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17. World Population Prospects 2015: The 2015 Revision, Methodology of the United Nations Population Estimates and Projections // United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. NY, United Nations.
18. Wu, Belinda M., Birkin, Mark H. 2012, Agent-Based Extensions to a Spatial Microsimulation Model of Demographic Change. Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems, Springer, pp. 347-360.
В1ДОМОСТ1 ПРО АВТОР1В
Манаков Андрш Геннадшович, професор кафедри географи, доктор географiчних наук, доцент,
e-mail: [email protected]
Суворков Павло Едуардович
астрант кафедри географи,
e-mail: pavel [email protected]
Псковський державний ушверситет,
Роая, 180000, м Псков, пл. Ленша, 2.
Станайлс Саулюс Aлгiрдовiч, доктор наук, професор,
Едуколопчний ушверситет Литви,
LT - 08106, Литва, м Втьнюс, вул. Студенту, 39.
e-mail: [email protected]
СВЕДЕНИЯ ОБ АВТОРАХ
Манаков Андрей Геннадьевич, профессор кафедры географии, доктор географических наук, доцент,
e-mail: [email protected]
Суворков Павел Эдуардович
аспирант кафедры географии,
e-mail: pavel [email protected]
Псковский государственный университет,
Россия, 180000, г. Псков, пл. Ленина, 2.
Станайтис Саулюс Aлгирдович
доктор наук, профессор, Эдукологический университет Литвы, LT - 08106, Литва, г. Вильнюс, ул. Студенту, 39. e-mail: [email protected]
INFORMATION ABOUT AUTHORS
Andrei Manakov, Professor, Department of Geography,
e-mail: [email protected]
Pavel Suvorkov, PhD student, Department of Geography,
e-mail: pavel [email protected]
Pskov State University,
2 Lenin Sq., Pskov, 180000, Russia.
Saulius Stanaitis
Professor, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, 39 Studentu, Vilnius, LT - 08106, Lithuania. e-mail: [email protected]
УДК 331.5(438)(045)
СПЕЦИФ1КА СУЧАСНОГО РИНКУ ПРАЦ1 В ПОЛЬЩ1
Марiя Мичинська-Ковальська
Метою статт/ е висвтлення стану ринку прац в Польщ. У статт/ представлена специфiка ринку прац в Польщi в умовах економчноУ кризи, (перод великого спаду, який в'дбувся в 2008 роц) / в наступн роки до 2015 року.
Стаття мстить аналз / синтез ринку прац в Польщ за дошджуваний пер'юд i обгрунтовуе шляхи зниження р'вня безробття та полпшення ситуацн польського ринку прац до 2015 року. За даними проведеного аналзу р'вень зайнятост/ в Польщ на 2,6% нижче, нiж в кранах €С. Стаття пдкреслюе, що здйснювана державна полтика пд час економ'чно)' кризи, а також у наступн роки, допомогла зменшити р'вень безробття. Це вказуе на те, що, пд час кризи / в наступн роки, категорiями працвникв, що найбльш уразлив для безробття були молод/ люди, люди у вц 60 або бльше роюв, жнки, а також люди без професн або з низьким рiвнем освти. До факторв, як знижують ризик безробття, вдносяться: вища
© Марiя Мичинська-Ковальська, 2017
Економiчний вюник ушверситету | Випуск № 33/1
135
освта, нвестування в знання, пошук активноУ роботи, мобтьнють, eidKpumicmb до нових форм зайнятоcmi, включаючи використання послуг тимчасово'У роботи, а також гнучко'У форми зайнятост'!.
Ключов'1 слова: ринокпрац, економiчна криза, безробття, зайнят'1сть, форми протидУУбезробттю.
СПЕЦИФИКА ТРУДА НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ РЫНКЕ В ПОЛЬШЕ
Мария Мичинская-Ковальская
Целью статьи является освещение состояния рынка труда в Польше. В статье представлена специфика рынка труда в Польше в условиях экономического кризиса, (период большого спада, который состоялся в 2008 году) и в последующие годы до 2015 года.
