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UDC 636
AGE FLUCTUATIONS OF THE MUSCULATION OF BULL-CALVES SIMMENTAL BREED AND ITS CROSSES WITH MEAT SIMMENTAL AND CHAROLIAS
Ertuev M.M., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Prokhorov I.P., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy of K.A.Timirjazev,
Moscow, Russia
Pikul A.N., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Tula Research Institute of Agriculture, Tula, Russia
E-mail: tniish@rambler.ru
ABSTRACT
Materials on learning of a growth form and developing of separate muscles, a muscular tissue various anatomical ranges and the hulk as a whole buttresses of Simmental breed and its crosses with meat Simmental and charolias are given.
KEY WORDS
Simmental; Charolias crosses; Musculation pulp; Average daily increase.
The varied demands to quality of meat have led to that for last decades the age of slaughter of animals has considerably shrunk, concern to animal husbandry of meat breeds which one biological singularity is capability to intensive build-up of a muscular tissue without excessive bailment of grease was increased. In this connection it is necessary to note, that last decades at realisation of crossing cross popularity of the ex-Italian breeds, including charolias breed which one attracts specialists large sizes was considerably increased. Animals of this breed rather late-ripening, are capable to splice the long-term season a muscular tissue without an intensive adipopexis, have high energy of growth. Other perspective specie for utilisation in industrial cross considers meat Simmental which one on meat productivity does not yield to the ex-Italian breeds. To Simmental meat phylum the deficiency of charolias breeds - difficulty of calvings is to a lesser degree generic. It is known, that the extent of evolution of a musculation, the basic ingredient of the hulk, in many respects hallmarks meat. In this connection presents scientific and practical concern learning of a growth form and muscular tissue developing in whole and separate bunches of muscles for bull-calves of a parent material and its crosses with the meat. Growth and skeleton and muscles developing were learnt, as a rule, by anatomists and physiologists out of linkage with meat productivity of animals, it is more paying attention to absolute and selfrelative pulp of a skeleton and its separate parts in the various age seasons and at a miscellaneous feeding level. The principle of learning of a musculation was analogous. Individual jobs [1,2,3,4,6,7] are devoted learning of growth and muscular tissue developing. Thus it is necessary to note, that these jobs are devoted learning of separate large muscles or of their bunches, and conducted, as a rule, at a mean level of feeding [1,4,7] though it is known, that only at enough high level of feeding implementation of hereditary potential of animals to growth and musculation build-up is ensured. Growth of separate muscles and all musculation of the hulk of bull-calves is influenced as a whole by specie, feeding, an age, sex, etc., and it makes practically impossible to determine a fraction of agency of any one factor. However practically all authors are uniform in judgement, that the largest muscles differ livelier growth. As increasing of meat productivity of large horned stock is conditioned growth and in musculation pulp, true job is devoted learning of a growth form and developing of separate muscles, a muscular tissue of various anatomic ranges and the hulk as a whole bull-calves Simmental breed and its crosses with meat Simmental and charolias at their intensive cultivation and fattening.
MATERIAL AND METHODS OF PROBES
This scientific-economic experience is held in the SSU Tula in the Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture of Russian Agricultural Academy . For realisation of experiences 3 bunches of bull-calves on 15 goals in each have been seeded and formed. Making up of bunches parentages spent a method of fallow-analogues with allowance for, ages and pulps at a birth. In the first (test) bunchsimmental breed, bull-calves have been included in the second and third (skilled) bunches - accordingly bull-calves 1 / 2 thoroughbredness on meat simmental (W * SM) and charolias (W *) to breeds from cross of cows Simmental breed with buttresses of the indicated meat breeds. Experiences spent from a birth before 18 month age. Animals of all bunches were in equal conditions of feeding and a contents. Calfs from a birth before take-off in 7-month's age cultivated on technics of a beef cattle husbandry. The contents of calfs before the second half of May was stable. Further till October of the cow with calfs were on a pasteurage. After take-off of young plants from mothers the technics envisions a stabling on a tie. The feeding level of experimental young plants was intensive and is counted on rates of ALL-Russian Institute of Husbandry for obtaining of average daily increments of 1000-1100 g and reachings of alive pulp at the age of 18 MTH of 550-600 kgs. The count of the consumed feedstuff spent every 3 months by weighting of the preset feedstuff and their rests. An increase of alive pulp of bull-calves checked by monthly weighting. Test slaughters have been conducted on the Tula meat-preserving factory. At a birth it has been killed on 1 bull-calfe from each bunch, at the age of 6 and 12 MTH - on 3 heads, in 15 and 18 MTH - accordingly on 5 and 4 goals. After realisation of test slaughters in 15 month age of the basic experience (5) fattening remained on 4 bull-calfe in each bunch has been prolonged. The commitment was thus put to learn age fluctuations of morphological makeup of hulks, growth and evolution muscular, futty and osteal cloths. After a trade analysis of the hulk directed to a frozen locker where them stood within 24-72 hours at the temperature of 0 ± 4 °C. For determining of regularities of age fluctuations of pulp of a muscular tissue manufactured fiber preparing and determining of pulp of each muscle to within 1 of the left half carcass. On the basis of absolute data ABT pulp of muscles the selfrelative pulp of muscles (the pulp expressed in percentage to all pulp of probed muscles) has been calculated their average 4 each bunch, and also. Total mass of a musculation of anatomic ranges determined summation of pulp of each muscle which is going into this bunch. Carefully abjointed and separately noted a contents of subcutaneous and intermuscular grease. 4 a group on anatomic departments and performances of growth of muscles used P.A.Glagolev's classifying (1964) and A.I.Akaevsky (1968).
