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HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTE (1935-2015)
D.B.Tagiyev, M.K.Munshiyeva
The Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry named after academician M.Nagiev of Az erb aijan Nation al Ac ad emy of S cien c es -legal follower of the Institute of Chemical Problems named after academician M.Nagiev was established on the basis of the resolutions of Azerb aijan Cabinet of Ministers №104 from 15.04.2014 and Presidium of the National Ac ad emy of S cien c es of Az erb aijan № 14/8 from 17.09.2014. The Institute of Chemical Problems in its turn was founded by the resolutions of Azerbaijan Cabinet of Ministers № 81 from 21.05.2002 and Presidium of the National Ac ad emy of S cien c es of Az erb aijan № 2/25 from 03.06.2002 as a result of merger of two institutes of Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences: the Institute of Chemistry, organized in 1935 (renamed to the Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry in 1965) and acting since 1965 the Institute of Theoretical Problems of Chemical Technology.
Institute of Chemistry (1935 1965), Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry (1965-2002)
The first scientific-research works in the field of chemistry in Azerbaijan were conducted at the chairs of chemistry in higher educational universities, which were created after the establishment of Soviet government. These investigations became more systematic and directed in 1932 with the organization of Department of Transcaucasian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, which consisted of two chemical sectors: sector of chemistry and sector of applied chemistry.
However, without their own experimental basis these sectors had to use the laboratories from other institutions, which inhibited the development of scientific investigations.
Besides, the large problems standing before oil-processing and chemical industries of the republic demanded creation of a new, more powerful scientific center. Considering the ne-
cessity of strengthening studies in the field of chemistry and training the high qualified specialist - chemists, the Presidium of Academy of Sciences of the USSR adopted the resolution from December 25, 1935 on organization of the Institute of Chemistry AzBAS (Azerbaijan Branch of the Academy of Sciences of USSR) on the basis of previously existing chemical sectors.
On January 6, 1936 the Institute started its activity. At first it consisted of three departments: organic chemistry, physical chemistry and applied chemistry, which later were reorganized into corresponding laboratories under the guidance of:
- organic chemistry - corresponding member of AS of USSR K.Krasusky;
- physical chemistry - active member of AS of USSR V.Tikhomirov;
- applied chemistry - professor M.Efendi.
In 1938 the laboratory of applied chemistry was reorganized into two laboratories: inorganic chemistry and petroleum chemistry.
The organizer and first director of the Institute till his death in 1937, was the well-known scientist-chemist, student of academician A.Fa-vorsky, corresponding member of the AS of the USSR K.Krasusky made a great contribution into the organization and development of chemical science in Azerbaijan.
Later on the Institute was directed by professor Mammadamin Efendi (1937-1941), professor Shikhbala Aliyev (1941-1943), corresponding member of AS of Azerbaijan Shamkhal Mammadov (1943-1949), corresponding member of AS of Azerbaijan Heydar Efendiyev (1949-1967), academician Izzat Orujova (19671971), corresponding member of AS of Azerbaijan Zulfugar Zulfugarov (1971-1983). In 19831985 corresponding member of AS of Azerbaijan Telman Gurbanov held the position of a director; and from 1985 to 2002 academician Ramiz Rizayev was director of the institute.
In the first period of its activity the Institute performed different and empiric problems
which were demanded by developing chemical industry. For the period till 1940 modern equipped laboratories were formed at the institute which enabled to increase the quantity of employees, to strengthen the staff with high skilled personnel and to put more complicated problems before them.
With development of chemical industry of Republic, as well as with creation of branch institutes and separate laboratories, the scientific direction of the institute became more and more different, the theme of the institute was gradually objected to decisions of large national economic problems: the problems of motor fuel, catalysis, development of mineral resources of the Republic and their industrial application. But the attack of fascist Germany on the Soviet Union made the Institute to reconstruct its work and completely change its theme to satisfy the needs of front and defense.
During the years of Great Patriotic War more than 50 themes and tasks related to urgent demands of the front and home front have been developed by the Institute of Chemistry. Within the period of 1941-1943 8 developments were implemented and more 12 works were approved for application. The most important and large scale developments are the followings:
- A new method of producing pure cobalt oxide from local raw material (Dashkesan ore). On the basis of elaborations a special department was organized at the Institute to produce cobalt oxide, which completely supplied local metallurgical industries with this deficient product, which were dealing with production of special steels.
