gonipterina Lacordaire, 1863, stat. n., Pandeleteina Pierce, 1913, stat.n. are made. Statuses of Eurylobiini Jekel, 1856, stat. res., Cepurina Capiomont, 1867, stat. res., Coniatina Legalov, 2007, stat. res., Phaeopholina Legalov, 2011, stat. res., Macrotarrhusina Legalov, 2007, stat. res., Scythropini Lacordaire, 1863, stat. res., Platyomina Champion, 1911, stat. res., Evotini LeConte, 1874, stat. res. are recovered. New synonyms, Parahypera Brancsik, 1914, syn. n. to Fronto Petri, 1901 and Parahypera ussurica Brancsik, 1914, syn. n. to Fronto capiomonti (Faust, 1882), Trichalophus rubripes Zherikhin et Nazarov, 1990, syn. n. to T. albonotatus (Motschulsky, 1860), T. korotyaevi Zherikhin et Nazarov, 1990, syn. n. to T biguttatus (Gebler, 1832), Otiorhynchus kasachstanicus Arnoldi, 1964, syn. n. to O. ursus Gebler, 1844; O.karkaralensis Bajtenov, 1974, syn. n. and O. relicinus Arnoldi, 1975, syn. n. to O. attaicus Strierlin, 1861 are established. A key to the tribes and subtribes of Entiminae is provided. Systematic list of tribes and subtribes of Entiminae are given.
Keywords: Insecta; Coleoptera; Curculionoidea; Curculionidae; Entiminae; New taxa; New rankings; Checklist; Key
Introduction
In the five part (first, second, third and fourthsee in Legalov, 2018a, 2018c, 2018d, 2020b), a key to the tribes and subtribes of the subfamily Entiminae, descriptions of new taxa and lists of tribes and subtribes are given.
Materials and Methods
The Curculionoidea species used for this study are deposited in the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (Belgium: Brussels), Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals (Russia: Novosibirsk), Museum für Tierkunde, Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden (Germany: Dresden), Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia: St. Petersburg), Zoological Museum of Moscow State University (Russia: Moscow), etc. General publications are given after the subfamily.
Results and Discussion
Subfamily Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823
Lacordaire, 1863; Capiomont, 1867, 1868; Scudder, 1893; Petri, 1901; Champion, 1906-1909; Bovie, 1908; Reitter, 1912, 1913a, 1913b, 1914; Pierce, 1913; Marshall, 1916, 1942, 1944a, 1944b, 1956; Sharp, 1919; Heller, 1925; Hustache, 1925, 1947; Schenkung, Marshall, 1929, 1931a, 1931b; Csiki, 1934; Klima, 1935, 1936; Dalla Torre et al., 1936, 1937; Emden, 1936, 1944; Kuschel, 1949, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958, 1992, 1995; Hoffmann, 1950; Voss, 1953, 1954, 1958; Zaslavskij, 1958; Arnoldi, 1960; Morimoto, 1962; Kissinger, 1964; Bajtenov, 1974; Dieckmann, 1980; Pesarini, 1981; O'Brien, Wibmer, 1982; Richard, 1983; Gandhi, Pajni, 1984a, 1984b; Wibmer, O'Brien, 1986; Oberprieler, 1988, 1995, 2010; Dreux, Voisin, 1989; Pajni, 1990; Pelletier, 1991, 1994; Zherikhin, Egorov, 1991; Thompson, 1992; Zherikhin, 1992; Morimoto, Kojima, 1994; Kuschel, Chown, 1995; Marvaldi, 1997; Morrone, 1998, 1999, 2002; Alonso-Zarazaga, Lyal, 1999; Gaiger, 2001; Morimoto, Kojima, 2001;
Figures 1-16. Entiminae: 1 - Thecesternus affinis (LeConte, 1857), mandibles; 2 - Lepidophorus lineaticollis Kirby, 1833, mandibles; 3 - Leptopius tribulus (Fabricius, 1775), mouthparts; 4 - Sysciophthalmus bruchi Heller, 1906, rostrum and head, dorsally; 5 - Parhaptomerus schneideri (Kirsch, 1878), rostrum and head, laterally; 6 - Tanyrhynchus sp., apex of rostrum, dorsally; 7 - Lordops gyllenhali (Dalman, 1823), rostrum and head, dorsally; 8 - Ophryastesnivosus (Fall, 1910), rostrum and head, dorsally; 9 - Deracanthus sp., rostrum and head, dorsally; 10 - Deracanthus sp., apex of tibia and tarsus; 11 - Prypnus sp., rostrum and head, laterally; 12 - Entimus imperialis (Forster, 1771), rostrum and head, dorsally; 13 - Rhytideres plicatus (Olivier, 1790), metaventrite; 14 - Rhigus dejeanii Gyllenhal 1833, metaventrite; 15 - Rh. dejeanii, rostrum and head, dorsally; 16 - Cydianerus latruncularius (Perty, 1832), rostrum and head, dorsally.
Anderson, Howden, 2002; Borovec, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015; Marvaldi, Lanteri, 2005; Vanin, Gaiger, 2005; Morimoto et al., 2006; Velazquez de Castro et al., 2007; Colonnelli, 2009; Legalov, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018b, 2020a; Machado, 2010; Yunakov, Kirejtshuk, 2011; Franz, 2012; Giron, Franz, 2013; Poinar et al., 2013, 2017; Marvaldi et al.,
2014; Oberprieler et al., 2014; Grebennikov, 2015, 2016; Legalov, Bukejs, 2015; Lanteri, Del Rio, 2016; Alonso-Zarazaga et al., 2017; Legalov et al., 2017, 2019; Machado et al., 2017; Poinar, Legalov, 2017; Bukejs, Legalov, 2019; etc.
