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■ ■ ■ Analysis and Investigation of Integration Models of Russian and North American Markets of Labor
Felix I. Sharkov
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russian Federation.
Abstract. The labor market, as a socio-economic system is stochastic, i.e. a system with predominance of random processes. The labor market is always in a state of unstable equilibrium. Therefore, even the most insignificant disturbances can provoke an avalanche-developing crisis of the whole complex of established economic and social institutions, which is observed in the conditions of the global financial crisis. The imbalance in the labor market is manifested in a multiple gap in demand and supply for individual specialties. The imbalance of the labor market often appears in problem areas. In violation of both domestic and foreign labor markets, intensive chaotic communication processes of the unemployed occur in search of a workplace or better work in the labor market space. To determine the degree of imbalance in the labor market, it is proposed to diagnose this object according to the most significant indicators. For each of the following indicators, it is possible to determine levels (ranks), the integrated total score for which will allow to determine the degree of imbalance in the labor market (for example, completely unbalanced, unbalanced, partially unbalanced, unbalanced, functioning normally (balanced), stable functioning (balance of indicators in stable state), stably balanced (balance indicators are stable in the given interval), fully balanced (market balance in the quality of such indicators in the forecasted period does not cause any doubts). The author suggests using such indicators as: participation in the labor market, the level and dynamics of changes in earnings, the level of poverty, the availability of work in accordance with the qualifications and experience, the representativeness of the coverage of various regions and various spheres of life, and the creation of new jobs, professional status and professional mobility. Each of these indicators is separately examined using the example of a study of the labor market in Northern America, in some European countries and the Russian Federation.
Keywords: labor market, labor market space, social and labor relations, labor market imbalance, labor market integration models
For citation: Sharkov F.I. Analysis and Investigation of Integration Models of Russian and North American Markets of Labor / Transl. T.I. Samsonova. Communicology (Russia). 2017. Vol. 5. No.6. P. 132-145 DOI 10.21453/2311-3065-2017-5-6-132-145
Inf. about author: Sharkov Felix Izosimovich, Dr. Sc. (Soc.), Professor, Head of Department of public relations and Media Policy, Institute of Public Administration and Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA). Address: 119571, Moscow, Vernadsky av., 84. E-mail: sharkov-felix@mail.ru.
Received: 29.10.2017. Accepted: 10.12.2017.
The labor market as a spatial system
The space of the labor market as a kind of social space "is structured in the context of its basic elements, the relationships between them and the infrastructure, through the vocational qualification structure; through the segmentation of the labor market, that is, the allocation of stable enclosed zones, sectors of workplaces and workers, which allows to allocate also the internal and external space of the labor market, the space of individual elements of the labor market. The social space of the labor market is structured and hierarchized in the territorial and branch cuts. An important regularity in the functioning of labor market agents is the impact on their preferences and behavior of the nearest labor market, its capabilities and conditions" [Konstantinov, 2012: 79]. According to S.A. Konstantinov, "The labor market at the same time acts as a spatial system structured in a special way, the main interacting parties of which are employers and employees; each of the parties enters into a competitive relationship with the emerging demand and supply of labor and its price" [Konstantinov, 2007].
Structural transformation of labor market in Russia
Substantial transformation of the labor market has led to a change in the interpretation of the very notion of 'labor market', now considered as a system of economic, social and legal relations between partners on the problems of the formation, distribution, exchange and use of labor. The well-known specialist on labor market problems K.G. Kazimov believes that "the labor market, as a socio-economic system, is a stochastic system, i.e. a system in which random processes predominate. If we resort to analogy with physical models, then the socioeconomic system is always in a state of unstable equilibrium. Therefore, even the slightest indignation can provoke an avalanche-developing crisis of the whole complex of established economic and social institutions, which is observed in the conditions of the global financial crisis" [Kazimov: 13].
