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Сетевой научно-практический журнал
серия Вопросы теоретической и прикладной лингвистики
Н
АУЧНЫИ
РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
18
UDC 811
DOI: 10.18413 / 2313-8912-2015-1-3-18-26
Serakioti Dimitra
AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE BASIC COLOUR TERMS I N MODERN GREEK: THE CASE OF blü, yalôzjo, yalany
Serakioti Dimitra, University of Athens, Department of Philology
PhD Candidate
BA, Master of Philosophy in Linguistics National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli, Ilisia, 15784, Greece E-mail: dimser21@hotmail.com
STRACT
According to Berlin & Kay’s [5] theory, it is possible for a language to include more than 11 basic colour terms. It is remarkable that in certain languages more than one term denote «blue». Russian is a good example of a language having two basic terms for blue - sinij (dark blue) and goluboj (light blue). Similar examples of languages with two basic colour terms for blue are Turkish, Arabian, Italian and Chinese. In addition, Androulaki et al. [2] claim that Modern Greek has 12 basic colour terms, supporting that yal6zjo (light blue) should be included in these terms. The question arising is whether the term yal6zjo in Modern Greek could be considered as a basic colour term. This is the main issue in the present experimental research. For conducting the experiment the Munsell colour system was used. The results of the empirical research show that the term yalany is a lighter hue of Ь1й (blue) in relation to yal6zjo. Moreover, these terms cannot be considered as basic, since, on the one hand, they are included in a basic colour category (Ь1й), and, on the other hand, they occur only in particular collocations, violating the corresponding Berlin & Kay’s (5, P. 6) criteria.
Key words: Berlin & Kay’s experiment; basic colour terms; Modern Greek; Ь1й, yal6zjo, yalany.
№3 2015
19 Serakioti Dimitra "W WA У Ч Н Ы Й
AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN MODERN GREEK: THE CASE OF blü, Yal6zjo, Yalany ш А А РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
Сетевой научно-практический журна
i. Introduction
During the last decades, of particular interest is the theory of Berlin & Kay [5], related to colour categorization. According to this theory, a language can have from 2 to 11 basic colour terms. These eleven basic categories are white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange and grey. In addition, the authors [5, P. 2-3] argue that there are strict restrictions on basic colour categories in languages that include fewer than 11 basic colour categories: all languages have terms for white and black; if a language has a third term, then it contains a term for red; if it has four terms, then these are green or yellow; if it has five terms, these are both green and yellow; if a language has a sixth term, it is blue; if it has a seventh, then it is brown; if it has eight terms, then it is purple, pink, orange, grey, or a combination of these.
Besides, Berlin & Kay [5, P. 35-36] mention the possibility a language to have more than eleven basic colour terms. A typical example is Russian, which contains 12 basic colour categories, because of the distinction observed between “sinij” and “goluboj”, e.g. between the dark blue and light blue, concerning lightness. [6; 13; 11; 8; 15; 16; 18]. Similar results regarding distinctions of blue appear also in languages related to Russian, such as Ukrainian and Belarusian. According to Safuanova & Korzh [18, c. 78], “sinij” is used in lexical collocations with words such as “sky”, “snow”, and also in others with a negative connotation (“heavy clouds”, “haze”, “harsh”), while “goluboj” is used with words that have a positive connotation (“affectionate”, “soft”, “tranquil”, “serene”). In a similar way, Turkish has twelve basic colour terms, including “lacrivert” (dark blue) and
“mavi” (light blue) [14]. It is noteworthy that in Nepali the term “Akashi” is used to indicate the sky light blue [8]. Moreover, in Arabic the following terms are used for denoting blue: “azrock” (blue), “samawee” (light blue) and “khuhlie” (dark blue) [1]. As far as Greek is concerned, the research of Androulaki et al. [2] is the only one supporting that it has 12 basic colour terms, including yalWzjo (light blue). Nevertheless, except blü (“blue”) and yalWzjo (light blue), they recognize the presence of yalany, which they consider as identical with yalWzjo, without discerning any difference between these two terms [2, P. 6, 10). Research about the basic colour terms in Modern Greek has been also carried out by Serakioti & Markopoulos [19] and Serakioti [20].
