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© КОЛЛЕКТИВ АВТОРОВ, 2016 UDC 340.6
S. A. Mussabekova, Muhammad Irfan
ADVANCED FEATURES FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERSON
Department of pathological anatomy and forensic medicine of Karaganda state medical university
The study analyses literature on key issues of human identification. The review shows a variety of currently available ways of personal identification and provides description of identification methods based on the use of modern biometry, DNA-diagnostics and anthropometry opportunities. Priority areas are shown for personal identification. Key words: personal identification, expert activity, anthropometry, DNA-identification
Personal identification is traditionally one of the major problems of mankind. This is primarily due to the increasing incidence of local military conflicts, mass disasters, natural and manmade, accompanied by a large number of victims, as well as with the growth of irregular migration [34]. If necessary, set the identity of the person under investigation massive loss of life, unidentified, dismembered bodies or skeletal remains there is a need in the relevant forensic knowledge. Scientific data on the medical and biomedical properties of the individual, their mappings, methods of identification, methods of research and evaluation criteria is the content of an important branch of forensic science - «forensic doctrine of the identity or forensic anthropology» or «forensic identification of the person». Very often, the identification of victims is largely hampered due to changes in their appearance under the influence of various damaging factors [36]. At this stage of development of the science of identification, together with the improvement of the organization and identification of process technology, one of the most important issues is the development of new progressive methods by which 100% accurate identification results become [10]. The urgency of the problem of identification leads to a continuous increase in the number of publications on this topic all over the world [18, 42, 43, 46]. According to data published by the World Health Organization, every 6-9 years there has been a wave-like rise in the number of accidents [34]. For air transport, according to the International Civil Aviation Organization, each year are more than 1 million passengers, each year there are 35-40 disaster, the death toll of more than 1 thousand people. According to other sources, each year about 60 aviation accidents, 35 of which are killed all the world [34, 36]. When disaster involving massive loss of life, one of the most important for forensics, and law enforcement tasks is to identify the individual workers, due to the legal, moral and ethical aspects. However, the forensic expert service analysis of the
practical experience shows that the number of unidentified bodies in cases of mass disasters reaches 50% or more [15]. Anthropometric method and sketch by the late nineteenth century A. Bertillon for registration of criminals, the discovery of Purkinje dermatoid, work of G. Folds and William Herschel, proven personality patterns in the structure of the papillary lines, can be considered as the first scientific methods will highlight personal identification as an independent scientific problem. Over time, these methods are developed and improved, and new high-tech methods of identification, are widely used in recent years. An analysis of the current literature showed that the solution to the problem of identification is carried out in many directions. In recent years, a large number of new methods based on the achievements of anthropology - the study of dermatoglyphics hands and feet [4, 3, 5, 16, 19], detection of morphological features of folded relief vermilion border [7, 22], the study of the language of drawing back and the relief of the hard palate [2]. Great practical value are the results of the study of ethno-territorial, sexual and intrapopulation features of morphology of the dental arches of man [25], as well as the use odontografic method [38, 29], proposed by the researchers in order to improve the identification of human capabilities. However, a significant prospect in this direction came primarily through the use of the achievements of molecular genetics. The versatility and high individual results of the use of this method makes it the most promising among all other methods of human identification [39]. Molecular genetic analysis of DNA - a relatively new and constantly improving the form of expert activity, its widespread implementation in practice has led to a significant increase in the level of identification capabilities [40]. This method allows for the identification of the person on the basis of analysis of individual variations in human DNA. Molecular genetic analysis of DNA is based on the comparison of DNA fragments of alleged relatives. The findings of such examina-
tion are made with a probability of 99.9% [41]. There are several basic technologies of molecular genetic analysis of identification used in forensic expert practice. Common to them is the study of special, so-called hypervariable regions of human genomic DNA, which are strictly specific to each individual and therefore can serve as individualizes personality traits [45]. All of these new methods are based on determining the individual features and is undoubtedly the most valuable in matters of identification. Recently developed and actively implemented in expert practice method allows the study of very small amounts of destroyed DNA molecules [44]. With the introduction of this method, science and practice have received universal tool group and individual identification of any wildlife [41]. It should be noted that a particularly popular at a given time is a forensic expert polymorphism analysis of mito-chondrial DNA, conducted when typing polymorphisms of nuclear DNA is problematic either due to lack of appropriate comparison sites for direct identification of, or because of restrictions imposed by the physical state object of examination, including studies of bone, teeth and hair [40, 45]. However, despite the progress made, all of these methods have drawbacks that make it difficult to use them. First of all, the new methods require adequate preservation of biological material submitted for examination, which is often unattainable [15]. Another difficulty that restrict the use of many modern methods, is the lack of comparative material, often found in expert practice. Thus, in the absence of DNA samples missing, molecular-genetic method only allows to