Статья содержит анализ и синтез рынка труда в Польше за исследуемый период и обосновывает пути снижения уровня безработицы и улучшение ситуации польского рынка труда до 2015 года. По данным проведенного анализа уровень занятости в Польше на 2,6% ниже, чем в странах ЕС. Статья подчеркивает, что направленная государственная политика во время экономического кризиса, а также в последующие годы, помогла снизить уровень безработицы. Это указывает на то, что, во время кризиса и в последующие годы, категориями работников, наиболее уязвимыми для безработицы были молодые люди, люди в возрасте 60 или более лет, женщины, а также люди без профессии или с низким уровнем образования. К факторам, которые снижают риск безработицы, относятся: высшее образование, инвестирование в знания, поиск активной работы, мобильность, открытость к новым формам занятости, включая использование услуг временной работы, а также гибкие формы занятости.
Ключевые слова: рынок труда, экономический кризис, безработица, занятость, формы противодействия безработице.
THE SPECIFICITY OF THE MODERN LABOUR MARKET IN POLAND
Miczynska - Kowalska M.
The aim of this article is to present the situation of the labour market in Poland as an example. The article presents the specifics of the labour market in Poland facing the economic crisis, (called the Great Recession, which took place in 2008) and in later years, up to 2015. The study used an analytical and synthetic method as well as a secondary analysis. It contains an analysis and a synthesis regarding the labour market in Poland in the period under review and shows the country's efforts to reduce the level of unemployment as well as the improvement of the Polish labour market's situation by 2015, as indicated by the employment rate in Poland (which is currently only 2.6 percentage points lower than in the EU). The article stresses that the state policy pursued during the economic crisis, as well as in later years, helped to reduce the level of unemployment. It points out that (during the crisis and in later years) the categories of workers that were the most vulnerable to unemployment were young people, especially first job seekers, the elderly aged 60 or more, women, as well as people without profession with a low level of education. In contract, factors that reduced the risk of long unemployment included: higher education, investing in knowledge, active job search, mobility, openness to new forms of employment, including the use of temporary work services, as well as flexible forms of employment.
Keywords: labour market, economic crisis, unemployment, employment, forms of counteracting unemployment.
Active forms of counteracting unemployment - the contemporary labour market in Poland
In today's world, one of the most pressing problems that still has not been fully resolved is the problem of unemployment. Initially, unemployment intensified in the 1930s, when in many countries it exceeded 25%. The scale of unemployment increased also in the 1980s and 1990s in countries undergoing transformation, including Poland. Another crisis, this time worldwide, took place in 2008, and it has been referred to as the Great Recession. This crisis had various impacts on labour markets and unemployment rates of the EU countries. In economics, unemployment is regarded as an analytical category of the labour market. It is referred to as an «unrealised supply of labour, which is the result of an imbalance between labour supply and labour demand» [1, p.8].
Currently, the Polish legislation defines the unemployed as follows: «people unemployed and not performing other paid work, capable and ready to take up employment in full-time mode in given professions, services or other paid jobs; or disabled people, capable and ready to take employment in at least half of the standard working time; people not attending school, with the exception of those attending schools for adults or taking external examinations covering the curriculum of these schools or universities where they study part-time; people registered in the correct district labour office according to their place of permanent or temporary residence, seeking employment or other economic activities» [2].
In case of crisis and problems on the labour market, most commonly used instruments and actions undertaken within the framework of the labour market policy are: job creation by governments to subsidise the creation of new jobs, reduction of working time, part-time work, partial financing of enterprises, training, reduction of non-wage labour costs, establishment of employment agencies. The concept of transitional labour markets is connected to the current socio-economic research on the problem of unemployment. This concept, as a coherent approach to the labour market policy, appeared in Germany in the 1990s. It was created by Gunther Schmid. According to him, transitional labour markets are teams of institutional norms and instruments that create conditions for the functioning of workers on the labour market in situations significantly deviating from typical states of employment [3, pp. 30-31]. Transitional labour market is a combination of paid work and other types. Transitional employment is an option everyone can
benefit from. The transitionality of labour markets manifests itself in the dimension of time and organisation. Nowadays, according to Schmid, the concept of full employment should be redefined. Employees change employers more and more often in the course of their careers. It is more and more difficult to maintain the status of «full employment», full-time for an indefinite period. Currently, the diversity of employment relations is increasing, and there are more and more possible forms of employment. Thus, according to Schmid's intention, the concept of transitional labour markets is the basis for expanding potential labour relations and it constitutes an alternative to long-term unemployment. Moreover, it prevents poverty [4, pp.29-30]. According to the cited German professor, one of the areas where transitional labourmarkets occur are movements between different types of employment. Self-employment or temporary employment agencies are part of the concept of transitional labour markets [6, p.93].