Structural transformation of the domestic labor market and employment in Russia actualizes the problem of analysis and research of models of the markets of domestic and foreign labor markets. This is not about one-off actions measuring the state of social and labor processes, but about obtaining systematic monitoring data on both the vocational training system and the requirements for level, quality and quantity "The imbalance in the labor market is manifested in a multiple gap in demand and supply for individual specialties. For example, the demand for a doctor's labor services is seventeen times higher than the supply, and the pediatrician's doctor is 68.5 times, the nurse's at 1.7 times. On the other hand, the supply of labor services for managers, engineers, lawyers, accountants, etc., on the contrary significantly exceeds demand" [Bogatyreva: 18]. The regulation of the labor market, the formation of its effective models, begins with investment in the preparation of the required number of frames of the required profile, level. Timely and economically sound initial investment in education and training and increasing the opportunity to gain relevant experience in the workplace can help young people gain a foothold in the labor market.
Status of investment in training young people to consolidate them in the labor
market of North America
Consider, for example, the countries of North America, the state of investment in the training of young people with a view to consolidating them in the labor market. Thus, Canada's federal budget for 2016 differentiates the costs of integrated training for young Canadians with an emphasis on the most demanded in the field, such as science, technology, engineering, mathematics and business. Budgetary expenditures also include the establishment of an expert group on youth employment with a view to assessing the barriers faced by vulnerable youth in employment and job retention. Expenditures are also foreseen to explore innovative methods used by the government, nongovernmental organizations and employers, both at home and abroad, to improve the employment opportunities of this category of youth. The Government of Canada invests annually on the implementation of the youth employment strategy program at an average of 330 million Canadian dollars. To increase employment opportunities, the budget allocated an additional 278 million for 2016-2017 [Broecke, Shruti, Swaim: 32].
American researchers note the shortcomings in primary school, despite the fact that the budget carries high costs. In the US, higher education, including community colleges, has many strengths. However, many problems remain in the system of vocational education: higher tuition fees, quality assurance problems in some programs. S. Broecke, S. Shruti and P. Swaim in the report prepared for the summit of North American leaders in 2016 note that it is necessary to take measures to improve the basic skills of adults and "on their return to higher education and vocational training". To address these problems, in 2014 a program was adopted to support job-seekers and those in need of training. It is supposed to make the system of vocational training "more responsive to the needs of employers". The Government of the United States of America intends to improve the system of education, including by linking more closely with the demands of local employers. The US budget for 2017 provides for an investment of $ 3 billion in the competitive financing of regional partnerships that unite employers, the education system, and the training of personnel to train half a million people and place them in jobs in demanded industries. In the 2016 budget, $ 2 billion was provided for the next five years in the form of study grants, in order to double the trainees in accordance with industry requests [Broecke, Shruti, Swaim: 65].
Determination of the degree of disbalancement of the labor market
Analysis and research of various labor market models should begin with determining the degree of imbalance in the labor market, and for this it is necessary to diagnose this object according to the most significant indicators. For each of the following indicators, it is necessary to determine the levels (ranks), an integrated total score on which it is possible to determine the degree of imbalance in the labor market (for example, completely unbalanced, unbalanced, partially unbalanced, unbalanced, functioning normally (balanced), sustainably functioning (balance of indicators in a sustainable stable balance (the balance indicators are stable in a given interval), fully
balanced (the balance of the labor market in Such indicators can be: participation in the labor market, the level and dynamics of changes in earnings, the level of poverty, the availability of work in accordance with the qualifications and experience, the representativeness of the coverage of various regions and various spheres of life, the preservation and creation of new jobs, professional status and professional mobility. Let us take a closer look at these indicators, based primarily on data on labor market research in North America and the Russian Federation.
Data analysis for the study of labor market in North America and the
Russian Federation
Part in the labor market is estimated by the level of employment and manufacturability of industries in which employment is provided. Although in the developed countries is high manufacturability industries, they are also experiencing an acute employment problem. They also face a number of challenges that require addressing long-term challenges associated with more inclusive labor markets. Ultimately, it is necessary to eliminate the imbalance (or at least to reduce it) of the labor market, which would make it possible to fully utilize and develop the skills of people seeking work, and to create productive and decent jobs in accordance with their capabilities and capabilities. When conducting a diagnosis of the labor market, it is proposed to determine separately in relation to: a) permanent workers; b) short-term labor force. Many of the long-term challenges facing the labor market in North America relate to the low level of skill of a significant proportion of workers, especially in Mexico and the United States. This is of particular concern given the rapid changes that occur in skill requirements: significant changes occur in the sources of increasing the number of jobs and types of work that are created on the basis of a combination of economic and social trends, increasing globalization, technological progress and demographic changes. For example, the study of those who could not access a specific program of permanent employment in the US, through subsidies, attracted a large number of people to short-term employment [Farrell, Elkin, Broadus, & Bloom 2011].