establish or exclude consanguinity identified with relatives of the missing. If not, and the DNA samples of the relatives, then using fingerprinting only gender and race can be determined investigated [39, 41]. In such situations, increasing the value of the common symptoms, allowing to establish an identifiable belonging to a certain group of people. In addition, currently there are no clear and generally accepted ideas about the importance and usefulness of each individual method in a sequence of works, in particular on the role of determining the total (group) signs of identity of the victims, which leads to a lack of developed indications for the use of different methods to identify these signs [15]. Determination of the common symptoms of the person who died (age, sex, race, height, blood group) in a massive loss of life is the basis of forensic sorting identifiable material in order to reduce the number of objects to be compared by means of additional research methods [10, 34]. There has been a tendency to
complement the classical list of common features, including: race, gender, age, height, and blood serum parameters, novel features and methods of their establishment. So, based on the spectral characteristics of the bone substance, attempted to establish a probable diagnosis possibilities of the investigated area living [18]. It suggested the possibility of identification with the help of an electrocardiogram [1]. One of the new trends in forensic science is forensic somatology, i. e. establishing lifetime anthropometric characteristics of the human body, including the study of the geometry of the individual organs and body parts [11]. One of the most important general of identification signs, according to both domestic and foreign researchers, is the age of [26]. The basis for the forensic determination of the age is the age morphology is the section of anthropology that studies the microscopic and macroscopic changes in patterns of organs and tissues in the process of ontogenesis. Various methods and circuits can be used to diagnose an individual age. It is known that the age morphology of the skeletal system provides the most reliable and clearly defined indicators of age-related changes and is part of the object of study in forensic medicine. Currently, the expert practice uses several methods of determining the age of the study of bone tissue - a diagnosis of age on the degree of obliteration of the cranial sutures, diagnostic age for craniometrics indicators and the degree of involution of the skull. One of the main methods used in forensic osteology is an X-ray, which allows you to set not only age but also gender, race, and in some cases serves as a basis for individual identification [32]. Developing age and diagnosis for bone physical properties, and relationships in addition to macro- bone minerals, the method requires the measurement of bone density and hardness [13], bone age at diagnosis microstructure. During the life of the individual of his bone tissue is continuously being rebuilt under the influence of changes in mechanical load and mineral metabolism in the body, as well as the need for regeneration of bone tissue as wear of its components. Traces adjustment repetitive cycles are stored in the bone structure, and the degree of change depends on the number of cycles studied had time to occur in the anatomy during the lifetime of the individual. This method is based according to the quantitative study of histological signs of age and adjustment for determining the age of the severity of these symptoms [37]. So, to be implemented in forensic practice suggested the use of computer technology to establish the biological age of an individual,
the accuracy of which is up to three years. For example, in the program «OSTEO» used mathematical models developed on the basis of the database obtained by micro osteometric study various parameters of histological sections of bone tissue and the edges of the tibia, and the program «Hand» is based on the planimetric, densitometry planigrafic and study X-ray of hand bones. In this connection, it has been estimated the number of brush aging bone markers such as osteophytes, osteoporosis and other, each radiograph, measured some linear and areal dimensions of the bones, as well as their optical density. On the basis of the results created a new trend in identification - the use of quantitative methods to determine the morphology of biological age [12]. For years, the definition of age was carried out solely on the human skeleton forensic practice, so that is enough to study the practical possibility of using expert practice of many organs and tissues, even those involutive changes which are known for a long time [6]. The first of these bodies should be called the skin, where the aging process is attracting attention for a long time and studied in detail. The most studied and is considered the traditional method of determining the age of the person on the basis of skin macro morphology [28]. Investigation of age of human skin changes and its appendages spent V. G. Kaukal, developed a method of diagnosis of age in their metric characteristics, as well as the ratio of macro and micronutrients in skin and hair [14]. Studies in recent years, studies have allowed to develop mathematical models of aging different areas of the body. It was found that the most pronounced age dynamics with high values of correlation coefficients are: contraction coefficient, the thickness of the epidermis, papillary and reticular dermis, the total thickness of the dermis and the skin depth of the sebaceous and sweat glands [14, 28]. In modern biology has accumulated a lot of information about the morphology of the age-related changes of different organs and tissues, which it would be appropriate to use for forensic determination of the age [23]. Described in detail the steps and timing of onto-genetic development of organs and tissues [24, 27]. Obviously, to increase the accuracy of determination of the age necessary to explore as much as possible the number of organs is not limited to the study of bones and teeth. This can help to partially overcome the main difficulties in determining the biological age, coupled with individual and group variability of the rate of involution of different tissues. This requires conducting comprehensive research, including the use of biologi-
cal, medical and forensic, histological, histo-morphometric, histochemical methods, as well as health statistics methods and modern computer technology. However, in the practice of forensic medicine, these data have not yet found application.