In Polish law, there are two acts governing temporary employment. These are: the Act of 9 July 2003 on the employment of temporary workers and the Act of 20 April 2004 on employment promotion and labour market institutions. In Poland, implementation of the concept of transitional labour markets, namely temporary employment, was supposed to increase flexibility as well as to affect rationalisation of personnel management in organisations. This form of work was supposed to promote the activation of the unemployed and to encourage to work even on a temporary basis. Another advantage is that it increases chances of permanent employment and it makes it easier to reconcile professional tasks with education or home [6, p.11-14]. The legislator envisaged that the law on temporary employment will contribute to a decline in unemployment and will increase the competitiveness of the economy. The temporary form of employment has no restrictions on the number of executed fixed-term contracts signed one after another. In addition, an agreement concluded between a temporary work agency and a worker, in accordance with Art. 13 of the Act 1 on employment of temporary workers, should identify parties, the type of contract, the date of conclusion of the contract, as well as indicate the employer user and the period of work performed on behalf of this user, but also employment conditions of the temporary employee, including: type of work, working time, place of work and remuneration for work, including the method of its payment [7, p.163]. Legislation in Poland quite clearly shows how agreements between temporary workers and temporary employment agencies are concluded. The same concerns relations between temporary work agencies and employer users. However, the tripartite legal relationship and the divisibility of functions of employers can introduce uncertainty in the area of legal regulations concerning temporary work. The division of roles between agencies and user employers is not too clear, what can result in shifting the responsibility in relation to a temporary employee [7, p.167].
Activities of the temporary employment agency in Poland should be assessed positively. However, the shortcoming of the Act is a solution that does not sufficiently encourage the creation of permanent jobs [8, p.190]. Besides, one can also have reservations about the fairness of agencies in relation to temporary workers in practice. In Poland, active forms of counteracting unemployment and mitigating the effects of unemployment are supposed to solve the problem of unemployment, both at the macro level and at the regional level. These forms include employment agencies as well as open trade and job fairs [9, p.20]; career counselling, training; activation allowances for the unemployed; internships and career preparation; intervention works, job agencies.
With regard to the situation before the Great Recession, the situation on the Polish labour market in 2012 was still quite difficult. The unemployment rate amounted to 13.4%. Favourable changes occurred only in the second half of 2014. The lowest level of unemployment ever recorded of 8.3% was reported in September 2016. The improvement on the labour market is related to favourable changes in the economy and it constitutes the result of new activation solutions. New solutions were aimed largely at helping young unemployed. In 2012, they accounted for almost 20% of the unemployed in general, and 13.9% at the end of May 2014. In addition, the number of long-term unemployed decreased, by 27.3%, and the average duration of unemployment was reduced, from 12.9 months in 2014 to 12.6 months at the end of 2015. These changes have helped to improve the image of Poland among other EU countries. The activity rate increased among the population aged 15-64, from 66.5% in 2012 to 67.9% in 2014, and 68% in 2015. The unemployment rate in Poland is currently lower than the EU average. The amendment to the Act introduced new forms of mobilisation directed primarily at people under 30 years of age, over 50 years of age, long-term unemployed and parents returning to work after a break related to child upbringing. Since the amendment to the Act entered into force, 87.8 thousands of unemployed were covered by new forms of support by 31 May 2016 [9, p.9]. Most people were directed to employment agencies - 23.4 thousands; 21 thousands began internships as part of the so-called internship voucher. By May 2016, 18.8 thousands (14.5%) benefited from the new forms of support, and 21.9 thousands in the same period in 2015.
The amendment to the Act was multi-threaded. The idea was to make it possible to achieve the following objectives [9, p.13]:
1. to improve the effectiveness of labour offices and the quality of services;
2. to create jobs and support parents in returning to work after a break related to child upbringing;
3. to increase the employment of young people and to reduce the average duration of their unemployment;
4. to increase the employment of people aged 50 or more and to reduce the average duration of their unemployment;
5. to prevent unemployment by increasing the share of people working in lifelong learning as a result of the creation of the National Training Fund;
6. to adjust the national legislation to the EU legislation reforming the European Employment Services network in the EU member states;
7. to increase the protection of customers of employment agencies and to reduce the reporting obligations of agencies.
