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_МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «СИМВОЛ НАУКИ» №11/2015 ISSN 2410-700Х_
АРХИТЕКТУРА
UDK 69.001.5
Kuryakova Nataliya
Associate Professor of Chair "Architecture and Urban Studies " PNRPU, Ph.D.of techical sciences., Perm, Russia
e-mail: [email protected] Pankova Anna
1st year undergraduate Civil Engineering Faculty Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
e-mail: [email protected] Pupova Arina
1st year undergraduate Civil Engineering Faculty Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, Russia
e-mail: [email protected]
ANALYSISOF THE FEASIBILITY OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS, MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF REBRANDING AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ON THE
TERRITORY OF CITY PERM
Abstract
This article illustrates the possibility of constructing public buildings in Perm, which are important for the city due to both rebranding and energy efficiency.The research has been carried out in the field of «Sustainable building».
Key words
Energy efficiency, energy production, rebranding, architectural expressiveness, economic efficiency.
In the age of globalshortage offuel and energy resources, the strategy of energy efficiencyis the key componentof economic development of any country, including Russia. In this relation, international integration, experience and leading technologies exchangebetween countriesand the projects of research institutes, projecting institutes, engineering and construction companies are all of essential importance.
However, apart from global problems, there are alsosocio-economic aspects of consumption, where one of the most important ones isthe rise of the tariffs for public utilities and services. It's connected not only with the internal economic situation in the countrybut it's partly caused bythe buildings and heat- and water supply systems being worn out, the state of repair of which can be seen aseither of limited capacity or faulty. As a result, the losses of energy are inevitable, as well as economic losses. Year by year, the losses increase. Based on the abovementioned successful experience of some European countries, where the government is involved in energy efficiency problems, the law № 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency Increase». The main goal of the law is the regulation of actionsto equip the buldings with energy accounting metersand decrease the losses of energy in supply systems. Nevertheless, the problem of nonrenewable energy sources is still acute.
To solve the problemit has been proposed touse alternative energy sourcesand build zero-energy buildings. The use of solar batteries and collectors, wind-generators, heat pumpshas become widely spread over the world. In our countryand, in particular, in Perm, this energy sectorhas just started gaining popularity. Despite some achievements in the field ofenergy saving and the use of alternative energy, the authors of the article thinkthese tasks should get a comprehensive approach. That means when designingmodern buildings,which use the elements ofinnovationtechnologies, for example, a heat pump, apart from the possibility of its installation, one should consider the location of the sun, high-quality thermal insulation and the ambient heat recovery system whichmeet the requirements of Building Climatology and Physics. [1]. In this case, the effectiveness of the heat pump will increase by several times.
The authors of the article, apart from the energy saving problems, are interested in the problem of thefacelessness of modern cities, their lack of uniqueness, their own unrivaled spirit. Perm is not the exception. The
_МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «СИМВОЛ НАУКИ» №11/2015 ISSN 2410-700Х_
region's main city is just like many othercities, which in the era of the USSRhad exclusively industrial and military significance [3]. The absense of architechturalexpressiveness, typical development, separate pieces of modern development, cannot comprisethe distinctive architectural composition of the city.
All the abovementioned became the reason for the authors to write the article.What appeared was the idea to unifythe two different,at a first sight,trends as alternative technologies and city rebranding. That was why the authors of the article, together with their colleagues fromthe Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecturecarried out the analysis of public building projectswhich could become not only a memorable architectural sight of the city, but also meet the energy-saving requirements. Among the analysed projects there were variants ofthe shell-shaped children's entertainment-educational centre Trophon geversianus, located in the flow of the Kama river, along the bank of which Perm is situated (see picture 1), the project of a hydropark in the micro district «Kamskaya Dolina» (picture 2) and many other projects, that could win the name of the place Perm is worth visiting for. The most interesting was the projectof a museum (pic.3), which resembles the Ural mountains in its shapebeingsuitable to accommodate the sources of alternative energy production. Those were the two factors -ethnic and constructive, that determined the choice.
Picture 1 - The project of a children's entertainment-educational centre
Picture 2 - The project of a hydropark in the micro district «Kamskaya Dolina»
Picture 3 - The project of a museum chosen for the research
Authors was to define the energy-saving and energy production technologies, the characteristics of which suitthe climate conditionsof the Perm region. So their goal is not only to provide the building with the ability to be sustained by it self, but also to pay off during a short period of time.
