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THE EFFICIENCY OF BREEDING OF SIMMENTAL BULLS AND HALF-BLOODED CROSSBREEDS WITH HEREFORD AND CHAROLAISE BREEDS
ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ СИММЕНТАЛЬСКИХ БЫКОВ И ПОЛУКРОВНЫХ ПОМЕСЕЙ С ГЕРЕФОРДСКОЙ И ШАРОЛЕЗСКОЙ ПОРОДАМИ
Prokhorov I.P., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Прохоров И.П., доктор сельскохозяйственных наук Lukyanov V.N., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Лукьянов В.Н., кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, Russia РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева, Москва, Россия E-mail: iprohorov@timacad.ru, vlukianov@timacad.ru
Pikul A.N., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Пикуль А.Н., кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук Tula Research Institute of Agriculture, Tula region, Russia
Тульский научно-исследовательский институт сельского хозяйства, Тульская область, Россия E-mail: tniisx@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
The comparative beef productivity characteristics of Simmental bulls and their crossbreeds with the Hereford and Charolaise were demonstrated in the article. 3 groups of calves with 17 heads each were selected and formed for the experiment. Simmental bulls were included to the first (control) group, mixed bred calves receiving from the crossing of Simmental cows with Hereford and Charolaise bulls to the second and the third (experimental) groups. During the whole experimental period, except only after weaned period, Charolaise crossbreeds demonstrated high average daily gains and significantly exceeded other two groups. Average daily gains in groups constituted correspondently: 993, 1014 and 1101g. during whole period of experiment. Crossbreeds Hereford and Charolaise bulls were characterized by a higher slaughter weight and hot carcasses weight in all age periods. At the end of the experimental period the slaughter yield of the maternal breed bulls was 59,3 per cent, and 61,8 and 62,7% of the Hereford and Charolaise bulls correspondently. However, slight deposition of subcutaneous and internal fat was observed in Sharolaise crossbreeds.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье приведена сравнительная характеристика мясной продуктивности симментальских быков и их полукровных помесей с герефордской и шаролезской. Для проведения опытов были отобраны и сформированы 3 группы бычков по 17 голов в каждой. В первую (контрольную) были включены симментальские бычки, во вторую и третью (опытные) группы - соответственно помесные бычки, полученные от скрещивания симментальских коров с бычками герефордской и шаролезской пород. Шаролезские помеси в течение всего опытного периода, за исключением послеотъемного периода, отличались высокими среднесуточными приростами и значительно превосходили сверстников двух других групп. Среднесуточные приросты за весь период опыта составили по группам 993, 1014 и 1104 г. соответственно. Помесные герефордские и шаролезские бычки во все возрастные периоды отличались более высокой предубойной массой и массой парной туши. Убойный выход в конце опытного периода у бычков материнской породы составил 59,3%, у герефордских и шаролезских помесей - соответственно 61,8 и 62,7%. При этом у шаролезских помесей отмечается незначительное отложение подкожного и внутреннего жира.
KEY WORDS
Simmental, Hereford and Charolaise crossbreeds, weight gain, average daily growth, beef productivity, measurements, slaughter yield.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА
Симментал, герефордские и шаролезские помеси, весовой рост, среднесуточный прирост, мясная продуктивность, промеры, убойный выход.
Analysis of the current state and development of cattle breeding in Russia showed that during economic reform since 1991, livestock reduction trend was observed, especially of cows in the industrial sector [1,7]. As a result there was a significant reduction in the number of slaughter heads that was one of the causes of significant reduction in beef production [3,4].
Besides that, wide use of the Holstein bulls in crossbreeding with Simmental cows, which occupy the second place in number and prevalence, contributed to the increasing in milk production, and availability of crossbred cows for industrial technology [5,6].
However, it should be noted that Holstein cattle has only satisfactory beef qualities, because it has inherent specialized dairy breeds features: relative late maturity, high bones output in the carcass, fat deposition mainly on the internal organs, in the form of «watering» and a slight deposition of intramuscular and intramuscular fat. Therefore, there are real concerns, is that the use of Holstein bulls for improving of milk productivity of cattle can lead to its meat quality reduction [2,8].
Thus, a significant reduction in number of milk and combined productivity cows, changed type of the modern Simmental cattle put forward necessity to find out methods and ways of animal meat productivity rising.