- Regeneration of dump mass of vanadium catalyst for obtaining sulfuric acid by contact method. In connection with cessation the delivery of vanadium catalyst at Baku sulfate plant named after Frunze the production of contact acid was stopped. Employees of the Institute worked out an effective method for regeneration of dump contact mass and on the basis of this method a workshop on regeneration of a catalyst was organized within the plant. As a result of it previously inactive contact installation was put into exploitation and successfully worked during all wartime.
- Production of electroinsulating varnishes from wastes of oil-refining industry. Employees of the institute developed the methods of producing bituminous varnishes of two typ es: covering varnish № 316 and impregnated varnish № 319. In dustrial ob taining of th es e varnishes was organized at the plant named after Paris Commune. This task was conducted on the order of Chief board of communication of Red Army.
From the other implemented works conducted on the order of Baku Committee of Defense and different Peoples Commissariats and Ministry of Anti-air Defense the production of special varnishes based on styrene and polystyrene from the local raw material, production of sulfuric dye-stuff protective color (khaki color) from the wastes of pyrolysis production, obtaining of blackout dye-stuffs, production of plastic mass for accumulator tanks, potting masses for batteries and others.
Some low-tonnage productions (special varnishes, black-out dye-stuffs) were realized directly in the laboratories of the institute. A few thousands of units of flaming anti-tank remedies were prepared here. Employees of the Institute actively helped their country with collecting warm clothes, money installments into the Fund of Defense; they took part in construction of defensive barriers.
According to the task of the Presidium of AS of USSR the institute worked out the technology for producing edible syrup from licorice root, solid fats by hydrogenation of seal fat, the scientists dealt with the research of new methods of raising the quality of motor gasolines.
" S cientifi c-research work of the Institute of chemistry completely corresponded to the country's requirem e nts of d efens e , d etaile d assistance to the front, as well as promoted solution of urgent economic problems under the conditions of Great P atriotic War" - that was th e ass essm ent of th e Institute's activity giv en by the Presidium of AS of USSR in difficult time for the country. The scientific personnel of the Institute have grown during wartime. In 1936 there were only 20 research fellows at the Institute; by 1945 their number achieved 39. As a result of successful and fruitful work of the
Institute we may consider the fact, that during wartime 3 research fellows successfully defended doctoral theses (M.Nagiev, Sh.Mammadov and Sh.Aliyev) and 8 research fellows defended PhD theses.
Since 1945 the Institute operated as part of previously established Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR.
Country's transition to p e ac eful construction put new tasks before the employees of the Institute. Thematic plans of the Institute in the first post-war and following years reflected those large shifts that happened in the national economy of Azerbaijan: the construction of giant New Baku oil-refining plant by the standards of that time; Sumgait plant of synthetic rubber, development of deep oil fields, crude oil production from the bottom of the Caspian Sea, intensification of agriculture, development of the consumer and local industries and others.
The Institute dealt with the development of the methods of catalytic aromatization of hydrocarbons, production of monomers for rubber synthesis, obtaining of plasticizers, detergents and biologically active agents.
The scientific bases of synthesizing stable and effective silica-alumina catalysts of cracking have been developed. Physical-chemical and structural-rheological properties of local clays and the possibilities of their usage as sorbents and for preparation of boring clay solutions, which can be operated under more complex geological conditions, have been investigated.
The investigations on development of the technology of producing liquid glass, active silicon dioxide, salts of magnesium and potassium, on the extraction of iodine and bromine from boring waters were carried out. The laboratories were equipped with new special equipment.
In 1949 two new laboratories were organized at the Institute: the laboratory of radio-chemistry and geochemistry and the laboratory of mud solutions (later renamed to the laboratory of colloidal chemistry).
At the laboratory of geochemistry and radiochemistry under the direction of corresponding member of Azerbaijan SSR H.Efendiyev the works were performed in the
following directions: geochemistry of waters from mineral resources; geochemistry of endogenous formations; geochemistry and radioactivity of stratal waters of oil deposits and technology of mineral raw materials.
It is well known that the investigation of distribution and redistribution laws of chemical and rare elements in magmatic rocks is very important for clarification of a number of questions on ore formation and petrogenesis, as well as for interpretation of endogenous processes.
The investigations on identification of distribution laws of rare and scattered elements in the ores of different forms, which were developed within the north-east slope of Lesser Caucasushave a considerable place in the field of geochemistry of endogenous formations. As a result of long-term work in this direction H.Efendiyev generalized not only the available separate data, but also considerably enriched them with new materials on chemical and spectral analysis of ores, minerals and ore containing rocks on a number of impurity and leading elements, their quantitative distribution, forms of deposits and correlative interactions.