Key to tribes and subtribes of Entiminae
1. Eyes absent. Body small (0.8-2.4 mm)......................................................................................................................Typhlorhinini
—Eyes distinct. Body usually larger................................................................................................................................................2
2.Pronotum with postocular lobes (Figures 11 and 29)....................................................................................................................3
—Pronotum without postocular lobes (Figures 26 and 27).............................................................................................................26
3.Tibiae with apical spurs..............................................................................................................................................................4
—Tibiae lacking apical spurs..........................................................................................................................................................5
4.Mandibles with scar of deciduous process. Rostrum longer than wide. Prosternum simple.............................................Cylydrorhinini
—Mandibles without scar of deciduous process (Figure 1). Rostrum shorter than wide. Prosternum with rostral channel. ...Thecesternini
5.Mandibles prognathous (Figure 2), without scar of deciduous process or a very small scar.........................Byrsopagina (Tropiphorini)
—Mandibles not prognathous, with scar of deciduous process (Figure 3)..........................................................................................6
6.Antennal scrobes dorsally in first half and laterally in second half of rostrum (Figures 4, 30 and 32)................................................7
—Antennal scrobes laterally (Figures. 7- 9, 12, 15 and 16)............................................................................................................13
7.Rostrum long, strongly compressed laterally. Eyes flat, located closer to upper side of head (Figure 5).....................Myorhinini (part)
—Rostrum short, if long than of a different shape and eyes widely separated...................................................................................8
8. Rostrum no narrower than head (Figure 30). Head without bare line under eyes reaching underside of head.
................................................................................................................................................................Cyphicerina (Cyphicerini)
—Rostrum much narrower than head (Figure 32)...........................................................................................................................9
9. Forehead much wider than rostrum. Rostrum sides narrowed from base to apical quarter. Head without bare line under eyes.
.................................................................................................................................................................................Premnotrypini
—Forehead is approximately equal to or slightly wider than rostrum. Rostrum sides subparallel.......................................................10
10.Rostrum without pterygia (Figure 6). Antennal scrobes almost reaching eyes.............................................................Tanyrhynchini
—Rostrum with distinct pterygia. Antennal scrobes definitely not reaching eyes..............................................................................11
11.Mandibles with more than three long setae. Head without bare line under eyes..........................................Phyxeliina (Tropiphorini)
—Mandibles with three long setae. Head with bare line under eyes reaching underside of head.......................................................12
12.Humeri convex..................................................................................................................................Phytoscaphina (Cyphicerini)
—Humeri rounded............................................................................................................................Acanthotrachelina (Cyphicerini)
13.Eyes covered dorsally by conspicuous frontal tubercles (Figure 4).......................................................................Anomophthalmini
—Eyes simple............................................................................................................................................................................14
14.Procoxal cavities separated.....................................................................................................................................Leptostethini
—Procoxal cavities contiguous....................................................................................................................................................15
15.Tarsi without pulvilli (Figure 10). Tibial apex with spines (Figure 10)......................................................Deracanthina (Ophryastini)
—Tarsi with pulvilli. Tibial apex without spines..............................................................................................................................16
16.Rostrum short, at most slightly longer than wide......................................................................................................................17
—Rostrum longer, distinctly longer than wide...............................................................................................................................18
17. Mandibles with three long setae, bare. Humeri rounded. Maxillae covered laterally by prementum.
...............................................................................................................................................Pseudocneorrhinina (Trachyphloeini)
—Mandibles with more than three long setae, partially covered with scales. Humeri more or less convex. Maxillae exposed..................
...................................................................................................................................................................................Eudiagogini
18.Prosternum with rostral channel..................................................................................................................................Eurylobiini
—Prosternum without rostral channel..........................................................................................................................................19
19.Rostrum subparallel or slightly extended to apex (Figure 7). Body usually narrow and elongated.......................................Lordopini
—Rostrum distinctly extended to apex (Figure 8). Body usually more or less wide...........................................................................20
20. Antennomeres 1-9 covered with round overlapping scales (Figure 8). Pronotum sometimes tuberculate laterally.
...............................................................................................................................................................Ophryastina (Ophryastini)
—Antennomeres 1-9 lacking round overlapping scales, sometimes scape with scales. Pronotum never tuberculate laterally................21
21.Front margin of pronotum lacking vibrissae. Postocular lobes weak..................................................................................Eupholini
—Front margin of pronotum with vibrissae. Postocular lobes strong or weak...................................................................................22
22.Postocular lobes weak (Figure 11)...................................................................................................................................Prypnini
—Postocular lobes strong............................................................................................................................................................23
23. Metaventrite conspicuous (Figure 13). Elytra oval, subparallel or round-oval. Maxillae usually exposed at sides of prementum.