The aim of the present research is the experimental examination of the following issues: a) if in Modern Greek there is any difference between the terms blü, yalWzjo, yalany, b) if the above colour terms can be characterised as basic, fulfilling Berlin & Kay’s criteria [5, P. 6-7].
2. Methodology
In this study, the Munsell colour array, used also by Berlin & Kay [5], was given (Figure 1) to the subjects of the research, who were asked to find the typical version of blü, yalWzjo and yalany. More particularly, the second stage of data collection of Berlin & Kay’s experiment was followed [5, P. 5]. The Munsell colour array contains a set of 330 colour chips, of which 320 represent 40 different hues, each divided into 8 different lightness levels (Munsell value). The purpose of this experiment is to check whether there is deviation in the perception of the three colour terms blue, yalWzjo, yalany, taking into account that Androulaki et al. [2, P. 6, 10] consider yalWzjo as identical to yalany.
Figure 1. The Munsell colour array
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AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN MODERN GREEK: THE CASE OF blü, Yal6zjo, Yalany ш А А РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
Сетевой научно-практический журна
It is worth noting that the survey participants were asked to mention their age and gender, and these data were later processed. To avoiding the effect of the order in which colours were presented, a different order of colours for each participant was followed.
For registering, grouping and statistically processing data, tables were created, which include the serial number of the speaker, the gender, the colour and the corresponding values for its placement on the vertical and the horizontal axis of the colour spectrum (see Appendix). To facilitate data processing and numerical calculations, for the vertical placement in the colour spectrum numbers were used instead of letters (A = 0, B = 1, C = 2, D = 3, E =4, F = 5, G = 6, H = 7, I = 8). Furthermore, on each axis the average and the standard deviation were calculated for denoting the median of each colour, in order to investigate whether all values are focused on a particular point or there is great dispersion around a central value. In addition, the confidence interval was calculated on the vertical and horizontal placement to indicate the maximum error probability (0.05). The outliers were removed, e.g. values exceeding x’+2xs, and the average and standard deviation were recalculated.
The survey involved a total of 60 Greek native speakers, 30 males and 30 females, aged 20-50 years, who had no achromatopsia or dyschromatopsia problems (see 10; 7, 21; 17].
3. Findings and Discussion
The results of the present research indicate that the terms yalWzjo and yalany do not correspond to identical values in the spectrum, while there is significant deviation between them and blü. More particularly, yal6zjo appears to be a darker hue of blü in relation to yalany, with average (26.7, 3.2), while yalany appears
as a lighter hue of blue in relation to yal6zjo, with average (26.82, 2.79), as it can be seen in Figure 2. Thus, in the horizontal axis there is no difference between the two colour terms, contrary to the vertical axis. It seems that this difference regarding the colour lightness is not accidental, since the average of each point is outside the confidence interval of the other.
Moreover, it should be also mentioned that between these two adjectives (yalWzjos-yalanys) there are differences regarding the collocations and each of them refers to a particular class of objects. For example, yalWzjos is mainly used in collocations with words such as 66lasa (sea), lHmni (lake), aktH (shore), while yalanys with words such as uranys (sky) and also simüa (flag), indicating the blue and white colour of the Greek flag. Thus, it is expected for one to say e.g. yalWzja 66lasa/ lHmni/ akti, instead of yalann 66lasa/ lHmni/ aktH or phrases, such as “to yalWzjo tis 66lasas/ tu uranh” (the blue of the sea/ sky) instead of “to yalany tis OWlasas/ tu uranh”. From the SEK (Corpus of Greek Texts) (Goutsos 2013) this difference is confirmed, since the term yalWzjos is used in plenty of collocations, much more than yalanys. These are some examples: “to yalWzjo tu pelWgus” (the blue of the sea), “to aperado yalWzjo tou Egüu” (the endless blue of the Aegean Sea), “to yalWzjo tis OWlasas ke tu uranh” (the blue of the sea and the sky), “yalWzjo akroiôli” (blue shore), “yalWzja lHmni” (blue lake), and also metonymically “to nisH pu zy Hne yalWzjo” (the island in which I live is blue), instead of “to nisH pu zy üxi yalWzja OWlasa” (the island in which I live has blue sea). The term yalanys appears, mainly, in literacy in collocations such as “yalanys uranys” (blue sky), “yalanW nerW” (blue water), “yalanW mWt3a” (blue eyes) and also metonymically, e.g. “to yalany tis vlüma” (her blue look).