The object of the research was a range of the most popular active and energy sourcesincludingsolar batteries, wind-generators, heat pumps, a rainwater harvesting system, ambient heat recovery systems, SIP panels. However, all the research carried out previously [5], highlight the inadvisabilityof applying those energy efficiency technologies separately in Perm. For example, solar batteries and wind generation not applicable because of the climatic
_МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «СИМВОЛ НАУКИ» №11/2015 ISSN 2410-700Х_
characteristics of the region.
As for the other energy-saving and energy production technologies, to demonstrate their feasibilitythe authors have carried out some calculations given below.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of SIP panels by RUSSIP-DOM the authorscarried out thermo-technical calculationsof cladding structures of facades, as well as the calculation of costs for the building construction. Source Data: construction site-Perm region, zoT=229days., toT=-5,90C, text=-350C, tB=+210C, ф=55%.
i г t
Picture 4 - Calculated scheme of cladding structures of facades
Table 1
The compositionof the cladding structureby layers withregulated thermo-technical indices of materials
№№ Name of the material Y0, kg/m3 5, m X, W/(m-°C) R, m2°C/W
1 OSB board 650 0,012 0,18 0,06
2 Expanded polystyrene КТП-174 50 0,15 0,041 3,85
The calculationsare carried out in accordance with the guidelines 50.13330.2012 "Heat Protection of Buildings" following the formulae below:
GSOP = (tB - toT) X Zot; R0P = a • GSOP + b; R0 = — + Zj=1Ri + —; R0 = R0 x r;
aint aext
R0 > RTP = 3,72 > 3,56
The carried out thermo-technical calculations have shownthat the resistance of the panels to thermal transmissionis higher than required, so, the cladding structuremeets the regulating requirements of the building's heat protection. Thus, it is evident thatthe thermo-technical characteristics of SIP panels, despite the thinness, aresuperior tothose of traditionalmaterials, used as cladding structures (minimalthickness of a cladding structure, meeting requirements of the heat protectionof brick buildings for Perm is 510 mm without the insulation of, for instance,150 mm-thick expanded polystyrene)so they are absolutely suitable for constructingenergy-efficient buildings.
However, in order to assess thefeasibility of SIP panels objectively, the authors have carried out the calculation of costs of their purchase, based on thedata of construction companies ofPerm. After monitoring the prices, the authors found out thatthecosts of the purchase of SIP panels enoughfor the museum constructionare about 270 thousandrubles, which is 2,5 timesless thanconstructing a traditional brick building, which in its turn leads to cheaper and easier construction.
As mentioned before, in order to make the museum energy-efficient, tha installation of ambient heat recovery systems is necessary. It is important for the researched building due towindow and door apertures being equipped with triple-chamber energy-efficient PVCs, which nearly completely exclude heat lossesand, consequently,the natural ventilation of the building though the apertures.
To find therecovery system the authors have assumed according to the active SanPiN sthat each square meteris ventilated by 3m3/hof fresh air. So, the need for air supply is the following:
L = l x S = 3 x 800 = 2400 m3/h
Each square meterwith the height of the ceilings 2,6 mthe reduction of the recovery systemis 3/2,6=1,15
_МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «СИМВОЛ НАУКИ» №11/2015 ISSN 2410-700Х_
regardless ofthe number of people who are in the building.
Thus, out of all the companiesinvolved in sellingand mountingof recovery systems, in the authors' opinion,the most suitable one is Prana 340А. According to the calculationsin order to provide the calculated need for air supplyin the museum5 recovery systemsof this model should be mounted.
The mentioned systemallows the connection of inlet and outlet ducts (E< 300 Pascal). The recovery system is managed by an operation unit, which allows to regulate the amount of air exchange, as well asswitch the recovery system into: the mode of one-side work of thefan or «inflow only (more than 1000 m3/h)» or «extractoronly (more than 1000 m3/h)»; the mode of recovery - inflow (520 m3/h) andextractor(500 m3/h)» (operating simultaneously oncounterflows).
The switch is needed due to different functioning of the space of the building, the difficulty ofpeople flow manoeuvring, the supposed placingof the exhibitsand some other characteristics.
The price of such a recovery system is 35000 rubles (as of spring 2014). So, the total price would be: 35000x5= 175000 rubles.
As the estimatedperformance let us take the average valuefrom the ones provided by the manufacturer:
78% + 54% rr ..