"The labor market in North America has also recovered relatively quickly from the crisis, compared with other advanced economies - although unemployment and underemployment remain above pre-crisis levels. The short-term objective of economic policy in the three countries is strengthening, recovery, labor market and the prospects for acquiring a permanent workplace by those who lost their jobs during and after the crisis and have not been able to find work yet" [Broecke, Shruti, Swaim: 7].
The Russian labor market adapts to the crisis
"The Russian labor market adapts to the crisis surprisingly well, as concerns about mass unemployment have proved untenable. However, many decisions taken in order to save jobs now do not give the expected results" [Dokuchaev]. The implementation of the program to reduce the imbalance of the labor market requires monitoring of the level of unemployment and employment. The indicator of the employment of the
labor force, many researchers propose to calculate by dividing the indicator of the number of working people by the number of people who have not yet begun to work by age. The unemployment rate and the level of employment should be measured by the traditional formula as a quotient of the number of people not working, divided by the number of people who are actively looking for work. Despite the differences in the labor markets of North America and Russia in economic and social contexts, as well as in institutional structures, they also face a number of common, long-term tasks that will require the development of more inclusive labor markets, which will make full use of and develop the skills of people seeking work and maximize the requirements of jobs to the opportunities for a decent implementation of the competencies of qualified people who are unemployed, or seeking more decent work both abroad [Broecke, Shruti, Swaim: 8], and in Russia [Sharkov: 246-247].
When analyzing the level and dynamics of changes in earnings, many researchers take into account indicators of income in the form of wages. The accounting unit can be the hourly rate of payment. In foreign countries, it is common to record weekly income. Earnings can be accounted for in the form of gross profit before taxes and other deductions or profits.
The low rate of productivity growth, especially in Mexico and Canada
Another major problem is the slow growth in labor productivity, especially in Mexico and Canada. In the case of Mexico, this is the cessation (or even decline) in real wage growth of labor productivity in 2000-2015. Canada occupies only the fifth place among the G7 countries. In the US, labor productivity is growing steadily, but workers' salaries (especially in the lower and middle ranges) have not increased in line with productivity growth, resulting in stagnation of wages for a large part of workers and increased inequality [Broecke, Shruti, Swaim: 7-8]. In Russia, for example, "the share of foreign workers from the total number of employees in the construction industry increased over 4 years to 6 percent (from 2.4 to 6.3%) ... At the same time, labor productivity in construction, calculated as turnover of industry organizations by the number" [Safonov, Zubova, Antropova: 19, 22].
Wage arrears in the regions of Russia increased twice
The fact that the worsening of the labor market situation leads to a reduction in wages and the increase in underemployment was noted in May 2016 by analysts from the Higher School of Economics (HSE) and the Russian Academy of Science. Studies have shown that real wages have declined due to a rather sharp increase in inflation (by 12.9% in 2015), workers are not always paid on time. Salary arrears In the regions it increased two-fold, from 2 billion rubles (31.2 million US dollars) in early 2015, by 4 billion rubles (62.5 million dollars) in May 2016. This, of course, is a painful factor for the population. For comparison: in 2009, at the peak of the past crisis, the salary debt reached 8.7 billion rubles ($ 14 million). According to a survey conducted by the Higher School of Economics, employers continue to respond to the crisis, primarily
by cutting wages. Over the past three months, 24 percent of families noted that their salaries are declining, 19 percent recorded a delay in payment of wages, 9 percent were transferred for shorter working hours, or were forced to go on unpaid leave or quit [Dokuchaev].
Poverty in different countries measured in different ways. As a rule, poverty is determined by the threshold value of the total family income divided by the number of family members. The threshold below the subsistence level, as a rule, is an indicator of attribution to poverty. In assessing this indicator, food shortages, lack of specific goods can also be taken into account. The provision of the family in the most necessary is an indicator that allows to take the family to the poor.