(Tropiphorini, part).....................................................................................................................................................................24
—Metaventrite tumid (Figure 14). Elytra usually back, trapezoid with widest width in humeri, if almost subparallel than claws fused
at base. Maxillae covered by prementum. (Entimini).....................................................................................................................25
24.Claws fused at base.................................................................................................................................................Tropiphorina
—Claws free............................................................................................................................................................Strangaliodidina
25. Rostrum greatly expanded to apex and narrowed to forehead, triangular (Figure 15), or back of rostrum with two grooves merging
in front of forehead and forming angle (Figure 16). Claws fused at base.................................................................................Rhigiina
—Back of rostrum subparallel, without grooves merging in front of forehead (Figure 12). Claws free.......................................Entimina
26. Antennal scrobes located dorsally in first half and laterally in second half of rostrum (Figures 17 and 31), usually significantly not
reaching eyes.............................................................................................................................................................................27
—Antennal scrobes lateral (Figures 18-24 and 40), reaching eyes or directed under eyes.................................................................59
27.Mandibles without scar of deciduous process, small..................................................................................................................28
—Mandibles with scar of deciduous process, massive, with three or more setae, not covered by clypeus..........................................30
Figures 17-28. Entiminae: 17 - Episomus sp., rostrum and head, dorsally; 18 - Geonemus flabellipes (Olivier, 1807), rostrum and head, dorsally; 19 - Barynotus obscurus (Fabricius, 1775), rostrum and head, dorsally; 20 - Lachnopus vittatus (Klug, 1829), rostrum and head, dorsally; 21 - Platyomus cultr'icollis Germar, 1824, rostrum and head, dorsally; 22 - Mesagroicus obscurus Boheman, 1840, rostrum and head, dorsally; 23 - Naupactus xantographus (Germar, 1823), rostrum and head, dorsally; 24 -Diaprepes fameiicus (Olivier, 1790), rostrum and head, dorsally; 25 - Pachyrhynchus orbifer Waterhouse, 1841, mandibles; 26 -Polycatus eupholoides Heller, 1916, rostrum and head, laterally; 27 - Pachyrhynchus orbifer, rostrum and head, laterally; 28 -Polycatus eupholoides, metatibial corbels.
28.Rostrum long. Mandibles, large, not covered by clypeus (Figure 6)..................................................................Tanyrhynchini (part)
—Rostrum short, flattened. Mandibles small, covered by clypeus (Figure 31). (Ectemnorhinini)........................................................29
29.Elytra rounded apically. Pyidium exposed. Tarsomere 3 wide.................................................................................Ectemnorhinina
—Elytra pointed apically. Pyidium covered by elytra. Tarsomere 3 narrow.......................................................................Canonopsina
30. Rostrum long, strongly compressed laterally, hump-shaped at antennal attachment (Figure 5). Eyes flat, located closer to upper
side of head...................................................................................................................................................................Myorhinini
—Rostrum short, if long than different shape and eyes widely separated.......................................................................................31
31.Mandibles with three long setae..............................................................................................................................................32
—Mandibles with more than three long setae...............................................................................................................................41
32.Metatibial corbels closed.........................................................................................................................................................33
—Metatibial corbels open............................................................................................................................................................34
33.Claws fused at base....................................................................................................................................................Embrithini
—Claws free.....................................................................................................................................................................Oosomini
34.Claws fused at base...............................................................................................................................................................35
—Claws free..............................................................................................................................................................................37
35. Maxillae exposed at sides of prementum. Metacoxae more or less narrowly separated, metacoxal cavity wider than abdominal process........................................................................................................................................................................Metacinopini
—Maxillae covered laterally by prementum. Metacoxae widely separated, metacoxal cavity narrower than abdominal process............36
36. Metafemora attached further from inner corner of coxa (Fig. 33)..................................................................Peritelina (Peritelini)
—Metafemora attached near the inner corner of coxa (Figure 34)............................................................................................Omiini
37. Body covered with hairs. Scales absent..............................................................................................Mylacorrhinina (Cyphicerini)
—Body covered with thick scales.................................................................................................................................................38
38. Antennal scrobes directed to eye.................................................................................................Trachyphloeina (Trachyphloeini)
—Antennal scrobes directed under eye..........................................................................................................................................39
39. Metacoxae more or less narrowly separated; procoxal cavity wider than abdominal process.......................Myllocerina (Cyphicerini)
—Metacoxae widely separated, procoxal cavity narrower or equal to abdominal process..................................................................40
40. Back of rostrum and forehead in same plane...................................................................................................Simoina (Peritelini)
—Back of rostrum and forehead in different planes...............................................................................Trachyphilina (Trachyphloeini)
41. Metatibial corbels closed (Figure 28).......................................................................................................................................42
—Metatibial corbels open............................................................................................................................................................51
42. Claws fused at base...............................................................................................................................................................43
—Claws free...............................................................................................................................................................................44
43. Rostrum carinate in middle. Humericonvex. Antennomere 8 simple. Epistoma small...........................................................Isanirini
—Rostrum sulcate in middle. Humeri rounded. Antennomere 8 elongate.. Epistoma large......................................................Episomini
44. Tarsomere 3 not wider than tarsomere 2...............................................................................................................Nothognathini
—Tarsomere 3 distinctly wider than tarsomere 2...........................................................................................................................45