With the advent of new technologies has become topical application of methods of identification based on biometrics. Biometrics - an area of knowledge that studies the methods and means of measurement and formalization of personal physical characteristics and behavioral human characteristics, as well as their use for identification or verification. Currently, as identifiable features widely used retinal scan, iris, facial ther-mogram and geometry and brushes, the individual speech code [9]. For example, E. Kasprzak notes otoscopy possibility of using the identification of the person. In Poland, even in the 90s. It was created by a special device for fingerprint ears with controlled pressure - «optometry» [17]. The auricle is unique for each person: the slope, tragus and antitragus, shape and attachment of the lobes remain relatively constant over time, which allows for the identification of a specific person [8]. Developed methods for identifying, based on olfactory research materials, structural features of hair, nails [18, 36]. Currently, in addition to describing the anatomical features are widely used anthropometric methods to measure the part of the body and on the basis of the data model to design the appearance of the person. Thus, for example, developed a method for determining the basic parameters somatometric body examination, subjected to dismemberment. Thus missing anthropometric fragmented bodies can be determined by multiple linear regression equations [33]. Method of diagnosing human so-matotype also designed for the long bones of the upper and lower limbs [13]. The features of cross -sectional shapes of the diaphysis of long bones of the upper limb men who turned out to be significantly different in different somatotype. Such data can be used in forensic identification of skeletal corpses in the study [11]. Anthropology and forensic programs have been developed for craniofacial identification and plastic facial reconstruction of the skull [32]. M. A. Negasheva developed a method for diagnosing body type face, V. N. Zvyagin offered somatotype method of diagnosis of the skull, which can be used in cases of absence or fragmentation of the examination of the skeleton or dismembered corpse. In the last few years set up bases abdominal identification, namely the study of the geometry of the abdomen and the anterior abdominal wall. Under the
leadership of N. S. Gorbunova it developed a completely new direction - forensic abdominolo-gia. This direction makes it possible to use the stomach size and the anterior abdominal wall as additional diagnostic criteria for a reliable diagnosis of gender, age, height and weight, constitutional affiliation, region of residence, time and causes of death [35]. Suffice it an important place in forensic dentistry identification takes [21, 48]. When identification when exposed to study the skeletal remains, dismembered and charred parts of corpses, rotten-transformed and mummified corpses dental identification methods are often the leading personality [47, 49]. There is evidence that the study of anatomical and morphological characteristics of dental system can be established race and human origins, which is also of great importance for identification [20]. It is considered possible to use in forensic dental identification of the relief of the mucous membrane of the hard palate, shape and arrangement of folds which has a high personality [2, 20]. Despite the wide range of methods of identification of the person, still the «gold standard» method of identification is fingerprinting. This method is more than a hundred years studying the structural features of the human body skin pattern characterized by high specificity [30]. At the end of the XIX century study of papillary patterns carried out exclusively within the framework of forensic medicine and criminology. But at the beginning of the XXI century it has begun an active investigation of the structure of papillary patterns as a genetic marker within the scientific field - dermatoglyph-ics. Papillary human patterns have important properties such as individuality, stability and re-coverability that is what makes it great accuracy and a high probability of the identification of the presence of fingerprints only [6]. However, in cases where the one for fingerprint comparisons there arises a need to characterize the identity of an unknown person. For example, S. A. Tar-askaev analyzed the prevalence of papillary patterns on the plantar surface of the foot men and women. It turned out that the main types of skin pattern characterized by varying the frequency of occurrence among different floors that can contribute to human footsteps on the floor bare feet [31]. A. P. Bozhchenko age studied polymorphism of dermal ridges of the fingers. It was found that some of the patterned parameters directly interfaced with the number of years lived (white lines, scars marks), and indicators such as the pattern type, orientation and ridge count characterize the potential of human innate ability to survive in different environmental conditions. E. V. Kalyanov