A high level of income inequality is observed in Northern America
Poverty is due to inequality in the income level of the population. Indeed, a high level of income inequality exists in North America. Governments set the task of limiting: social inequality; deterioration of the health of the nation; reduce social cohesion and confidence; increase crime rates, and reduce economic growth [Broecke, Shruti, Swaim: 7-8]. In the country there is a significant growth in the so-called partial or temporary employment. At the end of May 2016, according to the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation, the labor market for part-time employment increased by 18 percent compared to the same period last year. In general, during the past year, the number of partially employed workers increased by 41,500, and now exceeds 273,000. However, both a worker and an employer should make such a difficult choice - for an employee is better off living on a lower salary than losing it and living only on a beggarly unemployment benefit [Dokuchaev].
The lack of qualified labor force and labor mobility
The lack of skilled labor resources in some regions and the surplus of those - in others, is an indicator of the imbalance in the concentration of skilled personnel in the relevant segments of the labor market space. As a rule, labor migrants are concentrated in certain areas (for example, clearance of territories, heavy and unskilled work, etc.). One of the tasks of regulation in the labor market space is the integration of highly skilled labor migrants into the main spheres of professional activity. Important steps have already been taken, or go to solve the problems listed in this report. In Canada, the new federal government, which took office in November 2015, will help in addressing the pressing challenges facing workers of all ages. Budget-2016 promised to significantly increase the funding of the strategy for youth employment, namely to simplify the school work transitions. The budget also announced additional CAD of 125 million in 2016-2017 for labor market development agreements, and an additional fee of 50 million in 2016-2017 for Canada Fund operation agreements. This is based on previous measures to support the qualifications of workers in general (for example, Canada's work Grant) and older workers (for example, a targeted initiative for older workers that has been held since 2007). Important steps have been taken
to reduce barriers to labor mobility across the country, including the harmonization of apprenticeship requirements in the red seals of the transaction [Broecke, Shruti, Swaim: 8; Palidda; Portes, Kelly, Light].
At the beginning of 2016, the increase in the proportion of part-time employees is simple or sent to unpaid leave were found in the regions with developed wagons, automotive and textile industries - Samara, Kaluga, Tver, Ivanovo and Ulyanovsk, as well as the Republic of Tatarstan. This indicator ranged from 5 to 8 percent of employees to pay Vedomosti. The largest number of employees do not work full weeks, the Ministry of Labor notes, can be found in the automotive, electrical and computer industries, as well as machinery and equipment, metal products, equipment and transport industries, in the banking sector, in the mining industry and electricity production.
The preservation and creation of new jobs in North America and Russia
The preservation and creation of new jobs, as well as the stability of their replacement, among others, I indicator of labor market stability. Many of the long-term challenges facing the labor market in North America relate to the low level of skill of a significant proportion of workers, especially in Mexico and the United States. This is of particular concern, given the rapid changes taking place in the demand for skills: significant changes occur in sources of increasing the number of jobs and types of work, which are created on the basis of a combination of economic and social trends, the strengthening of globalization, technological progress and demographic changes. The main problem is that our market creates very few new jobs. The peculiarity of the Russian labor market is that it "provides a high level of employment and low unemployment due to highly differentiated wages, and a significant part of low-paid jobs" [Dokuchaev], notes Vladimir Gimpelson, director of the Center for Labor Studies of the National Research University of Higher School of Economics. A high level of income inequality is observed in North America - this is a serious cause for concern. The above inequality, as has been shown, is: to limit the growth of social and intergenerational mobility; increased health and social problems; the reduction of social cohesion and trust; rising crime rates, as well as reducing economic growth [Broecke, Shruti, Swaim: 7-8].