The most effective method of beef production increasing and its quality improving is wide applying of industrial crossbreeding of milk and combined productive cows with bulls of specialized beef breeds. The most important factor when conducting interbreeding is good selection, because crossbreeding effect is possible. It should be noted, that in the last decade the popularity of French-Italian beef breeds, including the Charolaise has significantly increased when conducting crossbreeding. According to many researchers, animals of this breed has large size, relatively late maturity, are able to build muscle tissue without intensive fat deposition for a long period, possess high energy growth, use coarse and pasture forage well. However, in many countries, including Russia, Hereford breed is traditionally used for increasing the efficiency of beef production.
The aim of this work was studying the Hereford and Charolaise breeds influence on beef productivity of crossbred animals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
Scientific and economic experiment was conducted at the SSE Tula Scientific Research Institute of agriculture Russian Agricultural Academy. 3 groups of bulls with 17 heads each were selected for experiment conduction. The formation of groups was conducted with pair-analogues method with regard to the origin, age and birth weight. Simmental bulls were included to the first (control) group, to the second and the third (experimental) group, crossbred bulls obtained after crossbreeding of Simmental cows with bulls of Hereford and Charolaise breeds were included.
The experiment was carried out from birth to18 months of age. Animals of all groups were in the same feeding and housing conditions. Calves from birth to weaning at the age of 7 months were grown on beef cattle technology. Calves housing was stable until the second half of May. From the second half of May till October, cows with calves were on pastures. According to the technology, after calves weaning from mothers, stable content on a leash was prescribed.
The level of experimental feeding all groups of young animals was intense and was calculated according to the norms of All Russian Institute of Cattle Breeding in order to obtain
average daily gains 1000 -1100 g and reach 550-600 kg live weight at the age of 18 months. The feed consumption record was conducted every ten days by weighing feeds and their wastes. Overall nutritional feed values which were consumed during the experimental period were 4207,1; 4154,9 and 4246,2 fodder units. One fodder unit contained 112 g of digestible protein. The increase in live weight of calves was controlled by monthly weighing. In order to study the exterior features of the experimental animals, their main measurements at birth and at the age of 6, 12 and 18 months were taken.
Control slaughters were conducted according to the methods All Russian Institute of Cattle Breeding (1977). One calf from each group was killed at birth, three calves were killed at the age of 6, 12 and 15 months, and five calves were killed at the end of the experimental period. Pre-slaughter weight, the mass of hot carcasses, internal fat mass, mass of heart, lungs, liver and kidneys, weight at slaughter and slaughter yield were defined.
RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH
The growth and development of calves, the formation of their beef productivity in ontogeny are due to the influence of heredity and environment. Intensive rising of animals during suckling period according to the lactation technology of beef cattle and a high level of their feeding in the following age periods provided a high growth rate of calves in all groups, although the nature of the growth and development of animals of compared groups was different.
The live weight of Charolaise crossbreed calves at birth (table 1) was the highest (40,9 kg) and exceeded the live weight in calves of the 1st and the 2nd groups, respectively, 2.5 and 4.2 kg (P < 0,05 ).
Table1 - Changing of calves' live weight (M ± m ) with advancing age (kg)
Age Group
1 2 3
At birth 38,4 ±0,9 36,7± 1,2 40,9±1,4
3 133,6 ±1,8 129,4± 2,1 143,3±2,6**
6 246,3± 2,9 248,2± 3,4 268,2±3,2***
9 320,9± 4,3 323,8± 5,2 336,5±4,8
12 418,8± 5,7 424.7± 6,4 443,9± 6,7**
15 509,4± 6,4 517.4± 6,8 544,3±7,2**
18 581,8± 7,2 591.4± 7,4 645,0 ±7,8 ***
Note: * - P < 0,05; ** - P < 0, 01; *** - P< 0,001.
Hereford crossbreed bulls fall behind in the first three months after birth, and at the age of 6 months and up to the end of the experimental period exceeded in live weight their herd mates of maternal breeds, but differences were insignificant. Charolaise crossbreed, having increased energy growth during the experimental period, except period after weaning, were distinct in high average daily gains and outweigh their herd mates of the other two groups significantly. So, in the age of 3 months, the difference in live weight between the Charolaise crossbreed and Simmental bulls, on one hand, and between the first and Hereford crossbreeds, on the other, were- 9.7 -13,9 kg ( P< 0.05 To P < 0,001), and at the age of 6 months - 21,9 - 20,0 (P<0,001). Charolaise crossbreed at the age of 9, 12, 15 and 18 months exceeded their herd mates breeds on live weight, respectively, 15.6; 25,1; 34,9 and 63.2 kg ( P< 0.05 To P <0,001). Differences in live weight between Hereford and Charolaise crossbreeds at the age of 9 and 12 months were insignificant. However, in next aged periods, when the first was marked by more intensive accumulation of fat, at the age of 15 and 18 months they were inferior on the value of the live weight of the Charolaise crossbreds, respectively 26.9 and 53,6 kg (P< 0.05 To P< 0,001).