45. Rostrum usually narrowed to apex, with middle longitudinal groove or impression (Figure 21).....................Platyomina (Naupactini)
—Rostrum widened to apex, usually with middle longitudinal carina, without middle longitudinal groove...........................................46
46. Procoxal cavities usually separated. Mesepimeron reduced. (Celeuthetini)................................................................................47
—Procoxal cavities contiguous. Mesepimeron strongly convex........................................................................................................48
47. Rostrum separated from forehead by transverse sulcus...............................................................................................Isopterina
—Rostrum not separated from forehead by transverse sulcus..........................................................................................Celeuthetina
48. Vertex and forehead located in different planes (Figure 26). Humeri rounded.................................................................Polycatini
—Vertex located in same plane with forehead...............................................................................................................................49
49. Maxillae exposed. Rostrum twice as long as head, sharply narrowed after antennal insertion................................................Evotini
—Maxillae covered by large prementum. Rostrum shorter, other shaped.........................................................................................50
50. Abdominal process wider than width of metacoxa. Humeri rounded. Body flattened.........................................................Elytrurini
—Abdominal process distinctly narrower than width of metacoxa. Humeri convex. Body convex......................................Eustylini (part)
51. Claws fused at base..............................................................................................................................................................52
—Claws free...............................................................................................................................................................................55
52. Rostrum separated from forehead by transverse sulcus. Maxillae covered laterally by prementum................................Holcorhinini
—Rostrum not separated from forehead by transverse sulcus. Maxillae exposed at sides of prementum............................................53
53. Antennal scape not reaching pronotum. Rostrum 1.5-2.0 times as long as width in middle. Beetles large, covered with rather
thick scales..........................................................................................................................................................................Nastini
—Antennal scape extends beyond base of pronotum. Rostrum approximately equal to width in middle, rarely slightly narrower or wider (maximum 1.3 times as long as width in middle). Beetles usually small..........................................................................................54
54. Suture between 1st and 2nd ventrites almost straight or slightly curved. Metepisternum wider. Humeri usually convex.....Phyllobiini
—Suture between 1st and 2nd ventrites distinctly extended to metaventrite. Metepisternum very narrow. Humeri smoothed. ...................................................................................................................................................................................Laparocerini
55. Mandibles always with deciduous process. Club single-segmented, if three-segmented then 1st segment larger than other club
segments combined. Scape flattened...............................................................................................................................Mesostylini
—Mandibles usually without deciduous process. Club three-segmented, if 1st segment larger than other club segments combined then scape not flattened.............................................................................................................................................................56
56. Flagellum 6-segmented...............................................................................................................................................Agraphini
—Flagellum 7-segmented............................................................................................................................................................57
57. Antennal scape short, not reaching pronotum..............................................................................................................Hormorini
—Antennal scape long, extending beyond front margin of pronotum..............................................................................................58
58Maxillae exposed. Body flattened. Elytra usually with keel around edges.....................................................................Rhyncogonini
—Maxillae covered by large prementum. Body usually convex. Elytra without keel around edges......................................Otiorhynchini
59. Mandibles without scar of deciduous process (Figure 25).........................................................................................................60
—Mandibles with scar of deciduous process..................................................................................................................................68
60. Mandibles with scales....................................................................................................................................................Sitonini
—Mandibles lacking scales...........................................................................................................................................................61
61. Maxillae covered by large prementum. Procoxal cavities usually separated...............................................................................62
—Maxillae exposed at sides of prementum. Procoxal cavities contiguous. (Hyperini)........................................................................63
62. Antennal scrobes downward almost at right angles with longitudinal axis of rostrum. Apical part of rostrum usually separated by
transverse groove dorsally.................................................................................................................................................Ottistirini
—Antennal scrobes directed obliquely with longitudinal axis of rostrum (Figure 27). Apical part of rostrum usually not separated by transverse groove dorsally........................................................................................................................................Pachyrhynchini
63. Mesepimeron widely trapezoidal (Figure 37). Metepisternum wide, expanded upward and downward. Prementum large.............64
—Mesepimeron narrowly triangular (Figure 36). Metepisternum narrow, usually extended upward. Prementum small........................65
64. Eyes convex, rounded (Figure 40). Metaventrite tumid (Figure 39). Rostrum short........................................................Gonipterina
—Eyes flattened, transversely oval. Metaventrite conspiculus. Rostrum usually long................................................................Cepurina
65. Sclerites of 8th sternite of females wide, separated or contiguous at base (Figure 41). Humeri usually rounded. Aedeagus
symmetrical or asymmetrical....................................................................................................................................Macrotarrhusina
—Sclerites of 8th sternite of females contiguous (Figures 35 and 38). Humeri usually convex. Aedeagus symmetrical........................66
66.Body round. Rostrum long.......................................................................................................................................Phaeopholina
—Body elongated. Rostrum usually short.....................................................................................................................................67
67. Eyes convex, rounded. Sclerites of 8th sternite of females contiguous along entire length (Figure 35). Body covered with thick
green scales.....................................................................................................................................................................Coniatina
—Eyes usually flattened, transversely oval. Sclerites of 8th sternite of females contiguous at base (Figure 38) or at apex and base. Body without thick green scales, if scales present than deeply dissected................................................................................Hyperina
68.Front margin of pronotum with vibrissae. (Tanymecini).............................................................................................................69