Integration in the labor market
Integration in the labor market poses the task of regulating both internal and external processes of labor movement. Models of labor market integration include many indicators. However, among them: a) indicators of the potential of the individual: demographic indicators; human capital (to a greater extent - the level of education and knowledge of languages), social capital (fame in social networks); b) indicators of the host country (region) - for example, the level of unemployment and a cozy atmosphere. These models are developed and implemented with respect to the integration of labor migrants. The public's opinion on attracting migrants from other countries diverge. "The attraction of a legal foreign labor force has a beneficial effect on the socio-economic development of Russia. Labor migrants in part contribute to meeting the increased
demand of the Russian labor market in the required amount of labor resources" [Samrailova: 86]. "When forming such a policy, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the institutional environment in the country. Russia has never before been a country of emigrants, it has in its name a 'titular' nation, possesses not a state, but an official religion. This circumstance distinguishes the Russian labor market from those of its analogues that have developed, for example, in the USA, Canada, Australia or New Zealand. Mass migration to a country like Russia traditionally inevitably causes a wave of xenophobia". The model of integrating immigrants in the short and long term, taking into account the preservation of gender balance, is being implemented in Sweden. Accounting for the time of job search and analysis of the factors that improve the opportunities for integration in the labor market for the next generation will bear fruit. Over time, more and more refugees from the Balkans in Sweden were included in the sphere of permanent employment of people with higher education and young people who did not have high (sometimes - no) qualifications when they arrived in the country. Ensuring de facto equality between men and women in the provision of work to refugees has significantly reduced the unemployment rate among refugees [Tornkvist]. One of these problems is the constant underutilization of labor resources, which manifests itself primarily through the lower employment rates of some groups of the population, such as women, youth and older workers. This underutilization of labor resources is of particular importance, given the demographic changes that countries are experiencing, and the negative consequences this can have for the growth and sustainability of social protection systems.
The aggravation of contradictions in society in the United States and European countries associated with the influx of migrants are arriving
In the face of the escalating contradictions in society in the US and European countries associated with the influx of migrants, studies of the problems of immigrants. A certain information about this is provided by a sociological analysis of documents. At the national level, the study of documents of state institutions, public organizations, helps to optimize the process of managing refugee flows. At the same time, the exchange of experience, which the countries of Europe are compelled to address, is especially important. Regulator of the process of resettlement of refugees to Europe within the UN is UNHCR (UNHCR: United Nations Agency for Refugees). For 58 years of existence, the Office has provided assistance to at least 50 million people in 166 countries around the world. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees also operates in the Russian Federation, which has been working since 1992. It assists the government in resolving the problems of asylum seekers, refugees and stateless persons, analyzes legislation, provides expert support, organizes training programs for migration bodies, and also finances partner projects to assist the least protected refugees, asylum seekers and stateless persons. For refugees who for various reasons cannot receive full protection and integrate in Russia, UNHCR organizes resettlement in other countries. In 2015, with the assistance of 79 people
were accepted by resettlement countries: individual legal protection and counseling by partner organizations and independent lawyers (in 2015 - more than 11,000 people). Where necessary, support is provided to refugees in the consideration of individual cases of asylum in the courts and, in some cases, in the European Court of Human Rights. Memoranda of understanding have been signed with several Russian universities in order to improve students' knowledge of refugee law, and cooperation with a number of legal clinics to ensure greater access of individuals to UNHCR for free legal assistance. In the face of growing tensions in society in the United States and European countries, opponents from the gushing flow of migrants, migrants need to increase research problems. For example, the US Refugee Agency, the leadership of various programs, including the Higher Advantage Lutheran Immigration Programs, offer arriving workforce to corporations, offering resettlement and supporting the prospect of advancement of resettled refugees and through training programs over the next 15 years (highest dignity, 2013). Some of the same approaches that are used in refugee employment programs (for example, employment subsidies) have been applied to other categories of people seeking work. For example, in the US, a study of individuals who could not access regular work showed that they were attracted through short-term programs through employment subsidy programs [Farrell, Elkin, Broadus, Bloom; Nyers, Rygiel].
Resettlement projects
The European Settlement Network interacts with regional authorities and city municipalities, organizes the exchange of best practices, providing training on refugee integration and resettlement problems. Similar trans-national resettlement projects exist in the UK and Ireland [Robinson, Walshaw, Uwimana, Bahati, Reeve, Bashir]. The European Union finances research, reports that it compares countries, including the Comparative Study of 2013 on best practices for the integration of resettled refugees in the EU member states. A systematic review of sources that meet the criteria for analysis allows you to determine the status and prospects of the labor market. Studying the dynamics of clients who receive work, allows to develop and implement measures to improve the situation in the labor market [Ott, 2011]. The research method requires the random selection of program participants and compare them with similar clients. Some immigrants, naturally, have a higher level of employment and wages, so it is important that the results of the study are comparable with other test results. This was facilitated by the application of quantitative methodology [Bronstein, Montgomery]. Evaluation of one CV life program in the UK made it possible to identify that a self-assessment of life experience allows refugees to identify new ways of self-discovery and present themselves in a new light for potential employers [Schultheiss, Watts, Sterland, O'Neill]. In general, the analysis of a number of programs, databases and citation indexes makes it possible to explain the behavior of job seekers, which will make it possible to more closely integrate the labor market [Greenhalgh; Hammerstrom, Wade, Jorgensen].