BlÜ yaWzjo yalany
average x 30,49 26,7 26,82
y 5,87 3,2 2,79
confidence x 0,19 0,53 0,57
y 0,22 0,26 0,26
Standard deviation x 0,72 2,03 2,21
y 0,82 0,98 1
Number of subjects 55 56 57
Figure 2. Average of blü, yalWzjo, yalany in Modern Greek
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21 Serakioti Dimitra уТАУЧНЫЙ
AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN MODERN GREEK: THE CASE OF blü, Yal6zjo, Yalany ш А А РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
Сетевой научно-практический журна
25,5 26 26,5 27 27,5 28 28,5 29 29,5 30 30,5 31
• blé
• yalazjo
• yalano
Figure 3. Graphic depiction of the value of blü, yalWzjo, yalany in Modern Greek
Moreover, there is a difference between yalWzjos and yalanys regarding their compounds and derivatives. Thus, in compounding with the prefix kata- the term katay6lanos (very blue) is used instead of *katayWlazos. According to SEK, the derived word katay6lanos appears in collocations such as “katay6lanos uranys”, “katay6lani 6Wlasa”, “katay6lana mWt3a”,
excluding the use of *katayWlazos (“*katayWlazos uranys”, “*katay6lazi 66lasa”, “*katay6laza m6t3a”. Regarding the derivation of these colour terms with the suffix -opys (-ish), yalazopys is used instead of *yalanopys.
Furthermore, in compounding the terms yalazopr6sino (blue-green) (yalWzjo + pr6sino) and prasinoyWlazo (prWsino + yalWzjo) are preferred and not *yalanoprWsino (yalany + prWsino) and *prasinogWlano (prWsino + yalany). Also, the term yalanylefkos (blue and white) (yalany + lefky) is used, but not the term *yalazoleukos (yalWzjo + lefky).
In the research of Androulaki et al. [2] yalWzjo is presented as “lighter blue” and considered as a basic colour term of Greek, on the basis of the frequency of its appearance, while it is also claimed that the term yalWzjos is identical with the term yalanys [2 P. 6, 10-11]. Thus, the term yalWzjos and yalanys are both considered as light
blue, without any differentiation between them. Moreover, it is argued that there is no difference regarding the collocations of the two terms, since they are both used to denote the colour of the sea, sky and the greek flag, and also the blue colour of the eyes [2, P. 6].
Regarding the methodology of their research, there is considerable inconsistency in the used sample, since the number of the subjects varies in each stage of the experiment (In different stages of the research the subjects were 8 bilingual speakers of Greek and English (6 females and 2 males), 6 Greek speakers from Crete (3 males and 3 females) speaking a particular Greek dialect of Crete, 18 Greek native speakers (10 males and 8 females) and 12 Greek native speakers (7 females and 5 males)), as well as the ratio of the representatives of the two genders (male - female), while only a limited range of ages is covered (19 to 31 years old). Additionally, the selection of the subjects from Crete, who speak a particular dialect of Greek, is rather debatable (as Androulaki et al. [2, c. 18] mention, the six subjects of the research were born and lived in an isolated village of Crete with about 150 inhabitants).
Concerning the presented experiment, we notice a difference between yalWzjo and yalany
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22 Serakioti Dimitra уТАУЧНЫЙ
AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN MODERN GREEK: THE CASE OF blü, Yal6zjo, Yalany ш А А РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
Сетевой научно-практический журна
regarding the hue. Thus, we can consider the two terms as a variation of blü, given the fact that yalany corresponds to a lighter hue of Ь1й
in relation to yaWzjo, and yaWzjo to a darker hue of blü in relation to yalany (Figure 4).