—Front margin of pronotum lacking vibrissae, if vibrissae present then eyes partly encroaching on head (Diaprepes Schoenherr, 1823, Eustylini)....................................................................................................................................................................................72
69.Rostrum separated from forehead by transverse sulcus. Claws free.......................................................................Tainophthalmina
—Rostrum not separated from forehead by transverse sulcus........................................................................................................70
70.Claws fused at base....................................................................................................................................................Piazomiina
—Claws free...............................................................................................................................................................................71
71.Procoxal cavities contiguous......................................................................................................................................Tanymecina
—Procoxal cavities separated........................................................................................................................................Pandeleteina
72.Claws free..............................................................................................................................................................................73
—Claws connate at base..............................................................................................................................................................78
73.Apex of rostrum with carina forming posterior edge of large epistoma.........................................................................Anypotactini
—Posterior border of epistoma indistinct without carina, or carinate epistoma small........................................................................74
74.Rostrum with longitudinal sulcus or line reaching vertex (Figures 22 and 23). (Naupactini)..........................................................75
—Rostrum without longitudinal sulcus or line reaching forehead....................................................................................................76
75.Mandibles with scales.................................................................................................................................................Naupactina
—Mandibles without scales...........................................................................................................................................Mesagroicina
76.Eyes partly encroaching on head (Figures 20 and 24). (Eustylini)...............................................................................................77
—Eyes lateral (Figures 18 and 19)................................................................................................................................................78
77.Profemora withouth tooth..............................................................................................................................................Eustylina
—Profemora with prominent tooth............................................................................................................................Brachycamacina
78.Rostrum separated from forehead by transverse sulcus...................................................................................................Psallidiini
—Rostrum not separated from forehead by transverse sulcus............................................................................................Geonemini
79.Metatibial corbels closed.........................................................................................................................................................80
—Metatibial corbels open............................................................................................................................................................81
80.Humeri smoothed.....................................................................................................................................................Cneorrhinini
—Humeri convex..........................................................................................................................................................Dermatodini
81.Mandibles with three long setae..............................................................................................................................................82
—Mandibles with more than three long setae...............................................................................................................................83
82.Maxillae covered by large prementum...........................................................................................................................Sciaphilini
—Maxillae exposed at sides of prementum.......................................................................................................................Scythropini
83.Head constricted behind eyes..................................................................................................................................................84
—Head not constricted behind eyes..............................................................................................................................................85
84.Ventrite 2 equal to or slightly longer than ventrite 3..........................................................................................................Blosyrini
—Ventrite 2 distinctly longer than ventrite 3..........................................................................................................Brachyderini (part)
85.Fore legs much longer than the others. Profemora enlarged.............................................................................................Cratopini
—Fore legs not longer than others................................................................................................................................................86
86.Maxillae covered by large prementum.......................................................................................................................Brachyderini
—Maxillae exposed at sides of prementum.......................................................................................................................Polydrusini
Systematic list of tribes and subtribes of Entiminae
Supertribe Cylydrorhinitae Lacordaire, 1863 Tribe Cylydrorhinini Lacordaire, 1863 Supertribe Thecesteritae Lacordaire, 1863 Tribe Thecesternini Lacordaire, 1863 Supertribe Entimintae Schoenherr, 1823 Tribe Tropiphorini Marseul, 1863 Subtribe Tropiphorina Marseul, 1863 =Synirmini Bedel, 1883
Subtribe Strangaliodidina Lacordaire, 1863, stat. n. =Pantopeides Lacordaire, 1863
=Synapionycides Lacordaire, 1863
=Alophini LeConte, 1874
=Rhigopsini LeConte, 1874
=Dyslobini LeConte, 1874
=Stenocorynini McKeown, 1939
=Leptosinae Marshall, 1952
Remarks. The study of materials (including types) from Siberia and Far East allowed to establish two new synonyms: Trichialophius rubripes Zherikhin et Nazarov, 1990, syn. n. to T albonotatus (Motschulsky, 1860) and Trcchalophus korotyaevi Zherikhin et Nazarov, 1990, syn. n. to T biguttatus (Gebler, 1832) = (Alophusrudis Boheman, 1842). The differences cited by Zherikhin and Nazarov (1990) are variability. Subtribe Phyxeliina Horn, 1876, stat. n.
Remarks. The genera Panscopus Schocnherr, 1842, Phyxeiis Schoenherr, 1842 and Hybreoleptops Kuschel, 1949 belong to the subtribe.
Subtribe Byrsopagina Lacordaire, 1863, stat. n. = Dirotognathini Horn, 1876
Remarks. The genera Byrsopages Schoenherr, 1842, Dirotognathus Horn, 1876, Lepidophorus W. Kirby, 1837 and Vitavitus Kissinger, 1974 belong to the subtribe.
Figures 29-41. Entiminae: 29 - Eudiagogus sp., rostrum and head, laterally; 30 - Lagenolobus sp., rostrum and head, dorsally; 31 - Bothrometopus sp., rostrum and head, dorsally; 32 - Phytoscaphus ciliatus Roelofs, 1873, rostrum and head, dorsally; 33 -Pseudomeira flavipennis (Jacquelin du Val, 1853), metacoxa; 34 - Omias glomeratus Schoenherr, 1826, metacoxa; 35 - Bagoides steveni (Capiomont, 1868), 8th sternite; 36 - Eremochorus sp., mesepimeron; 37 - Isorhinus gibbus Champion, 1902, mesepimeron; 38 - Hypera transsilvanica (Petri, 1901), 8th sternite; 39 - Oxyops fasciata (Boisduval, 1835), metaventrite; 40 - Gonipterus sp., rostrum and head, dorsally; 41 - Eremochorus sp., 8th sternite.
Tribe Lordopini Schoenherr, 1823
=Hypsonotidae Jekel, 1853
=Alocorhini Jekel, 1856
=Elytroxysi Jekel, 1856
=Merodonti Jekel, 1856
=Tomorhini Jekel, 1856
Tribe Eurylobiini Jekel, 1856, stat. res.