developed methods for diagnosis of constitutional (gender, type of body proportions), external (skin color, shape of hair, facial profile, etc.) and an-thropometric (body length, chest girth, and others.). Metrics people who allow you to simulate the appearance of man on the grounds of derma-toglyphics [3, 4, 5]. According to the author, these methods can be used for biometric sort of destroyed bodies with massive loss of life, in the preparation of sketch of the perpetrator on hand trail and establishing the identity of persons not able to give reliable information about themselves [10, 34]. It was not seen significant progress in addressing the problem of identification, yet many questions remain unresolved. Almost all existing methods of identification, in most cases, can not be used as an independent method of identifying only the integrated use allows achieving the ultimate purpose of the study. It should be emphasized that none of the methods of forensic identification alone cannot solve all the issues arising from the identification of dead bodies, exposed significant influence of various physical factors (dismembered, burned, etc.), as well as the skeletonized. In order to successfully address the problem of identification is necessary to establish the fundamental algorithm research, including modern methods, with the subsequent development of computer models for more accurate and complete analysis of the signs. Repose data convincingly demonstrate that the search for and creation of new identification methods is a promising and sought-after area of the path of human cognition.
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44 Gill P. Misleading DNA Evidence: Reasons for Miscarriages of Justice. - New York: Academic Press, 2014. - 100 p.
45 Goodwin W. An Introduction to Forensic Genetics /W. Goodwin, A. Linacre, S. Hadi. - New York, 2011. - 216 p.
46 Kelly M. Forensic DNA Biology - A Laboratory Manual. New York: Academic Press, 2012. - 224 p.
47 Khan I. M. Forensic Dentistry /I. M. Khan, F. Nikhath, M. Shakil. - LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013. - 120 p.
48 Renjith G. DNA based gender identification in forensic dentistry /G. Renjith, D. Preethy, P. Vijayashree. - LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013. - 68 p.
49 Singh K. Forensic dentistry - Teeth and Their secrets a tool for identification /K Singh., K. B. Raman Preet, K. Sumit. - LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012. - 104 p.
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Поступила 14.10.2016 г.
С. А. Мусабекова, Мухаммад Ирфан
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ СУДЕБНО-МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ ЛИЧНОСТИ
Кафедра патологической анатомии и судебной медицины Карагандинского государственного медицинского
университета
Проведен анализ литературы по основным вопросам, касающимся идентификации человека. В обзоре продемонстрировано большое разнообразие способов личностной идентификации, имеющееся в настоящее время. Дана характеристика методов отождествления, основанных на использовании современных возможностей биометрии, ДНК-диагностики и антропометрии. Представлены приоритетные направления развития идентификации личности.
Ключевые слова: идентификация личности, экспертная деятельность, антропометрия, ДНК-идентификация
С. А. Мусабекова, Мухаммад Ирфан
ЖЕКЕ Т¥ЛЕАНЫ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯЛАУДАЕЫ СОТ-МЕДИЦИНАСЫНЫЦ ЗАМАНАУИ МYМКIНДIКТЕРI %араFанды мемлекеттк медицина университетнк патологиялы; анатомия жэне сот медицинасы кафедрасы
Тулранык идентификациясына катысты непзп сурактар бойынша эдебиеттердщ талдауы жYргiзiлдi. Шолуда жеке тулралы; идентификациялаудык ;аз1рг1 уакытта бар кептеген эд1стер1 керсет1лген. Биометрия, ДНК,-диагностикасы жэне антропометринык заманауи мYмкiндiктерiн колданудары уксас нег1зделген эд1стерге сипаттама бер1лген. Жеке тулранык даму барытындары приоритеттер1 усынылран.
Клт сездер: жеке тулраны идентификациялау, сараптау ;ызмет1, антропометрия, ДНК-идентификация