Ь1й
“blue”
Ь1й
“blue”
Yal6zjo “darker blue in relation to Yalano”
Yalany “lighter blue in relation to Yal6zjo”
Figure 4. Semantic relationships of Greek ble, yaWzjo, yalany (the scheme is identical with that of Berlin & Kay [5, c. 36] for the Russian siniy and goluboy)
For the question if yaWzjo and yalany are basic colour terms, it would be useful to examine Berlin & Kay’s [5, P. 6-7] criteria for the characterisation of a colour term as basic. A colour term is considered as basic when: a) its meaning does not derive from the meaning of its parts (e.g. “blue” and not “bluish”, “olive green”), b) it is not included in another colour category (e.g. “scarlet” is included in “red” and is a kind of it), c) it is not limited to a category of objects (e.g. “blond” is mainly used with “hair”, “complexion” and “furniture”), and d) it is widely known and accepted by all the speakers (e.g. “yellow” instead of “saffron”).
Based on the above criteria, the terms yaWzjo and yalany cannot be considered as basic colour terms in Modern Greek, since they violate the criteria (b) and (c). On the one hand they violate the criterion (b), since they are included in the basic colour category of blü and
are a subcategory of it, and on the other hand they violate the criterion (c), since each of them appears only in particular collocations.
4. Conclusion
According to the present experimental research, the term yaWzjo is a darker hue of blü in relation to yalany, while yalany is a lighter blü than yaWzjo, since there is a deviation of values regarding their lightness on the vertical axis. Moreover, these terms cannot be considered as basic colour terms, since, on the one hand, they are included in a basic colour category being a subcategory of it and, on the other hand, they occur only in particular collocations, violating the corresponding Berlin & Kay’s [5] criteria. Nevertheless, this issue needs further investigation and interdisciplinary approach.
Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Professor Stavros Skopeteas for his support and valuable comments.
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23 Serakioti Dimitra "W WA У Ч Н Ы Й
AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN MODERN GREEK: THE CASE OF blü, Yal6zjo, Yalany ш А А РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
Сетевой научно-практический журна
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AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN MODERN GREEK: THE CASE OF blü, Yal6zjo, Yalany ш А А РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
Сетевой научно-практический журна
APPENDIX. The data for blü, yaWzjo, yalany in Modern Greek
Serial Number of Sneaker Gender Colour Vertical axis Horizontal axis
if female yal6zjo 6 26
2f female yal6zjo 3 27
3f female yal6zjo 3 27
4f female yal6zjo 4 24
5f female yal6zjo 3 25
6f female yal6zjo 5 29
7f female yal6zjo 3 26
8f female yal6z]o 2 30
9f female yal6zjo 3 27
10f female yal6z]o 3 27
iif female yal6zjo 3 26
12f female yal6zjo 3 28
13f female yal6zjo 2 27
i4f female yal6zjo 6 27
i5f female yal6zjo 2 29
i6f female yal6zjo 3 25
i7f female yal6z]o 2 22
i8f female yal6zjo 2 25
i9f female yal6zjo 2 27
20f female yal6zjo 3 27
2if female yal6zjo 5 28
22f female yal6z]o 4 27
23f female yal6zjo 3 22
24f female yal6z]o 2 21
25f female yal6zjo 2 30
26f female yal6z]o 3 28
27f female yal6zjo 2 29
28f female yal6z]o 5 27
29f female yal6zjo 4 28
30f female yal6zjo 3 27
lm male yal6zjo 3 25
2m male yal6zjo 2 29
3m male yal6zjo 2 25
4m male yal6zjo 5 29
5m male yal6zjo 2 23
6m male yal6zjo 4 28
7m male yal6zjo 2 23
8m male yal6zjo 3 27
