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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Valiev Sh. lecturer
Andijan Machine Building Institute
Uzbekistan
ANALYSIS OF DATA ON THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF THE KOKAND KHANATE
Annotation: The study of ethnic history has always been one of the important tasks of historical science. This article discusses the ethnic processes and ethnic events that occurred in the Kokand Khanate.
Key words: Kokand Khanate, ethnic composition, semi-settled, semi-nomadic, Ferghana Valley.
The study of the ethnic history of a particular nation and the ethnic processes that took place in a particular region has always been one of the important tasks of the science of history.
It is known from history that at the beginning of the XVIII century in Fergana a new Uzbek state - Kokand khanate was formed. The country was occupied by Tsarist Russia in the 19th century. This state, which went down in history as the Kokand Khanate, has a special place in the history of Uzbek statehood. [1.12] We found it appropriate here to provide information on the ethnic composition of the population of the Kokand Khanate.
It is known that the population of the Fergana Valley and adjacent areas has long been distinguished from other parts of Central Asia by its polyethnic nature. Such ethnic identity was preserved during the Kokand Khanate.
The territory of the Kokand Khanate was inhabited mainly by Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Uighurs and Karakalpaks.
According to the scientist S.N. Abashin, the main difficulty in studying the ethnic composition of the Central Asian population is not only the lack of data, but also the methodological bias of looking at the history of its formation, which means, first of all, the inseparable existence of ethnic groups. Second, it is a much more limited set of these ethnic groups predetermined in the ideology and structure of the present-day Central Asian nation-states. Most modern scholars, in their scientific works on the history of the Kokand Khanate, write that the population of the Kokand Khanate was mainly Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks and Kazakhs. [4.5]
The main part of the population of the Kokand khanate was Uzbeks. It should be noted that in the past, some Uzbeks lived as sedentary and the rest as semi-nomadic. By the beginning of the 20th century, more than 828,000 Uzbeks in the valley lived in settlements [5. 62], engaged in farming, handicrafts, and trade. In the Russian literature, the ethnonym "sart" was used for this sedentary
part of the population. However, the use of this ethnonym in relation to the Uzbek people is incorrect [6.17-20].
The total number of semi-nomadic Uzbeks in the Kokand khanate, who had different tribal structures, was more than 215,000 at that time. Among them are large ethnographic groups in the territory of Kokand khanate, such as Turks, Ming, Kipchak, Qurama, Yuz, Nayman. These tribes participated as important ethnic components in the consolidation of the Uzbek people. Here are some of them.
A significant part of the population of the Kokand Khanate was made up of Tajiks. They are mainly located in the western and north-western part of the valley. In the present-day Sughd region of Tajikistan, Tajiks make up the bulk of the population. At the same time, they lived in a number of other settlements of the Kokand khanate.
In the ethnographic literature, the Tajiks living in the Fergana Valley are conditionally divided into two groups - oasis Tajiks and mountain Tajiks. The Tajiks of the oasis are one of the ancient peoples of this region, which was distinguished from other ethnic groups by a number of ethnic features during and after the Kokand Khanate.
Mountain Tajiks migrated to the territory of Kokand Khanate mainly from settlements in the mountainous areas of Tajikistan, such as Matcho, Qorategin, Darvoz, Kulob, Gissar.
It should be noted that many mountain Tajiks also served in the armies of the Kokand Khanate. For example, Niyaz-Muhammad's Tarikh-i-Shahrukhiya states that the new army formed by Kokand khan Alimkhan in the early 19th century included more than 6,000 mountain Tajiks. [7.23]
An analysis of historical sources shows that in the 17th and 18th centuries, a large group of Kyrgyz living north of Mount Tangritog settled in Fergana.
The Kyrgyz ethnos, which has a different tribal structure, lived in the mountainous and foothill areas of the Kokand Khanate and took an active part in the economic, socio-political and cultural life of the valley.
It is known from history that from the second half of the 18th century, especially in the second half of the 19th century, after the defeat of the Muslim uprising against Chinese feudal lords, many Muslims of East Turkestan, especially many Uyghur families, fled to the Fergana Valley.
As early as the middle of the 19th century, about 300,000 Uighurs lived in the Kokand Khanate. Researcher I.V. Zakharova also estimates that 200,000 to 250,000 Kashgars lived in the Kokand Khanate until 1860 [8.223].
The political crisis in the Bukhara Khanate from the 18th century forced many peoples to leave the region. As a result, part of the population of Bukhara and Samarkand settled in the territory of the Kokand Khanate. In particular, as we mentioned in one of the previous pages, the Karakalpaks, who fled the persecution of the Kalmyks and lived in the middle reaches of the Syrdarya, settled in the territory of the Kokand Khanate. The Karakalpaks, who moved to the territory of
the Kokand Khanate, settled on the banks of the Syrdarya and Karadarya rivers and continued their traditional farming.
Thus, the population of the Kokand khanate is also characterized by the diversity of its ethnic composition. However, such ethnic diversity was one of the important factors in the development of economic and cultural ties between the people of the valley.
However, the analysis of various sources in the second half of the XIX century shows that the population of the Fergana Valley underwent a number of changes as a result of intensive migration, population mixing, language and cultural assimilation processes developed in the XVIII-XIX centuries. There were no boundaries in the society that defined ethnicity.
References:
1. Bobobekov H. History of Kokand.-Tashkent: Science, 1996
2. Bababekov Kh. N. Popular movements in the Kokand khanate and their socioeconomic and political prerequisites (XVIII-XIX centuries) - Tashkent, - 1990. -P. 7.
3. Turkestan at the beginning of the XX century: to the history of the origins of national independence, - Tashkent, - 2.000. - S. 9, approx.
4. Abashin S.N. Ethnographic knowledge and national construction in Central Asia. - M., - 2009. - S. 5
5. Materials on the characteristics of the national economy in Turkistan. Report on the audit of the Turkistan region, produced by the highest command of the Senator Hoffmeister Count K.K. Palenom.-SPb. 1911. Part 1 Sep. 1. -, p. 62.
6. Alimova D.A., Rashidova D.A. Mahmudhoja Behbudi and his historical thinking. - Tashkent. 1999.-B. 17-20.
7. Beysembiev TK "Ta'rih-i Shahrukh" as a historical source. - Alma-Ata: Science, 1987 .-- 23-c
8. Zakharova I.V. Material culture of the Uighurs // SES. II. -M., 1959. -P.223.
