CC BY
7
профессионального образования, Владимирский государственный университет, 20011, Россия, стр-32-34
УДК 372.8
Makhammatova S. Kh.
Andijan State Medical Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TEACHING MODERN CHEMISTRY
Abstract: This article discusses the current problems of teaching modern chemistry.
Keywords: chemistry, method, methodology, virtual laboratory, reaction
Махамматова С.Х.
Андижанский государственный медицинский институт
Узбекистан, Андижан АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ
ХИМИИ
Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются актуальные проблемы преподавания современной химии.
Ключевые слова: Химия, метод, методология, виртуальная лаборатория, реакция
Chemistry in the past century has occupied a central place in natural science. On the rate of development, it is significantly ahead of other natural and exact sciences. The volume of chemical knowledge now doubles on average over 11-12 years, while in the middle of the last century this period was about 40 years. One of the reasons for the development and improvement of the modern world, the basis of the material culture of the civilized world, has been the achievements of chemistry. After all, it is chemistry that plays an important role in the creation of new materials, medicines, plant protection products, food products and much more. It is the basis of most technological processes in all areas of industry. More than 80% of modern energy technologies, electronics, agricultural metallurgy, food and light industries, agriculture, and 100% of oil refining are almost pure chemicals.
Chemistry is not a simple sum of knowledge, but rigorous, logically grounded systems of concepts about substances, chemical reactions, technological processes.
R. Boyle wrote: "... Chemists saw their task in the preparation of medicines, in the preparation and transformation of metals. I view chemistry from completely different positions not as a doctor or an alchemist, but as a philosopher. " "The closest thing in chemistry," according to D.I. Mendeleev - is the study of homogeneous substances, from the composition of which all the bodies of the world are composed, transforming them into each other and the phenomena accompanying such transformations."
Until the 20th century, chemistry was at the center of philosophical debate. On the atomic hypothesis of J. Dalton, only chemists argued - some believed that atoms really exist, while others considered them only convenient fictions. However, the discovery of radioactivity and the birth of quantum theory led to the fact that the atoms moved to the field of physics, which at that time was subjected to revolutionary changes.
Chemistry of the 21st century appears to us as a highly ramified system of knowledge, which is in the process of intensive development. Among the conceptual directions of the development of modern chemistry are:
The problem of a chemical element. For the first time in the world in the late 80-ies of the 20 century. in our country was obtained superhard material -hexanite-R. This is a kind of boron nitride with a melting point of 3200 ° C and a hardness close to the hardness of the diamond. But a genuine revolution in the theory of chemical elements was made by the chemistry of organofluorine compounds. It opened a whole new world of organic substances. Products from fluorocarbon are accepted as a material for the manufacture of human internal organs (heart valves, blood vessels, etc.). Synthesis of unique materials makes it necessary to re-examine all chemical elements in a new way and accumulate data for new concepts of chemical elements.
Investigation of the structure of chemical compounds. Modern structural chemistry has achieved great results. Its latest achievement is the discovery of a completely new class of organometallic compounds. The molecule of this substance is two plates of hydrogen and carbon compounds, between which is the atom of any metal.
Research in the field of modern structural chemistry goes on two perspective directions:
- Synthesis of crystals with the maximum approximation to an ideal lattice for obtaining materials with high technical parameters: maximum strength, thermal stability, durability in operation, etc .;
- Creation of crystals with preprogrammed defects for the production of materials with specified electrical, magnetic and other properties.
The doctrine of chemical processes. For example, polymer concrete was obtained by impregnating ordinary concrete of some polymers with subsequent irradiation.
One of the youngest directions in the study of chemical processes is radiation chemistry, which originated in the second half of the 20th century. The subject of its development is the transformation of a wide variety of substances under the influence of ionizing radiations.
Today, a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of refractory and ceramic materials is also a fundamentally new and extremely important area of the theory of chemical processes.
Evolutionary chemistry. Its origin was promoted by studies in the field of modeling of biocatalysts and real achievements of "nonstationary kinetics".
So, today, factors that influence the rate of reaction are actively used. The chemistry section that studies the speed and mechanisms of chemical reactions is called chemical kinetics. The rate of the chemical reaction is determined by the change in the number of reactants per unit time per unit volume (for homogeneous systems) or per unit surface (for heterogeneous systems).
The development of chemical knowledge already allows us today to hope for solving many of the problems facing humanity. This is primarily the possibility of a significant acceleration of chemical transformations in "soft" conditions by combining in the catalysts of the future the following advantages: heterogeneous, homogeneous and metalloenzyme catalysis; achievement of close to 100% selectivity of processes; implementation of new important energy-hindered processes by coupling endo- and exothermic reactions; significant savings in hydrocarbon raw materials and a shift from oil to coal as a more common source of raw materials.
Modern chemical science, relying on strong theoretical bases, continuously develops in breadth and depth. In particular, new and qualitatively different discrete chemical particles are discovered and studied.
Prospects for the development of the chemical industry are closely linked with the discoveries of the world's scientists in the field of chemistry. But whatever the scientific discoveries in chemical science, they can not be automatically transferred to an industrial basis. So far, the level of chemical engineering development lags far behind the needs of the chemical industry. Therefore, the modern highly developed chemical industry requires an appropriate level of development of chemical engineering.
Today, the prospects for the creation and development of new chemistry are completely clear, on the basis of which low-waste, non-waste and energy-saving industrial technologies will be created.
References:
1. Aleksandrov Yu.V., Borzenko AS, Polyakov A.V. Health of the population as a criterion of the social and ecological state of the territory // Povolzhsky ecological bulletin: Vol. 4. Volgograd, 2003.
2. Alikberova L. Dry fuel // Science and life. 2004. № 7.
3. Artamonova V. Shampoos: chemistry and biology in one bottle // Chemistry and life. 2001. №4.
4. Gorelov A.A. Concepts of modern natural science: A course of lectures. M., 1997.
5. Dantsev AA Philosophy and Chemistry. Rostov-on-Don, 1994.
6. Zelenin KN, Sergutina VP, Solod O.V. We pass the exam in chemistry. St. Petersburg, 2001.
7. Kovshov VP, Golubchik MM, Nosonov AM Use of natural resources and nature protection. Saransk, 2002.