9m male yal6zjo 4 25
10m male yal6zjo 4 27
11m male yal6zjo 5 24
12m male yal6zjo 4 24
13m male yal6zjo 2 29
14m male yal6zjo 3 30
15m male yal6zjo 4 27
16m male yal6zjo 3 29
17m male yal6zjo 3 28
18m male yal6zjo 5 27
19m male yal6zjo 3 28
20m male yal6zjo 2 24
21m male yal6zjo 4 27
22m male yal6zjo 4 24
23m male yal6zp 3 25
24m male yal6zjo 2 29
25m male yal6zp 4 36
26m male yal6zjo 5 27
27m male yal6zp 3 29
28m male yal6zjo 4 27
29m male yal6z]o 3 25
30m male val6zio 4 27
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AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN MODERN GREEK: THE CASE OF blü, Yal6zjo, Yalany ш А А РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
Сетевой научно-практический журна
Serial Number of Speaker Gender Colour Vertical axis Horizontal axis
if female yalany 2 26
2f female yalany 2 28
3f female yalany 2 24
4f female yalany 2 23
5f female yalany 3 24
6f female yalany 4 25
7f female yalany 2 31
8f female yalany 2 24
9f female yalany 3 27
10f female yalany 2 30
iif female yalany 3 28
12f female yalany 2 28
13f female yalany 2 30
i4f female yalany 3 27
i5f female yalany 3 28
i6f female yalany 3 25
i7f female yalany 1 26
i8f female yalany 2 28
i9f female yalany 1 28
20f female yalany 3 27
2if female yalany 5 26
22f female yalany 3 27
23f female yalany 4 32
24f female yalany 2 23
25f female yalany 2 21
26f female yalany 2 29
27f female yalany 3 27
28f female yalany 3 28
29f female yalany 2 30
30f female yalany 2 23
im male yalany 2 27
2m male yalany 2 28
3m male yalany 2 29
4m male yalany 3 29
5m male yalany 2 23
6m male yalany 4 25
7m male yalany 7 31
8m male yalany 2 27
9m male yalany 4 25
10m male yalany 2 27
11m male yalany 5 23
12m male yalany 4 30
13m male yalany 3 26
14m male yalany 5 26
15m male yalany 2 27
16m male yalany 3 29
17m male yalany 2 29
18m male yalany 5 27
19m male yalany 4 29
20m male ralany 4 24
21m male yalany 3 23
22m male yalany 4 30
23m male yalany 3 25
24m male yalany 2 29
25m male yalany 4 30
26m male yalany 4 25
27m male yalany 3 26
28m male yalany 2 25
29m male yalany 3 29
30m male yalany 2 27
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AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO THE BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN MODERN GREEK: THE CASE OF blü, Yal6zjo, Yalany ш РЕЗУЛЬТАТ
Сетевой научно-практический журна
Serial Number of Speaker Gender Colour Vertical axis Horizontal axis
if female Ь1й 6 31
2f female ь1й 6 31
3f female ь1й 6 31
4f female ь1й 6 30
5f female ь1й 5 30
6f female ь1й 7 31
7f female ь1й 6 31
8f female ь1й 7 31
9f female ь1й 6 30
10f female ь1й 7 31
iif female ь1й 6 31
12f female ь1й 6 31
13f female ь1й 7 31
i4f female ь1й 7 31
i5f female ь1й 7 30
i6f female ь1й 4 31
i7f female ь1й 6 30
i8f female ь1й 3 30
i9f female ь1й 8 27
20f female ь1й 4 29
2if female ь1й 7 31
22f female ь1й 4 30
23f female ь1й 6 31
24f female ь1й 6 30
25f female ь1й 5 30
26f female ь1й 6 31
27f female ь1й 6 28
28f female ь1й 5 31
29f female ь1й 6 31
30f female ь1й 6 30
im male ь1й 5 29
2m male ь1й 4 28
3m male ь1й 8 30
4m male ь1й 4 29
5m male ь1й 7 31
6m male ь1й 6 31
7m male ь1й 6 31
8m male ь1й 5 31
9m male ь1й 6 30
10m male ь1й 6 31
11m male ь1й 6 31
12m male ь1й 6 31
13m male ь1й 7 29
14m male ь1й 6 30
15m male ь1й 6 31
16m male ь1й 6 30
17m male ь1й 6 31
18m male ь1й 6 30
19m male ь1й 5 32
20m male ь1й 6 30
21m male ь1й 5 30
22m male ь1й 5 30
23m male ь1й 6 30
24m male ь1й 7 29
25m male Ь1й 6 31
26m male Ь1й 6 30
27m male ь1й 5 32
28m male ь1й 5 30
29m male ь1й 7 31
30m male ь1й 6 30
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