EFFECTS OF PROBES AND THEIR ARGUING
Intensive cultivation on technics of a beef cattle husbandry and a feeding high level in the subsequent age seasons have ensured high intensity of growth of bull-calves of all bunches. The alive pulp mapone3CKux crosses at a birth was the greatest (41,8 kgs) and exceeded that contemporaries of 1 and 2 bunches accordingly on 8,0 (P 0,05) and 11,1 % (P 0,01). Mixed bull-calves of 2 bunches in all age seasons, behind exclusion at a birth, exceeded animals of a reference group on alive pulp, however the variance on rate of this index was minute. Sharolezsky crosses in all age seasons differed a high pure gain and considerably exceeded on alive pulp of contemporaries of two other bunches. So, the variance in alive pulp at the age of 3 MTH between charolias crosses and bull-calves of 1 and 2 bunches has compounded 11,3 and 8,6 kgs (P 0,05), and at the age of 6 MTH -accordingly 24,2 (P 0,001) and 14,4 kgs (P 0,01). In the end of the skilled season charolias crosses have attained pulp of 620,6 kgs, and they on rate of this index exceeded contemporaries of 1 and 2 bunches accordingly on 57,5 (P 0,001) and 36,6 kgs (P 0,01). During experience average daily increments for bull-calves of a parent material have compounded 957 g, and for crosses of 2 and 3 bunches - accordingly 971 and 1056. At realisation of test slaughters it is fixed, that the pulp of the fresh-killed hulk charolias crosses in 12, 15 and 18 month age has attained pulp accordingly 240,0; 303,6 and 355,4 kgs, that
on 24,9; 39,2 and 50,8 kgs more than for contemporaries of a parent material (P 0,01 - P
0,001). Mixed bull-calves of 2 bunches on rate of this index occupied an in-between position. In tables 1-5 the absolute and selfrelative pulp of all musculation of half carcasses, including musculation pulp on anatomic ranges are reconciled.
From tables it is visible, that with the years animals the absolute weight of a musculation of all anatomic ranges was augmented. The total mass of muscles of half carcasses of bull-calves Simmental breed in 6-month's age was augmented, in comparison with that of neonatal calfs on 43,59 kgs, or in 6,1 times, and at the age of 12, 15 and 18 MTH - accordingly on 64,73; 80,93 and 100,35 kgs, or in 10,03; 12,30 and 15,01 times. Mixed bull-calves of 2 and 3 bunches considerably exceeded contemporaries of a parent material on intensity of growth of a musculation of hulks.