Tribe Leptostethini Lacordaire, 1863
Tribe Ophryastini Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Ophryastina Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Deracanthina Legalov, subtrib. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CE6746DD-E180-4705-8623-F6A8E1C17A98
Type genus. Deracanthus Schoenherr, 1823
Diagnosis. Body covered with dense scales. Head widened behind eyes, without bare line under eyes reaching underside of head. Rostrum longer than wide, almost straight, significantly shorter than pronotum, subparallel, weakly widened at apex, separated from forehead by transverse sulcus. Mandibles with scar of deciduous process. Maxillae covered by prementum. Epistoma small, glabrous. Forehead wide, wider than rostrum base width. Eyes large, not protruding from contour of head, transverse-oval, sometimes pointed to dorsum. Geniculate antennae inserted behind middle of rostrum. Antennal scrobes laterally directed under base of rostrum. Scape reaching eye. Antennomeres 1-9 covered with round overlapping scales. Pronotum bell-shaped, with stark apical and basal constrictions, sometimes tuberculate laterally. Scutellum wide-triangular. Elytra convex, almost suboval, with smoothed humeri. Punctate striae distinct. Interstriae convex or flat. Prosternum with strong postorbital lobe, and vibrissae. Pre-and postcoxal portions of prosternum short. Procoxal cavities contiguous. Metaventrite flat and short. Metepisternum quite narrow. Abdomen flattened. 3rd and 4th ventrites short. Procoxae located near middle of prosternum. Femora without teeth. Tibiae lacking apical spurs. Tibial apex with spines. Metatibial corbel absent. Tarsi without pulvilli. Claws free.
Comparison. The new subtribe differs from the nominative subtribe by the rostrum separated from the forehead by the transverse
sulcus, maxillae covered by prementum, tarsi without pulvilli and tibial apex with spines.
Composition. Only type genus.
Tribe Premnotrypini Kuschel, 1956
Tribe Entimini Schoenherr, 1823
Subtribe Entimina Schoenherr, 1823
Remarks. The genera Entimus Germar, 1817, Phaedropus Schoenherr, 1823 and Polyteles Germar, 1829 belong to the subtribe. Subtribe Rhigiina Legalov, subtrib. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:10C60D45-2DE1-49DD-9FE1-9FF4B60C86CE Type genus. Rhigus Schoenherr, 1823
Diagnosis. Head not constricted behind eyes, with bare line under eyes reaching underside of head. Rostrum distinctly longer than wide, almost straight, slightly shorter than pronotum, greatly expanded to apex and narrowed to forehead, appears triangular or the back of rostrum with two grooves merging in front of forehead and forming an angle. Mandibles with scar of deciduous process. Maxillae covered by prementum. Epistoma large, glabrous, sometimes with scales. Forehead quite narrow, narrower than rostrum base width. Eyes large, barely protruding from contour of head, transverse, pointed to dorsum. Geniculate antennae inserted in middle or behind middle of rostrum. Antennal scrobes lateral, directed under base of rostrum. Scape reaching eye. Pronotum bell-shaped, densely punctate, sometimes with tubercles. Scutellum rounded or triangular. Elytra convex, almost subparallel or dorsum trapezoid with widest width in humeri. Humeri convex. Punctate striae distinct. Interstriae usually convex. Prosternum with strong postorbital lobe, and vibrissae. Pre- and postcoxal portions of prosternum short. Procoxal cavities contiguous. Metaventrite tumid. Metepisternum quite narrow. Abdomen flattened. 3rd and 4th ventrites short. Procoxae located near middle of prosternum. Femora without teeth. Tibiae lacking apical spurs. Metatibial corbel closed. Tarsi with pulvilli. Claws connate at base. Comparison. The new subtribe differs from the subtribe Entimina in the rostrum greatly expanded to apex and narrowed to forehead, appearing triangular or the back of rostrum with two grooves merging in front of forehead and forming an angle, and claws fused at base.
Composition. The genera Rhigus Schoenherr, 1823, Cydianerus Schoenherr, 1840, Trachyus Kuschel, 1955 and Nasocomptus
Vanin et Gaiger, 2005 belong to the subtribe.
Tribe Anomophthalmini Morrone, 1998
Tribe Eudiagogini LeConte, 1874
=Promecopides Lacordaire, 1863
=Bathyrini LeConte, 1874
=Leptopiinae Oke, 1951
Tribe Tanyrhynchini Schoenherr, 1826
=Eremnides Lacordaire, 1863
Supertribe Hyperitae Lacordaire, 1863
Tribe Hyperini Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Cepurina Capiomont, 1867, stat. res.
Remarks. New synonyms, Parahypera Brancsik, 1914, syn. n. to Fronto Petri, 1901 and Parahypera ussurica Brancsik, 1914, syn. n. to Fronto capiomonti (Faust, 1882) are established. Subtribe Gonipterina Lacordaire, 1863, stat. n., placem. n. Subtribe Coniatina Legalov, 2007, stat. res.
Remarks. The genus Geranorhinus Chevrolat, 1860 is close to the genus Coniatus Germar, 1817 was not correctly placed in the
tribe Itini (Meregalli, Borovec, 2011).
Subtribe Phaeopholina Legalov, 2011, stat. res.
Subtribe Hyperina Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Macrotarrhusina Legalov, 2007, stat. res.