Besides the rare elements, the content of gold, silver, antimony, bismuth, cobalt and etc. in these ores has been estimated. The vast majority of rare elements in indicated ores are mainly in the form of isomorphic impurity to the leading sulfides, and some of them, are presented by their own compounds.
One of the most interesting and important works of H.Efendiyev was geochemical study of some rare elements from a number of deposits and appearances of a metallogenic zone of the southern slope of Greater Caucasus, and first of all, Filizchay pyrite-polymetal deposit with the huge stores of ores.
In the field of geochemistry of oil fields the main distribution laws of radioactive and other elements in oils, stratal waters and oil enclosing rocks, as well as promoting the development of technological schemes of their associated extraction have been revealed.
In the laboratory of clay solutions scientific bases of colloidal chemistry of washing clayey systems and dispersions used in drilling
of oil and gas deposits have been created. Doctor of sciences on chemistry A.Miskarli, PhD on chemistry A.Bayramov, PhD on chemistry T.Mustafayev, and others determined the criteria which enabled to obtain dispersion with the set of structural-rheological, sorption and other properties.
It is necessary to refer the investigations on interaction of dispersion systems in non-aqueous (organic) environments to the number of original scientific developments. The practical results of these researches were the development of methods for producing washing drilling solutions on oil basis and active organo-mineral fillers for rubbers and plastics.
For the first time colloidal and chemical method of protection against the wear of oil equipment has been developed and suggested for control and regulation of abrasive properties of the weighted drilling mud.
By 1950-1955 the Institute grew into one of the leading scientific organizations of the Republic in the field of chemistry. The relations of the Institute with the other scientific organizations of a chemical profile and the industrial enterprises of Azerbaijan became much stronger.
Trainees and visiting postgraduate students from different institutes and higher educational universities undergo training at the Institute. A number of developments were conducted together with the industrial enterprises according to the general plan. The Institute also made scientific and methodical assistance to the staff of plant laboratories for learning modern methods of the analysis.
The scientific subject of the Institute extended more and more.
Quick and exact methods of defining rare elements and non-ferrous metals in ores, soils and other objects, methods of associated extraction of rare and scattered elements have been developed at complex processing of mineral raw materials, extraction of these elements from mineral and stratal waters, electrochemical methods of allocation and refining of selenium, tellurium and gallium, extraction methods of separation and cleaning the complexes of rare elements and non-ferrous metals. Investigations
in the field of chemistry of borate compounds and glasses, semi-conductive complexes and alloys on the base of rare elements (gallium, indium, selenium, tellurium, etc.) were conducted.
At the same period the scheme of complex processing of alunite by converted natural gas with the associated production of elementary sulfur and extraction of other valuable products (gallium, vanadium) has been developed.
In 1956 the laboratory of analytical chemistry, and in 1958 the laboratory of crystal-lochemistry were organized. In 1959 basic reorganization in the structure of the Institute of Chemistry of the AS of Azerbaijan SSR was realized. Three of its laboratories of petrochemical profile were given to the Institute of Petrochemical Processes of AS of Azerbaijan SSR, which was organized at the same time on the basis of merging of Az SRI on oilrefining and the Institute of oil in AS of Azerbaijan SSR.
At the same time three new laboratories were organized in the Institute: corrosion, technology of mineral raw materials and chemistry of rare and semiconductor elements.
The first research works on corrosion and protection of metals have begun at the Institute still in the 1940s under the guidance of the outstanding scientist, corresponding member of the AS of Azerbaijan SSR V.Negreyev. These works were devoted to the questions of corrosion and protection of steel in alkali soils, selective dissolution of brass in the Caspian Sea waters, and to the features of corrosion processes under marine conditions. The main reasons for destruction of metal equipment were found out and the complex effective methods and means of protection were developed. High effectiveness of the inhibiting method of protection was shown and a number of inhibitors which were applied in enterprises and petroleum industry of Azerbaijan and the former USSR, were obtained. Corrosion of steel in stratal waters, corrosion of steel by the air of high pressure, which takes place at compressor exploitation of oil wells, was studied.
Under the direction of V.Negreyev effective inhibitors (catapine, ANP-2, ANPO, KPI-1)
for decreasing hydrogen sulfide corrosion of steel equipment in gas condensate wells were studied and purposed. A number of inhibitors were developed on the base of plant extract and products of petrochemical synthesis for steels and aluminum alloy with the purpose of using inhibited acid during processing of oil wells.