According to the nature of the average daily gains changes, bulls of the comparison groups were practically identical with age (table 2).
Average gains during the period 4-6 month were the highest in all groups, and they
were - 1225, 1291, 357gr. This period coincided with the beginning of the formation of bulls' sexual function. It is known bulls' androgens have a strong anabolic effect during this period; in addition, in small doses it stimulates the secretion of hormone growth.
Table 2 - Average daily live weight gain of experimental animals for the period of experience, gr
Age, months. Group
1 2 3
0 - 3 1046±18 1018±17 1125±19**
4 - 6 1225±22 1291±23 1357±21 ***
— 9 811±20 813±22 742±27
10 - 12 1087±24 1130±28 1193±29**
13 - 15 995±26 1018±31 1103±32**
16 - 18 851±29 804±34 1094±35 ***
0 - 18 993 1014 1104
Period after weaning (7-9 months) was characterized by a significant reduction in average daily gain of experimental animals of all groups. Thus, if the level of the average daily gains for the month prior to weaning was high and amounted 1040,1134 and 1225 g in groups, that in the first month after weaning, it decreased up to 365, 247 and 87 g in groups, respectively.
If you judge the animals' reactivity of comparing groups according to the level of the average daily gains, it should be noted that Charolaise crossbreeds were expose to stress most of all. Simmental bulls less reacted to the influence of weaned stress, and Hereford crossbreed occupied an intermediate position. Losing weight for a month after weaning was 20.6 kg in the first group, while in the second and in the third groups - 27,0 and 34.2 kg. Two months after weaning from their mothers bulls adapted to the changed conditions of feeding and maintenance, and the level of average daily gains increased and amounted to groups in the order listed 1015, 1043 and 894 g, and three months later - 1107,1143 and 1216g.
The decrease in average daily gains of bulls of maternal breed and Hereford crossbreed after one year of age, to our mind is associated with age-related changes in metabolism. It is known that with age there is repositioning of synthetic processes in the direction of an increased fat deposition in the body due to age-related changes in the levels and ratios of hormones. The growth rate of Charolaise crossbreeds remained until the end of the experimental period. Thus, the level of their average daily gains, was1132, 1083 and 1065 g in 16,17 and 18 months age. During the period of experiment daily gains in groups were 993, 1014 and 1104g.
The animals' measurement data analyses have shown that inter-group differences were insignificant up to 6 month of age for all measurements. Later on the wake of rising and development crossbreed bulls were differed by more intensive increase in the latitudinal measurements, and at the end of the experimental period Charolaise crossbreed exceeded their Simmental breed at width of the chest, ribbing and hips: 6.3, 2.9, and 7.0 percent respectively. Hereford crossbreeds, yielding bulls of the 1st and the 3d groups according to the height of withers, had the dippiest chest, and exceeded the latter on the value of this index, respectively, 3.6 and 1.6 %. The greatest inter-group differences were observed in the value of Gregory measurement. So, Simmental bulls at the end of the experimental period were inferior in the value of this index Hereford and Charolaise crossbreeds respectively 5.7 and 14.5 %. Large width in the hip joints and Gregory measurement shows good development of the posterior third and the best muscled hips crossbred bulls. This position was confirmed during the calculation of meat indexes in animals of comparable groups. The values of meat index of the Charolaise and Hereford crossbreeds, were 94,6 and 89.1 against 84,2 - in Simmental bulls at the end of the experimental period.
Meat productivity of experimental animals was studied depending on their age and breed (table 3).
According to the data of control slaughters of experimental animals at the age of 18 months in all groups were classified to the highest fatness, their carcasses were characterized by well-defined full-meatiness, and got high valuation.