Supertribe Otiorhynchitae Schoenherr, 1826 Tribe Polycatini Marshall, 1956 Tribe Nothognathini Marshall, 1916 Tribe Episomini Lacordaire, 1863 Tribe Isanirini Legalov, trib. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8F934447-BD0A-4CA4-90F6-CFC6D4E78906 Type genus. Isaniris J. Thomson, 1858
Diagnosis. Body cowered with small scales. Head slightly widened behind eyes, with sulcus from forehead to vertex. Rostrum longer than width, shorter than pronotum, subparallel, with three carinae, not separated from forehead by transverse sulcus. Pterigya and epistoma large. Posterior border of epistoma without carina. Mandibles with scar of deciduous process, with more than three long setae, without scales. Maxillae covered by prementum. Forehead slightly wider than rostrum base width. Eyes large, convex, rounded. Geniculate antennae inserted subapically. Antennal scrobes dorsally in apical third. Scape reaching vertex. Pronotum bell-shaped. Scutellum triangular. Elytra convex, almost suboval, with distinct humeri. Punctate striae distinct. Interstriae weakly convex. Pronotum without postocular lobes and vibrissae. Pre- and postcoxal portions of prosternum short. Procoxal cavities contiguous. Metaventrite quite long. Metepisternum narrow. Abdomen flattened. 3rd and 4th ventrites shorter than ventries 1 and 2. Femora without teeth. Metatibial corbel closed. Tarsi with pulvilli. Claws fused at base.
Comparison. The new tribe is similar to the tribe Eustylini but fiffers in the claws fused at base. From the tribe Peritelini it differs in the closed metatibial corbels.
Composition. The genera Isaniris J. Thomson, 1858 and Machaerorrhinus Marshall, 1943 belong to the tribe.
Tribe Celeuthetini Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Celeuthetina Lacordaire, 1863
=Platyspartina Voss, 1940
Subtribe Isopterina Morimoto et Kojima, 2001
Tribe Elytrurini Marshall, 1956
Tribe Holcorhinini Desbrochers, 1898
=Cyclopterini Reitter, 1913
Tribe Nastini Reitter, 1913
Tribe Phyllobiini Schoenherr, 1826
=Aphrasti LeConte, 1874
Tribe Laparocerini Lacordaire, 1863
Tribe Mesostylini Reitter, 1913
Tribe Agraphini Horn, 1876
Tribe Hormorini Horn, 1876
Tribe Otiorhynchini Schoenherr, 1826
Remarks. The study of types and materials from Kazakhstan allowed to establish a new synonymy: Otiorhynchus kasachstanicus
Arnoldi, 1964, syn. n. to O. ursus Gebler, 1844; O.karkaralensis Bajtenov, 1974, syn. n. and O. reiicinus Arnoldi, 1975, syn. n. to
O. attaicus Strierlin, 1861.
Tribe Rhyncogonini Sharp, 1919
Tribe Myorhinini Marseul, 1863
Tribe Ectemnorhinini Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Ectemnorhinina Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Canonopsina Dreux et Voisin, 1989, stat. n.
Tribe Typhlorhinini Kuschel, 1954
Supertribe Cyphiceritae Lacordaire, 1863
Tribe Metacinopini Reitter, 1913, stat. n.
=Auchmeresthinae Reitter, 1913, placem. n.
Remarks. The genera of the tribe Phyllobiini, as noted by Marshall (1942) are characterized by mandibles with three setae, and
only the genus Phyllobius Germar, 1823 has the mandibles with more than three. This character is of great systematic importance
and does not represent the genera Euphyllobiomorphus Morimoto, 1962, placem. n., Metacinops Kraatz, 1862, placem. n.,
Oedecnemidius K. Daniel, 1903, placem. n., Parascythopus Desbrochers, 1875, placem. n., Pseudomyllocerus Desbrochers, 1872
and Rhinoscythropus Desbrochers, 1895 placem. n. in the tribe Phyllobiini. The name Metacinopini is suitable for this tribe.
Tribe Cyphicerini Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Cyphicerina Lacordaire, 1863
=Amblyrhinides Schoenherr, 1823
=Corigetini Faust, 1885
Subtribe Acanthotrachelina Marshall, 1944
Subtribe Mylacorrhinina Reitter, 1913
Subtribe Myllocerina Pierce, 1913
=Ptochini Reitter, 1913
Subtribe Phytoscaphina Lacordaire, 1863
Tribe Peritelini Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Peritelina Lacordaire, 1863
=Paraptochi Pierce, 1913
Subtribe Simoina Pierce, 1913, stat. n.
=Homorythmini Hoffmann, 1950
Tribe Omiini Shuckard, 1840
=Mylacini Reitter, 1913
Tribe Scythropini Lacordaire, 1863, stat. res.
Remarks. The genera Pachyrhinus Schoenherr, 1823, placem. n., Rungsythropus Hoffmann, 1953, placem. n., and
Bremondiscytropus Hoffmann, 1942, placem. n., belong to the tribe because they are characterized by the sublaterally antennal
scrobes, mandibles with three long setae and maxillae exposed at sides of prementum.
Tribe Sciaphilini Sharp, 1891
Tribe Oosomini Lacordaire, 1863
Tribe Embrithini Marshall, 1942
Tribe Trachyphloeini Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Trachyphloeina Lacordaire, 1863
=Cathormiocerini Reitter, 1913
=Trachyphloeini Pierce, 1913 (non Lacordaire, 1863)
Subtribe Trachyphilina Voss, 1948
Subtribe Pseudocneorrhinina Kono, 1930, stat. n.
Supertribe Polydrusitae Schoenherr, 1823
Tribe Sitonini Gistel, 1856
Tribe Ottistirini Heller, 1925
Tribe Pachyrhynchini Schoenherr, 1826
Tribe Anypotactini Champion, 1911
Tribe Naupactini Gistel, 1856
Subtribe Naupactina Gistel, 1856
=Cyphides Lacordaire, 1863
=Macrostyles LeCoote, 1874
=Symmathetes LeCoote, 1874
=Artipi Horn, 1876
=Alceidini Pierce, 1913
=Glaphyrometopi Pierce, 1913
=Pseudocyphi Pierce, 1913
=Neocyphini Hustache, 1919
=Canephorotomina Vosss, 1954
=Pantomorina Voss, 1954
=Plectrophorina Voss, 1954
Subtribe Platyomina Champion, 1911, stat. res.