Already in 2015, the situation on the Polish labour market definitely improved. The overall situation in the country was as follows: GDP increased by 3.6% per annum; economic growth increased by 3.3%. The domestic demand, which rose by 3.2%, constituted a growth factor. Total consumption was higher than in 2014; it increased by 3.1%. The investment rate amounted to 20.2%, which was slightly higher than in the preceding year. The sold industrial production increased by 4.8% in total. The number of people working in the domestic economy increased by 2.0%. Average employment in the enterprise sector was higher by 1.3%, compared to 2014. Employment increased the most in the information and communication sector - 7.6%, as well as in administrative and support service activities - 4,2%. The situation is reversed in the case of mining - a decrease in employment by 7.1%, but also in construction - by 5,8%, as well as in accommodation and catering - by 5,)%, production and supply of electricity, gas, steam and hot water - by 4.4%. Employment also fell in real estate, by 1.9%. In 2015, with regard to salaries, the average gross wage in the enterprise sector increased by 3.5%, and amounted to 4,121.41 PLN. The wage growth was reported in all activities, but mostly in professional, scientific and technical activities. The minimum wage in the year under review amounted to 1,750 PLN [10]. The number of people employed at the end of 2015 was higher by 0.3%, compared to the preceding year. The number of economically inactive people decreased by 0.5%. Just like in preceding years, unemployment in Poland in 2015 was closely related in age and education. The lowest unemployment is observed among people with higher education, i.e. specialists. According to data, only every fifth person with higher education is unemployed. Moreover, people with vocational training are in a better situation than those with general secondary education. Economic activity among youngsters and elderly remains relatively low, and it amounts to 33.2% and 26.5% respectively. In relation to the number of unemployed by gender, the number of unemployed men rapidly decreased in 2003-2007. Women accounted for over 50% of the unemployed. At the end of 2015, the number of unemployed women decreased. Nevertheless, the unemployed women make up 52.2% of the unemployed in general. Women remain unemployed longer, although they have higher education than men and are also younger than men. In 2015, the most beneficial changes related to people aged 18-24.The unemployment rate for this category of people decreased by 21.6%, and by 15.6% among those aged 25-34. However, an increase of 7.8% was recorded in the 60+ age group. The number of jobs in 2008-2010 remained low. In 2010, the number of offers increased, but then decreased again. It has been steadily increasing since 2012. In 2015, labour offices reported 1,279,000 vacancies and professional activations. The situation is the best for office workers, operators, machinery and equipment assemblers as well as unskilled employees. The situation is the worst for workers without profession, as shown in Graph 12.
Graph 12. Unemployed by professional groups and specialities in thousands
Source: Appendix 3 to the MPiPS-01 report of the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Policy on the labour market: «The unemployed versus vacancies and places of professional activation by professions and specialities».
Higher education and qualifications reduce the risk of unemployment
Emigration - the Polish specifics of dealing with labour market problems
What is specifically Polish about the labour market is emigration which took on special significance after 2004. Scientific achievements concerning international migration of Poles is significant. An increased interest in this issue is associated with the change of the political system in Poland in 1989 and the Polish accession to the European Union. Research concentrated on the reasons for the changes in the international migration of Poles; factors affecting migration, both in the individual and in the international context; reasons and effects of emigration [11, p.20-22]. In literature, we find many definitions of migration. Migration is a process of spatial displacement of people, a change of residence (stay) of people who move from their place of origin (place of departure) to another destination (place of arrival) [12, p.13]. The causes of migration should be seen in a weak economic development of a country as well as in its excess of labour force. Polish migrations after 1989 have economic character. Poles frequently choose European countries. Graph 9 shows the Polish emigration in thousands.
Economic emigration in thousands
2 000 1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0
European Union (27 countries) Countries outside the EU
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Graph 9 Economic emigration of Poles in thousands
Source: Information on dimensions and directions of the Polish emigration in 2004-2012, Central Statistical Office, 2013.
In 2006, according to Eurostat, Poles made up the largest group of immigrants. 290,000 Poles worked legally in the EU countries. They were employed mainly in construction, transport and services [13]. However, under the influence of the financial crisis in Europe, a wave of migration is weakening. There are also increasing numbers of Poles coming back from abroad. The economic consequences of migration for Poland are the following [12, p.232]: reducing the supply of labour on the labour market of origin, raising the average level of wages, transferring part of wages to families living in a country of origin, re-emigration of people with more professional experience. However, the formation of gaps in the domestic labour market, the outflow of people of working age and the brain drain phenomenon are definitely unfavourable. Today, Poland is also attracting migrants from the East, including Georgia, Ukraine or Moldova. Table 1 indicates the direction of migration of Poles and the number of migrants in thousands.