Table 3 - The results of the control slaughters of the experimental animals
Group Weight, kg Slaughter weight, kg Slaughter yield, %
Preslaughter weight | Hot carcass | Internal fat
At birth
1 37,8 22,7 0,23 22,5 59,6
2 36,5 21,5 0,20 21,7 59,4
3 40,4 24,3 0,21 24,5 60,7
6 months
1 234,6±2,5 128,2 ±2,2* 2,6 ±0,7 130,9± 2,4 55,8±0,5
2 236,6±2,3 131,4± 2,1 3,4± 0,9 134,8± 2,2 56,9±0,5
3 256,2±3,1** 142,0± 2,7 2,3 ±0,5 144,3± 3,3 * 56,3± 0,4
12 months
1 402,3±3,7 222,5±2,5 6,4± 0,8 228,9± 2,4 56,9± 0,6
2 411,9± 2,9* 232,4± 2,3* 7,3± 1,2 239.7± 2,3* 58,2± 0,7
3 426,7± 3,9** 244,9± 2,6** 4,7± 0,5 249,6± 3,1** 58,6± 0,5
15 months
1 490,7±4,1 275.4±2,6 11,6±0,9 287,0± 2,6 58,5± 0,7
2 498,5± 4,3** 294,6±2,5** 13,5± 0,7 308,1± 2,4** 61,8± 0,9
3 524,1± 3,7*** 318,0±2,7 *** 7,4± 0,6* 325,4± 2,7*** 62,1± 0,6**
18 months
1 562,1±3,4 315,0± 3,2 17,2±1,2 332,2± 3,2 59,1 ± 0,7
2 565,8±4,2** 332,9± 3,7** 16,8±1,1 349,7± 3,7** 61,8± 0,8
3 617,6±5,1*** 374,5±4,3*** 12,7±1,3 387.2± 4,3*** 62,7± 0,6**
Crossbreeds Hereford and Charolaise bulls in all age periods were characterized by higher slaughter weight and weight of hot carcasses. The value of the last index of the Charolaise crossbreed in 18-months age was 54.5 kg, or 17.2 % (P< 0.001) and 40.1 kg, or 12.1 % (P<0,001) higher than Simmental bulls and Hereford crossbreeds; the difference in the mass of hot carcasses between maternal bulls and Hereford crossbreed was 14.4 kg (P <0.01) in favor of the latter.
The internal deposition of fat in bulls of all groups has increased with age, but most intensively it increased after 15 months of age. Thus, if the relative weight of internal fat in laboratory animals at slaughter at the age of 15 months was 1.4% and 2.7% but it was - 2,5 -3,2 % at the end of the experimental period. In the Charolaise crossbreed in all age periods, the mass of internal fat in absolute and relative terms was less than that of bulls of the other two groups. These animals at all age periods, significantly outperforming the bulls of the other two groups on pre-slaughter weight and the weight of the hot carcasses, except the masses of these indicators at birth, conceded them in mass of internal fat. So, at the age of 15 and 18 months, the difference in the weight of this indicator amounted was, respectively, 4,2 - 5,1 4,5 - 4,1 kg in favor of the bulls of maternal breed and Hereford crossbred. A slight deposition of subcutaneous and internal fat in the Charolaise crosses is explained by biological features of paternal breed animals. The cattle of this breed belong to the tall and slow-gaining type and have ability to develop muscles and bone with little fat for a long period.
Age-related changes in the value of slaughter -yield of animals of all groups are explained by the inequality in the growth and development of s organs and tissues. Thus, high slaughter yield at birth and its relatively low value at the age of 6 months due to the insignificant mass and volume of the internal organs and the digestive system in the first case and intensive growth of these organs and a significant increase in their mass and volume for the first six months of life in the second. At the end of the formation of rumen digestion intensity growth fore-stomach slightly reduced, but the absolute growth rate of carcass weight increased and deposition of visceral fat increased too. As a result, the slaughter yield in animals of all groups with age increased and at the end of the experimental period the bulls of maternal breed amounted 59.3 per cent, and in Hereford and Charolaise crossbreeds, it was 61,8 and 62,7 %. Although the Charolaise crossbreeds was inferior in mass of internal fat to bulls of Simmental breed, slaughter yield of the first was 3.6 % higher than it was in the second. It is known that slaughter output level of 61-62 % is often achieved by excessive accumulation of fat and over fatness. However, it should be mentioned that the
best animals of Charolaise breed had 64-65 % slaughter yield, and they had not over fatness. Full fleshing, significant developments of the posterior third of the carcass in the absence of over fatness are distinctive features of this breed.
CONCLUSIONS
Charolaise crossbreeds differed large values of the absolute growth rate (average daily gains during the period of experiment 1104 g), and at the end of the experimental period they reached a live weight of 645 kg and they exceeded bulls of maternal breed and Hereford crosses at the value of this indicator respectively 63,2 and 53,6 kg (P< 0,001). 1.
Charolaise crossbreeds in all age periods, except period after weaning (at the age of 7-9 months), significantly exceeded bulls of Simmental breed on the level of average daily gains.
The difference in the mass of hot carcass between the Charolaise crossbreed and Simmental bulls, on one hand, and between the second and Hereford crossbreed, on the other hand, were respectively 59,5 (P< 0,001) and 17.9 (P < 0,01) kg (P < 0.05) in favor of crossbreed animals.
Charolaise crossbreeds significantly exceeded their parent breeds at the value of slaughter yield at the age of 15 and 18 months.
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