Table 1 - Absolute (gr) and selfrelative (%) pulp of a musculation of half carcasses (at a birth)
Musculation Simmental Simmental Beef Simmental/Charolias
gr. % gr. % gr. %
The common bundling 1223 17.07 1185 16.89 1382 16.68
Rachis 1148 16.02 1117 15.93 1289 15.55
Thorax 313 4.40 320 4.56 372 4.50
Abdominal wall 357 4.99 340 4.86 401 4.84
The axial 3041 42.44 2962 42.25 3444 41.54
Breast belt 426 5.98 415 5.93 491 5.92
Shoulder ranges 422 5.88 411 5.88 484 5.83
Forearms 305 4.27 314 4.45 366 4.43
Pelvic girdle 505 7.05 485 6.93 600 7.24
Hip ranges 1835 25.61 1825 26.03 2215 26.72
Anticnemion ranges 514 7.17 495 7.06 584 7.05
The surface-type 4007 55.92 3945 56.28 4740 57.18
The subcutaneous 117 - 103 1.59 106 1.28
The common 7165 100.0 7010 100.0 8290 100.0
Table 2 - Absolute (gr.) and selfrelative (%) pulp of a musculation of half carcasses (6 MTH)
Musculation Simmental Simmental Beef Simmental/Charolias
gr. % gr. % gr. %
The common bundling 7193 16.50 7598 16.12 8284 16.21
Rachis 7287 16.72 7832 16.61 8376 16.38
Thorax 1882 4.32 2044 4.34 2145 4.20
Abdominal wall 3203 7.35 3314 7.03 3714 7.27
The axial 19565 44.88 20788 44.10 22519 44.06
Breast belt 2352 5.40 2622 5.62 2831 5.54
Shoulder ranges 2314 5.31 2498 5.30 2671 5.23
Forearms 1421 3.26 1605 3.40 1679 3.29
Pelvic girdle 3588 8.23 3791 8.04 4044 7.92
Hip ranges 11022 25.28 12256 26.00 13352 26.13
Anticnemion ranges 2528 5.80 2785 5.91 3107 6.08
The surface-type 23225 53.27 25557 54.21 27687 54.18
The subcutaneous 806 1.85 795 1.69 899 1.76
The common 43596 100.0 47140 100.0 51105 100.0
So, a musculation growth coefficient as the ratio of its pulp in the certain age seasons 2 that of newborns, for crosses of 2 bunches at the age of 6, 12, 15 and 18 MTH has compounded accordingly 6,72; 11,24; 14,43 and 16,97, and for charolias crosses - 6,16; 10,19; 13,04 and 16,34. It has been above displayed, that charolias crosses differed from contemporaries of two other bunches the greatest rates of average daily increments, an absolute weight of increments, alive pulp and pulp of a common musculation in the end of each age season. However, if to judge intensity of build-up of a musculation on a growth coefficient mixed bull-calves of 2 bunches favourably differ from contemporaries of two other
bunches. The originating contradiction speaks that influences rate of this index not only musculation pulp in the certain age seasons, but also its rate for neonatal bull-calves. In this connection it is necessary to note, that the pulp of a musculation of half carcasses for crosses of 2 bunches at a birth was the least (7,01 kgs), and they yielded on rate of this index to contemporaries of 1 and 3 bunches accordingly on 0,155 and 1,280 kgs.
Table 3 - Absolute (gr.) and selfrelative (%) pulp of a musculation of half carcasses (12 MTH)
Musculation Simmental Simmental Beef Simmental/Charolias
gr. % gr. % gr. %
The common bundling 13133 18.27 14317 18.17 15539 18.40
Rachis 12380 17.22 13466 17.08 14546 17.22
Thorax 3435 4.78 3736 4.74 3777 4.47
Abdominal wall 5336 7.42 5996 7.61 6353 7.52
The axial 34284 47.69 37515 47.60 40215 47.61
Breast belt 4435 6.17 4744 6.02 4933 5.84
Shoulder ranges 3638 5.06 4332 5.49 4539 5.37
Forearms 2020 2.81 2325 2.95 2272 2.69
Pelvic girdle 5176 7.20 5798 7.36 6326 7.49
Hip ranges 17461 24.28 19025 24.14 20560 24.34
Anticnemion ranges 3681 5.12 3830 4.86 4197 4.97
The surface-type 36411 50.64 40054 50.82 42827 50.71
The subcutaneous 1205 1.67 1243 1.58 1415 1.67
The common 71900 100.0 78812 100.0 84457 100.0
Table 4 - Absolute (gr.) and selfrelative (%) pulp of a musculation of half carcasses (15 MTH)
Musculation Simmental Simmental Beef Simmental/Charolias
gr. % gr. % gr. %
The common bundling 16411 18.63 18728 18.51 21556 19.94
Rachis 15585 17.69 18516 18.30 19144 17.71
Thorax 4625 5.25 5068 5.01 5285 4.89
Abdominal wall 6739 7.65 8106 8.01 8312 7.69
The axial 43360 49.22 50418 49.84 54297 50.23
Breast belt 5520 6.26 6080 6.01 6333 5.86
Shoulder ranges 4764 5.41 5463 5.40 5858 5.42
Forearms 2238 2.54 2549 2.52 2475 2.29
Pelvic girdle 6131 6.96 6902 6.82 7350 6.80
Hip ranges 20481 23.25 23438 23.17 25039 23.16
Anticnemion ranges 4193 4.76 4663 4.61 4702 4.35
The surface-type 43327 49.18 49095 48.53 51757 47.88
The subcutaneous 1413 1.60 1645 1.63 2046 1.89
The common 88100 100.0 101158 100.0 108100 100.0
Data analysis of an absolute weight of a musculation of half carcasses and various anatomic ranges has displayed, that between group differences on these indexes for neonatal bull-calves are minute. However the heightened growing capacity of mixed bull-calves of 2 and 3 bunches contributed in livelier growth of a muscular tissue, and they at the age of 6 MTH on pulp of this ingredient of the hulk exceeded contemporaries of a parent material accordingly on 3,554 and 7,510 kgs. In subsequent, in process of growth and developing of experimental bull-calves, the variance in rate of this index was augmented and at the age of 15 MTH has compounded 13,06 and 20,00 kgs, and in the end of the skilled season - 11,43 and 27,96 kgs. The superiority of crosses on pulp of a muscular tissue of various anatomic ranges of half carcasses, except for a forearm and antinomian musculation, over contemporaries of a parent material was proportional to excess on rate of total mass of a musculation.