Remarks. The cladistic analysis (Lanteri, Del Rio, 2016) showed that this group is isolated from the genera of the tribe Naupactini,
but the mandibles with scales allow Platyomina to remain in the subtribe of the tribe.
Subtribe Mesagroicina Legalov, subtrib. n.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3ABE5C4B-DCE9-409B-A765-5A0C5904B389
Type genus. Mesagroicus Schoenherr, 1840
Diagnosis. Body cowered with dense scales. Head weakly widened behind eyes, with sulcus from epistoma to vertex. Rostrum shorter or subequal to width, more than two times shorter than pronotum, subparallel, not separated from forehead by transverse sulcus. Pterigya small. Epistoma small. Posterior border of epistoma indistinct without carina or carinate. Mandibles with scar of deciduous process, with more than three long setae, without scales. Maxillae covered by prementum. Forehead wide, wider than rostrum base width. Eyes large, convex, rounded. Geniculate antennae inserted subapically. Antennal scrobes lateral, directed under eyes. Scape almost reaching pronotum. Pronotum bell-shaped. Scutellum triangular. Elytra convex, almost suboval, with smooth humeri. Punctate striae distinct. Interstriae flat. Pronotum without postocular lobes and vibrissae. Pre- and postcoxal portions of prosternum short. Procoxal cavities contiguous. Metaventrite short. Metepisternum quite narrow. Abdomen flattened. 3rd and 4th ventrites short. Procoxae located near middle of prosternum. Femora without teeth. Metatibial corbel open. Tarsi with pulvilli. Claws free.
Comparison. The new subtribe differs from the subtribe Naupactina by the mandibles lacking scales.
Composition. Only type genus.
Tribe Geonemini Gistel, 1856
=Barynotides Lacordaire, 1863
=Epicaeri Horn, 1876
Tribe Evotini LeConte, 1874, stat. res.
Tribe Eustylini Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Eustylina Lacordaire, 1863
=Exophthalmini Horn, 1876
=Omilei Horn, 1876, placem. n.
=Menoetiini Pierce, 1913
=Compsi Pierce, 1913, placem. n.
Remarks. The problem of the systematic position of some genera of the tribes Geonemini and Eustylini was discussed (Franz, 2012; Girón, Franz, 2013). The genera of these tribes have been re-studied. The study showed that the genera Geonemus Schoenherr, 1833, Barynotus Germar, 1817and the type species of the genus Epicaerus Schoenherr, 1834 are characterized by the lateral eyes and wide foreheads. The eyes partly encroaching on the head and forehead are narrower than the base of the rostrum are characters of the tribe Eustylini.
Subtribe Brachycamacina Poinar, Legalov, Brown, 2013, placem. n.
Tribe Psallidiini Lacordaire, 1863
=Trigonoscutae LeConte, 1874, placem. n.
=Calyptilli Horn, 1876, placem. n.
Tribe Prypnini Lacordaire, 1863
Tribe Eupholini Alonso-Zarazaga et Lyal, 1999
Tribe Cratopini Hustache, 1919 Tribe Polydrusini Schoenherr, 1823 =Oligocyidae Gistel, 1856
Remarks. The genus PaophiUus Faust, 1891, placem. n. belongs to the tribe because it is characterized in the mandibles with
more than three long setae and maxillae exposed at sides of prementum.
Tribe Brachyderini Schoenherr, 1826
Tribe Blosyrini Lacordaire, 1863
Tribe Cneorhinini Lacordaire, 1863
=Philopedini Bedel, 1883
Tribe Dermatodini Emden, 1936
=Stigmatrachelini Richard, 1983
= Ophtalmorrhynchini Hoffmann, 1965
Tribe Tanymecini Lacordaire, 1863
Subtribe Tanymecina Lacordaire, 1863
=Hadromerides Jekel, 1865
=Siderodactylides Jekel, 1865
=Pachnaei LeConte, 1874
=Minyomeri Horn, 1876
Subtribe Pandeleteina Pierce, 1913, stat.n.
Subtribe Piazomiina Reitter, 1913
=Herpisticini Winkler, 1932
=Ischnotrachelini Hoffmann, 1965
Subtribe Tainophthalmina Desbrochers, 1873
=Amomphi LeConte, 1874
Acknowledgments
The author thanks O. Jaeger (Germany: Dresden), K.-D. Klass (Germany: Dresden), O. Merkl (Hungary: Budapest), B.A. Korotyaev (Russia: St.-Petersburg), P. Limbourg (Belgium: Bruxelles), N.B. Nikitsky (Russia: Moscow), H. Perrin (France: Paris) for the opportunity to study of material, J. Bergsten (Stockholm) for providing the photos of the type of Otiorhynchus ursus from the Swedish Museum of Natural History, and Dr. George O. Poinar, Jr. (USA: Corvallis) for improving the manuscript. The study was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no 19-04-00465-a) and the Federal Fundamental Scientific Research Program for 2013-2020 (project no. AAAA-A16-116121410121-7).
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Citation:
Legalov, A.A. (2020). Annotated key to weevils of the world: Part 5 - Subfamily Entiminae (Curculionidae). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(2), 332346.
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