Reducing opportunities for economic growth
Decrease in the number of potential skilled workers in conditions of structural imbalance demand and supply of labor, low professional and territorial mobility of the population significantly reduces the opportunities for economic growth. But "the professional labor market requires extremely qualified specialists for modern business operations. For the fastest conversion of young specialists from students to leading employees, as early as possible involvement in business processes is required" [Sharkov, Alekseev, Kiselev, Potapchuk: 185]. In 2016 such professions as sales managers, engineers, IT specialists and production personnel will remain in demand. The attractiveness of these professions are related to salary, career growth and interesting projects. Today, there are many vacancies for freezing, but the need for good specialists is high at any time1.
In today's economy, there is an alarm caused by a drop in demand for products and services. Particularly worrisome is the fear of the population to fall under the reduction, delays in wages, a reduction in the volume of the social package for employees. Reduction of such anxiety can be the organization of flexible forms of the labor process, which will allow the employee to switch painlessly to other related types of work, passing, if necessary the corresponding short-term training in order to 'prequalify' for the changed working conditions.
Today, due to the fact that the types and types of employment are changing, which sharply differ from the usual forms, rapid changes take place in the system of labor relations. The scale of the so-called 'telework', i.e. work in the remote mode. According to the assessment of the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations, 16.5% of the total number of employees work in the business sector without forming a legal entity and are employed by individuals. The number of employees performing their functions under civil law contracts is increasing. This imbalance in the nature of labor relations and labor legislation requires the adjustment of the relationship between the flexibility of labor standards and their functions to protect the rights of the working population.
Russia's economy began to return to growth in 2017
After two years of recession, the country's economy began to return to growth in 2017. Gradually, real wage growth will increase, private consumption will increase and the interest rate of the auxiliary investment will decrease. Nevertheless, structural problems continue to hinder further diversification of the economy. It is still largely dependent on oil prices. The poverty level of the population will gradually decline, as the labor market strengthens, and inflation slows down. At the same time, the economic crisis is not yet over, most business owners still face the need to optimize their expenses, including
1 Novoselova E. (2016). Employment: Labor Market Conditions in the Russian Regions. The Moscow Times: https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/employment-labor-market-conditions-in-the-russian-regions-44174.
wages - otherwise their business simply cannot survive. Consequently, decisions are implemented related to the movement of workers of various forms of underemployment. Rigid monetary policy successfully restrains inflation, the reduction of which will help revive the economy, and especially investment. Budgetary policy was correctly accommodative during the recession. Plans to consolidate the budget for 2017 and 2018 are aimed at reducing the deficit by about 1% of GDP on average for the year. Intensification of the use of labor resources aimed at increasing labor productivity, as well as the development and introduction of new production and information technologies, will contribute to stimulating economic growth of OECD Russian Federation 20161. Summarizing, we note that the modern Russian labor market remains stable and is able to respond to the challenges of the economic crisis, using its own model, in which the existing shortcomings of irrational use of natural resources will be turned into temporary, but still beneficial. Reducing the wages of certain categories of workers, shifting people to temporary employment, reducing working hours, activating internal labor migration, transferring people to remote employment - these processes are temporary and allow many employees to 'stay afloat', not to lose their jobs and have at least some kind of work, then the source of income in a difficult economic situation.
In Russia, as a whole, it is possible to control the situation with the level of unemployment, including its hidden part. In 2017-2018 years. It is planned to provide additional jobs for temporary employment of workers at risk of dismissal. In addition, as the Ministry of Labor of Russia assures, workers will be able to receive professional education, undergo training and retraining. Specialists of the Ministry of Economic Development also do not forecast a sharp surge in unemployment in the country. According to them, this will also be possible because of the demographic trends in the reduction of the working-age population in the coming years - about one million people per year. The fact that the relative stability of the Russian labor market remains stable during the economic crisis cannot guarantee a state of calm to the able-bodied population. "Although up to a third of the population, according to polls, are already talking about the presence of problems, when it comes to job placement or job loss, or about part-time work, official statistics show only a slight increase in unemployment. The issue of job security will depend on the duration of the crisis. World practice shows that after losing old work, a person must find a new one no later than within two years. After this, the employee loses employment and social and labor skills, and moves to the economically inactive section of the population. Thus, for Russia, the expansion of the current crisis will be doubly dangerous, since there is a threat of loss of economically active segments of the population from the labor process" [Dokuchaev].