Table 1. Directions of the Polish migration
Country of residence in thousands 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
United Kingdom 650 595 580 625 637
Germany 490 465 440 470 500
Ireland 180 140 133 120 118
Netherlands 108 98 92 95 97
Italy 88 88 92 94 97
Spain 83 84 48 40 37
France 56 60 60 62 63
Austria 40 36 29 25 28
Norway 38 45 50 56 65
Belgium 33 34 45 47 48
Sweden 29 31 33 36 38
Greece 20 16 16 15 14
Denmark 19 20 19 21 23
Czech Republic 10 9 7 7 8
Cyprus 4 3 3 3 2
Finland 4 3 3 2 2
Portugal 1 1 1 1 1
Source: Information on dimensions and directions of the Polish emigration in 2004-2012, Central Statistical Office, 2013.
The United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands are the main directions of the Polish migration; migration to these countries during the Great Recession declined due to problems on local labour markets. A clear decline is visible in 2009, at a time when the crisis was deepest. In subsequent years, the level of migration increases to return to the pre-crisis level in 2012. The increase in demand for workers on external labour markets coincides with the trend on the domestic labour market. In the case of economic emigrants, the level of emigration is in fact dependent on the absorbency of the labour market in a country of destination.
In recent years, the situation on the Polish labour market has significantly improved. According to the Randstad research agency, Polish workers have not declared their desire to go abroad to seek employment in 2016. For comparison, three-quarters of Spaniards report such intention. Thus, Polish emigrants are the ones who lost their jobs in Poland or worked in such a formula that was not included in the analysis of Randstad [14].
The decrease in the number of emigrants is due to the changes in the structure of education of the Polish society.
Labour market versus formation level
Raising the level of education is of great importance in solving the problem of unemployment in Poland (it is also related with the concept of transitional labour markets). In the conditions of a knowledge society and a rapid development of modern information technology, employers are looking for more and more qualified employees. An increase in the importance of knowledge in a social development was put forward by P. Drucker. According to him, knowledge and action are key factors that constitute a competitive advantage in the knowledge economy [15, p.397]. An attribute of the knowledge society, and more specifically of the knowledge-based economy, is the high percentage of people with higher education. Thus, the demand for high-class specialists and professionals is growing [16, p.40]. Blue-collar workers are being replaced with white-collar workers [17, p.232]. Graphs 10 and 11 present data on the level of education of men and women in Poland.
Men by education level in percent
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 05% 00%
2002
2005 2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
Higher education
Upper-secondary and post-secondary education
Vocational education Lower-secondary education Primary education
Graph 10. Men according to formation level in percent
Source: Central Statistical Office: Income and living conditions of the Polish population (EU-SILC 2007-2015 study report)
Between 2002 and 2015, the percentage of Polish men with higher education doubled, today it is about 20%. The number of men who have completed their education at the upper-secondary and post-secondary level is stable and amounts to around 30%. However, the number of men with vocational, primary and lower-secondary education is decreasing. Data on women are listed below.
Women by education level in percent
40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 05% 00%
2002
2005 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015
Upper-secondary and post-secondary education
Vocational education
Lower-secondary education
Primary education
podstawowe ukonczone
Graph 11. Women according to formation level in percent
Source: Central Statistical Office: Income and living conditions of the Polish population (EU-SILC 2007-2015 study report)
Trends among women are the same as among men. A slightly higher percentage of women with secondary education (around 5%) can be observed. However, the growth of women's interest in higher education is surprisingly high. In 2002, the number of men and women with higher education was similar. In 2015, there is almost 10% more women, what gives them very good prospects on the labour market. These trend lines concerning the number of people with primary and higher education are particularly noteworthy. This trend change shows that all the members of the society are increasing their qualifications. These societal trends are also reflected in the economic situation. In the years of economic growth (from 2002 to 2008 on the graph), we see a very strongly increasing trend on the side of higher education and a decreasing one on the side of primary education. In the period of crisis, we see a gentle reversal of the trend which confirms that the labour market problems translate into employees' professional ambitions. After the end of the crisis, the rate of change in the direction of rising the education level is increasing.
Today, the European Union recommend to draw attention to the cooperation between academia and the R+D industry. The emphasis is put on the transfer of knowledge from universities to the economy. This project is supposed to be a solution to the problems related to global competition on the market. In Poland, after the accession to the European Union in 2004, more and more efforts are made to commercialise knowledge and transfer it from universities to the economy. Adjusting the educational offer to the requirements of the labour market has been increasingly problematic. The same concerns the so-called «self-programming ability» coined by M. Castells [17, p.12]. It is a demand for a specific type of education offered by universities. It relates to the fact that educational profiles are mismatched with labour market requirements.