- = 66 %
2
That meansthat at annual outdoor air temperaturetOT=-5,9°C, the indoor temperature tB=23 оС, the air coming into the building will be heated to the temperature tnp: tnp = n x (tB — t0T) + t0T = 0,66 x (23 + 5,9) — 5,9 = 13,2°C
In order to assess economic effectivenesslet us carry out the calculation, which will showwhat amount of energyand moneywill be needed to heat 2400 m3/h(the mass of the given amount of air is 2940kg), by additional devices different from the recovery systempowered by electricity, for example, electric heating elements.
For that aheat balance equation is needed: Q = c x m x (tB — t0T), where m is themass ofair inkg; (t2 - ti) is thetemperature difference between room air and outdoor air,° С; с is the specificthermal capacity of air. As a result, in order to heat the air of the mentionedmasswith the temperature of—5,9 °C , tothe temperature of+23 °Cin 1 hour one needs 23,7 kW-hheat energy.
For comparison, the consumed energy of therecovery system is on average 72W, which inkW-hmultiplied by the number of recovery systems is: 72 W x 5 = 0,072 kW • h x 5 = 0,36 kW • h
The difference between theconsumed energy of a different electric device and that of a recovery system is great, specifically a heating element used to heat the air consumes 65 times moreelectric energy than 5 recovery systems altogether.
To provide the possibility tocancel central heating andhot running waterthe authors suggest usinga heat pump, which usesthe ambient environment heat.
The use of a heat pumpas a sole source of heatingcreates the necessity of a building's heat loss calculation. For the calculation the authors used the data of the companyGEO-Komfort: a building with passive energy consumption -10 W/m2, energy-saving building-40 W/m2, a new building (goodinsulation)-50 W/m2, a standard building (averageinsulation)-80 W/m2, an old construction building (without special insulation)-120 W/m2.
Since the objectbelongs to the energy-saving class, the estimated heat lossesare 32 kW, so,for a building 800 m2in square a 32 kW heat pump is needed. 20% should be added to the heat losses of the buildingto provide the necessary reserve, so 32 kWadded 20% of capacity.
To estimatethe additionalcapacityof the pumpto prepare hot waterits maximumflow in the amount of 50lper person per day is implementedaccording to the requirements ofthe guidelines 30.13330.2012 "Piped water andbuildings sewage", at an average temperature of 45°C. This meets the additional heat consumption about 0,35 kWper person per day. Such regulation of heat consumption causes the need todefine the museum's staff. According to similar objectsthe amount ranges about40 people.Thus, the consumption will be about 14 kW, and the final capacityof the heat pumpwill be 52,4 kW.
The authors have decided to choose the NIBEF1345-60 as the object of assessing energetic and economic efficiency.
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «СИМВОЛ НАУКИ» №11/2015 ISSN 2410-700Х_
Table 2
Heat pump and its components costs
№ Name Price (RUB)
1 60 kW Geothermal heat pumpNIBEF1345-60 887 710
2 Componets 464 260
Total: 1 351 970
The heat pump is highly effectivethanks to the two screw compressorsmountedin the designatedcoolant valve. The device is highly cost-effective, as its performance reaches 4,3-4,8, at the coolant temperature 0°Con the inlet, and the temperatureon the outletto the heating system 35°C.
Table 3
Technical characteristics of the heat pump
Energy consumption (B 0 /W 35) 12.8 (2x6.9) kW
Heat capacity (B 0 /W 35) 60.6 (2x30.3) kW
COP Efficiency factor at B0/W35 4,7
Height 1580 without regulated legs (30 - 50 mm)
Width 625 mm
Depth 1500 mm
Net weight 350 kg
The purchase and maintenance costsof the 60kW heat pump NIBEF1345-60 during the heating season are 1 428 628,4 rubles (as of spring 2015). The total costs of heating and hot running water are 383 588.64 rubles (as of spring 2015).
To estimate economic efficiencyof the heat pump installationthe costs calculation for several years given below has been carried out.
The calculationwas carried outaccording to the function of the the compound interest, the basis to choose the discount wasthe statistic dataabout the electric energy tarriff changes in Perm region.
The calculating period is 4 years, the average payback period guaranteed by manufacturers.
FV = m=1PVx (1 + i)n,
Where FVis the economic benefitfrom the use during the calculating perioddiscounted to net present value, PVis the economic benefitin the first year of operation, is thecalculating period, is the average growth ofelectric energy tarriffsin Perm region per year.
Thus, the economic efficiencyof the heat pump is 1728493 rubles (as of spring 2015). This demonstrates thatduring 4 years of maintenance the heat pump completely pays off its price. Taking into account the usual lifespan of heat pumps comprising 10 years, investing money in it is worth it.