Table 5 - Absolute (gr.) and selfrelative (%) pulp of a musculation of half carcasses (18 MTH)
Musculation Simmental Simmental Beef Simmental/Charolias
gr. % gr. % gr. %
The common bundling 19937 18.53 22178 18.64 26812 19.79
Rachis 18803 17.48 20898 17.57 23799 17.57
Thorax 5312 4.94 5563 4.68 7140 5.27
Abdominal wall 7375 6.86 9912 8.33 10612 7.83
The axial 51427 47.81 58551 49.23 68363 50.46
Breast belt 6408 5.96 7067 5.94 7596 5.61
Shoulder ranges 5764 5.36 6389 5.37 7288 5.38
Forearms 2981 2.83 2806 2.36 3063 2.26
Pelvic girdle 7733 7.19 7954 6.69 9533 7.04
Hip ranges 25896 24.08 27685 23.28 30846 22.79
Anticnemion ranges 5003 4.65 5703 4.79 5959 4.40
The surface-type 53785 50.07 57604 48.43 64285 47.45
The subcutaneous 2303 2.12 2785 2.34 2823 2.08
The common 107515 100.0 118940 100.0 135471 100.0
Agency of buttresses charolias breed has expressed in capability of mixed breed intensively to splice a muscular tissue and to a lesser degree to depone grease. The absolute weight of a common bundling musculation, a muscular tissue of a rachis, range of a hip and a breast belt charolias crosses in the end of the skilled season has compounded accordingly 26,81; 23,80; 30,85 and 7,60 kgs, that on 34,5; 26,6; 19,1 and 18,5 % more than for contemporaries of a parent material. Mixed bull-calves of 2 bunches on an absolute weight of a musculation of the indicated anatomic ranges of hulks occupied an in-between position. As in our country, and abroad, multiple probes for the purpose determination of crossing differences on a runout of is natural-anatomic departments of the hulks most valuable, on character of allocating of a musculation on anatomic ranges are carried out. Effects of these probes bear that meat breeds, in difference of cattle of a milk and combined direction of productivity, differ the best developing of those anatomic ranges from which one gain the most valuable in the nutritious and mercantile ratio. However there are less the jobs claiming about a likeness in allocating of muscles on anatomic ranges of hulks of animal various species and phylum of a constitution. Data analysis of our probes has displayed, that between group differences in selfrelative pulp of a musculation of anatomic departments of hulks of experimental animals in the various age seasons are minute. So, the selfrelative pulp of a musculation of a rachis of animal compared bunches in the end of the skilled season fluctuates in breaking points from 17,48 B4 17,57 %; hip ranges - from 22,79 B4 24,08; a breast belt - from 5,94 B4 6,01; common bundling muscles - from 18,53 B4 19,79 %. Between group differences in selfrelative pulp of a musculation in other anatomic ranges of hulks with the same name are minute too.
CONCLUSION
Charolias crosses had a heightened growing capacity (an average daily increase during experience of 1056 g against 957 for Simmental bull-calves), their alive pulp in 18 MTH has attained 620,6 kgs, and pulp of the fresh-killed hulk - 355,4 kgs, and they on rate of these indexes exceeded contemporaries of a parent material accordingly on 57,5 and 50, 8 kgs. (P 0,001). Mixed bull-calves of 2 bunches on all indexes occupied an in-between position.
On an absolute weight of a musculation of half carcasses in the end of the skilled season charolias crosses exceeded contemporaries of 1 and 2 bunches accordingly on 27,96 and 16,53 kgs, or on 26,0 and 13,9 %.
Between group differences in selfrelative pulp of a musculation of anatomic departments of hulks of experimental young plants in the various age seasons are minute.
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