Conclusion
The space of the labor market should be organized in such a way that new workers' places in accordance with economic feasibility and taking into account the expansion
1 OECD Russian Federation - economic forecast summary (November 2016): http:// www.oecd.org/eco/ outlook/ russian-federation-economic-forecast-summary.htm.
of opportunities for full, productive and adequately paid employment. The state of the labor market itself must be in a state of continuous monitoring of the main indicators in order, that the formation and implementation of economic policies are carried out taking into account the ability of workers to engage in the process of continuous training, taking into account the requirements for the content of jobs. The statistical base for monitoring the turnover of workplaces (creation, liquidation) should be constantly replenished, which will allow making timely corrective decisions, including getting rid of uncompetitive jobs, obsolete technologies and equipment, as well as creating new jobs and labor-saving technologies, stimulating retraining and further training workers.
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■ ■ ■ Анализ и исследование моделей интеграции российского и североамериканского рынков труда
Шарков Ф.И.
Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ (РАНХиГС), Москва, Российская Федерация.
Аннотация. Рынок труда, как социально-экономическая система, является стохастической системой, т.е. системой, в которой преобладают случайные процессы. Рынок труда всегда находится в состоянии неустойчивого равновесия. Поэтому даже самые незначительные возмущения могут спровоцировать лавинообразно развивающийся кризис всего комплекса сложившихся экономических и социальных институтов, что и наблюдается в условиях мирового финансового кризиса. Разбалансированность рынка труда проявляется в кратном разрыве спроса и предложения по отдельным специальностям. Дисбаланс рынка труда чаще всего появляется в проблемных зонах. В условиях нарушения как отечественного, так и зарубежных рынков труда происходят интенсивные хаотические коммуникационные процессы безработных в поисках рабочего места или лучшей работы в пространстве рынка труда. Для определения степени дисбаланса рынка труда предлагается проводить диагностику этого объекта по наиболее значимым показателям. По каждому из следующих показателей можно определить уровни (ранги), интегрированная суммарная оценка по которым даст возможность определить степень разбалансированности рынка труда (например, полностью разбалансирован, разбалансирован, разбалансирован частично, не разбалансирован, функционирующий нормально (сбалансированно), устойчиво функционирующий (баланс показателей в устойчивом состоянии), стабильно сба-
лансированный (балансовые показатели стабильны в заданном интервале), полностью сбалансированный (сбалансированность рынка труда в прогнозируемом периоде не вызывает сомнений). В качестве таких показателей автор предлагает использовать: участие в рынке труда, уровень и динамика изменения заработков, уровень бедности, наличие работы в соответствии с квалификацией и опытом, репрезентативность охвата различных регионов и разнообразных сфер жизнедеятельности, сохранение и создание новых рабочих мест, профессиональный статус и профессиональная мобильность. Каждый из этих показателей в отдельности рассмотрен на примере исследования рынка труда в Северной Америке, в некоторых странах Европы и Российской Федерации.
Ключевые слова: рынок труда, пространство рынка труда, социально-трудовые отношения, дисбаланс рынка труда, модели интеграции рынков труда
Для цитирования: Шарков Ф.И. Анализ и исследование моделей интеграции российского и североамериканского рынков труда/пер. Т.И. Самсоновой. Коммуникология. 2017. Том 5. № 6. С. 132-145 DOI 10.21453/2311-3065-2017-5-6-132-145.
Сведения обавторe: Шарков Феликс Изосимович, доктор социологических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой общественных связей и медиаполитики ИГСУ РАН-ХиГС. Адрес: 119571, г. Москва, проспект Вернадского, 84. E-mail: sharkov-felix@mail.ru.
Статья поступила в редакцию: 29.10.2017. Принята к печати: 10.12.2017.