Nevertheless, in order to speak about the finalenergetic and economic efficiency of the museum chosen for the research, the set goals will be achievedstep-by-stepwith a comprehensive assessmentof the acquired data. The crucial condition of theresearch is the price criteriumin the product's maintenance. However, the efficiency of the building will depend onits location. Thus, the necessity to define the location of the museum is aroused. The location of the museum will be defined with the help of methods ofcriteria-based analysis [2], using the software complex «Business-DEKON», developed by the chair «Construction engineering andmaterial science» of Perm National Research Polytechnic University.
In conclusion, it is important to note thatat the current stage the work in the specified field is not over. The authors reckonthe projectmay be a useful experience forPermboth for architectural expressivenessand forthe alternative energy sources efficiencyunderunpleasant climate circumstances.The research is especially important due tothe introduction of the new discipline «Sustainablebuilding».
References.
1. DanilovN.I., SchyolokovYa.M. Energy-saving principles: Textbook. Yekaterinburg: Avtograph, 2009. P. 98-99.
2. Integrativemanagement in construction investment/ Under the editorship of. d. e. s., professor, Honored Builder of the Russian Federation A. N. Asaul.-St.Spb.: «Gumanistika», 2007. 248 p.
3. VizgalovD.V. Branding of a city. M.: Foundation «Institute of city economics», 2011. 160 p.
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «СИМВОЛ НАУКИ»
№11/2015
ISSN 2410-700Х
4. A.V. Grishkova, A.S. Matrunchik. Possibility of wind generators application in city Perm //VestnikPNRPU. Construction and architecture.№1, 2013.P. 84-90.
5. PankovaA.N., Pupova, A.S., KuryakovaN.B.Assessment ofthe feasibility ofUsing solar batteriesas the soleenergy source. Perm as an example // The role of technical sciencesin the development of the society. Ufa: Aeterna, 2014. P. 41-45.
© Pankova A.N., Pupova A.S., Kuryakova N.B., 2015
УДК 727.3.05
Дикарева Екатерина Александровна,
студент 4 курса, факультета Архитектуры, ВолгГАСУ, г.Волгоград, РФ, e-mail: [email protected] Мельникова Ольга Геннадьевна, доцент кафедры, Архитектура зданий и сооружений, член союза архитекторов России, ВолгГАСУ, г.Волгоград, РФ
СИМВОЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА ПРИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ЗОНЫ ЦЕЛЕВОГО ПОСЕЩЕНИЯ
Аннотация
В данной работе рассматриваются принципы проектирования символьной системы в зоне целевого посещения в общественном здании. Также описываются основные элементы, организующие общественное пространство, которые должны учитывать интересы всех групп населения
Ключевые слова
Символьная система, зона целевого посещения, организация пространства, информационное обеспечение.
Во всех общественных зданиях должна быть предусмотрена система для легкого доступа к справочной информации об услугах, порядке и условиях обслуживания, возможности доступа к тем или иным объектам в здании. В данном случае необходимо тщательно продумать наличие и место размещения зоны целевого посещения.
Зона целевого посещения - это место, где человек получает услугу. Она может быть организована в холле у стойки приема, при входе в здание, в кабинетах, в читальном или зрительном залах и других местах, в зависимости от конкретной предоставляемой услуги. Преимущественно справочная информация размещается в печатном виде на столах, стендах, различных вывесках и табло. В подобном случае необходимо предусмотреть определенное количество правил при использовании символов в данной системе предоставления справочной информации, которые будут рассмотрены далее. В системе навигации и ориентирования имеется следующее важное понятие - информационное обеспечение. Оно характеризует доступность объекта и его понимание человеком. Наличие достаточного и полного информационного сопровождения экономит время и снижает затраты физических сил, что особенно важно при использовании объекта маломобильной группой населения. На объекте должно быть в наличии оборудование, которое позволит получать справочную информацию об условиях обслуживания людям со зрительными и слуховыми проблемами. И также обязательным является установление обозначений, помогающих ясно интерпретировать наличие подобного оборудования.
Как правило, на объектах имеется монитор, где демонстрируются ролики с информацией об услугах организации и/или электронная система построения очерёдности с аудио и видео оповещением клиентов.
- Необходимо использование цветов и символов в элементах интерьера в соответствии с видом объекта.
Цвет должен использоваться деликатно. Не должно быть доминирования символьной системы над окружающим пространством. Использование цвета в отделке интерьеров должно быть через элементы стен,