The debate on higher education is carried out in the international arena. The direction of change was given by the Bologna Process of 1999, as well as the Lisbon Declaration of 2007. In Poland, a discussion on higher education continues. It concerns the clash of two concepts: the concept of universities subordinated to knowledge and the concept of universities that are socially responsible and are looking for opportunities to serve the state and its residents [18, p.16]. In Poland, there are more than 400 higher education institutions. Unfortunately, they are not competitive in relation to other universities in the EU and, above all, in the US. Poland has still not yet created the right conditions to prioritise higher education. The country has not yet developed a long-term strategy that would pose such conditions. In summary, the Polish higher education should adapt to the dynamic changes occurring globally. Thus, it should work on transferring knowledge to the economy.
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ДАН1 ПРО АВТОРА
Mapia Мичинська-Ковальська, доктор наук, професор, Ушверситет природничих наук, м. Люблш, Польща. e-mail: [email protected]
ДАННЫЕ ОБ АВТОРЕ
Мария Мичинская-Ковальская, доктор наук, профессор, Университет естественных наук, г. Люблин, Польша e-mail: [email protected]
DATA ABOUT THE AUTHOR Maria Miczynska-Kowalska, prof. dr. hab. University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland e-mail: [email protected]
УДК: 339.542.22
ЗОНИ В1ЛЬНОТ ТОРГ1ВЛ1 1ЗРАТЛЮ: ДОСВ1Д ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ДЛЯ еВРАЗ1ЙСЬКОГО ЕКОНОМ1ЧНОГО СОЮЗУ I УКРАТНИ
Ожипна В.В.
Кпючов'1 слова: зона в'тьноТmоргiвлi, угода про вльну торг'влю, '¡нтеграця, торгвля, хаб-енд-спок '¡нтеграця, 1зра!'ль, Свразйський економ'чний союз, Свропейський союз, США, Канада, Мексика, Туреччина, Загальний ринок П'вденного конуса, lндiя, Китай, Республка Корея, Панама, Колумбiя, Перу, Чилi, Асоцаця держав П'тденно-Сх'дно)' Азп, Тайвань, В'етнам.
ЗОНЫ СВОБОДНОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ ИЗРАИЛЯ: ОПЫТ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ДЛЯ ЕВРАЗИЙСКОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СОЮЗА И УКРАИНЫ
Ожигина В.В.
Предмет исследования - зоны свободной торговли (ЗСТ) Израиля, созданные или на стадии переговоров. Цель - определить особенности интеграционной системы, спроектированной Израилем, и проводимой им интеграционной политики по созданию ЗСТ, разработать рекомендации по проектированию ЗСТ Израиля с ЕАЭС и Украиной. Методологическая основа работы: системный подход, методы количественного и качественного анализа, теории интеграции. Результаты работы: на основе анализа ЗСТ Израиля с ЕС, странами НАФТА, ЕАСТ, Турцией, МЕРКОСУР, Колумбией, Панамой, Египтом и Иорданией, переговоров о ЗСТ с Китаем, Индией, Р. Корея, АСЕАН и другими странами АТР определены особенности интеграционной системы и политики Израиля, даны рекомендации по проектированию ЗСТ Израиля с ЕАЭС и Украиной. Область применения: проектирование интеграционных систем ЕАЭС и Украины с учетом мирового опыта. Выводы: 1. К особенностям интеграционной системы и политики Израиля относятся: отсутствие региональных многосторонних соглашений и наличие гибких межрегиональных двусторонних, их асимметричность; возникновение хаб-энд-спок ситуации при создании ЗСТ с ЕС, США и МЕРКОСУР; потенциал включения в ТТИП и ТИСА; диверсификация связей за счет выхода на рынки АТР; особый статус соглашений с соседями; неширокий охват старых соглашений и введение правил «ВТО+» в новые. 2. Рекомендации по проектированию ЗСТ ЕАЭС и Украины с Израилем: широкий охват ЗСТ, либерализация торговли промежуточными и высокотехнологичными товарами; возможность пересмотра соглашения, применения специальных защитных мер и длительный переходный период; либерализация торговли, способствующая ее диверсификации; использование потенциала ЗСТ
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© Ожипна В.В., 2017