In 1961 together with the group of authors V.Negreyev was awarded Lenin Prize for development and exploitation of marine oil fields in Azerbaijan.
The investigations in the field of traditional methods for protection of marine constructions from corrosion (cathodic protection including the method of tire-tread protection), detected the high tire-tread properties of a number of magnesium alloys, which were obtained by crystallization from melt.
The joint method of cathodic and inhibiting protection, which was offered by the laboratory, was applied on pulp and paper mills (Kon-dopojsk, Kotlassk, Solikamsk, Arkhangelsk, Pitkyaransky, etc.) for protection of steel fittings of radial settlers of industrial sewage and also recommended for protection of ballast compartments of oil tankers.
The Institute was the leading organization in the republic on complex processing of mineral resources. This direction of investigations, started by academician H.Shakhtakh-tinsky includes such vast scientific-practical fields as technology of inorganic substances, chemistry and metallurgy of black, non-ferrous, rare and scattered metals.
The opening of the huge deposits of py-rite-polymetal ores from Filizchay deposit, containing up to 40 valuable elements, uniqueness of composition and structure of ores demanded the necessity of creating principally new technological schemes of processing of both selective concentrates (copper, zinc, lead, pyrite) and complex non-waste processing of non-rich ore by autoclave method to obtain non-ferrous, rare, scattered and noble metals and to use sulfide sulfur and iron with the purpose of environmental protection.
Researches on the creation of processing technology of waste sulphur dioxide of nonfer-
rous metallurgy enterprises for obtaining of sulfur rank high among the developments of the institute. For the first time low-temperature process of sulphur dioxide recovery with converted gas by using various catalysts was developed and applied in copper plant of Norilsk Mining-Smelting Works (Russian Federation). Considerable works were conducted in processing of iron ore raw materials of the republic and powder metallurgy.
Technological processes were developed and tested for rational use and complex processing of Dashkesan iron ore by direct recovery of iron with natural gas to produce a sponge iron and iron-rich pellets for steel smelting industry and metallic powders for powder metallurgy, as well as the use of ore processing wastes by floatation-magnetic extraction of copper-cobalt and magnetite concentrates. Complex processing of titanium magnetite concentrates of off-shore and underwater placers including south-western coast of the Caspian Sea were developed for production of naturally doped iron powders for powdery metallurgy, pigment titanium dioxide, chromic compounds, pigment titanium dioxide, chromic compounds, and vanadic pentoxide of reactive purity and regenerations of used materials.
In 1960 the Institute of Chemistry moved to a new building with modern laboratory rooms and corresponding service equipment. Reorganization of the Institute contributed more accurate differentiation of its subject and concentration of researches on solution of important problems in the field of inorganic and physical chemistry and technology of mineral raw materials.
Since 1960, 9 laboratories functioned at the institute: inorganic chemistry and electrochemistry, chemistry of rare and semiconductor elements, physical chemistry, colloidal chemistry, corrosion, technology of mineral raw materials, geochemistry and radiochemistry, crystal chemistry, analytical chemistry.
In 1965 the Institute of Chemistry was renamed to the Institute of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry of AS of Azerbaijan SSR. By this time 229 employees, including 6 doctors of sciences and 38 PhDs worked at the institute.
Basic researches were conducted on structural chemistry under the guidance of corresponding member of AS of Azerbaijan SSR Kh.Mammadov. The first works were devoted to the investigation of crystalline structures of silicates. Studying the structure of cement silicates enabled to classify and to find well-known and new types of silicon oxygen radicals for clarification of mechanism of hardening and strength of cement. By generalizing the basic results on structures of calcium silicates the wide analogy between cement silicates and a number of inorganic compounds was established (borates, chalcogenides and others).
Kh.Mammadov established the possibility of using natural aluminosilicates for production of a wide range of practically important zeolites and silicate glasses. New structural and chemical approach was proposed for the synthesis of inorganic substances with given structure, the essence of which is the principle of inheritance. Crystal structure of cement silicates, zeolites, borates, chalcogenides, metalloorganic and biologically active agents and set of complex compounds was established for the first time. Crystallochemical laws between structure and physical and chemical parameters were determined. New classification of zeolites which genetically connects them with chain, band and layered silicates, was offered.
Original works were conducted on chemistry of extraction processes under the supervision of doctor of sciences on chemistry R.Alekperov for the solution of actual problems of technology of inorganic substances. Effective and available extractants, which are direct products of oil processing or in particular, natural naphthenic acids and their derivatives synthesized on their basis, were found out. Pilot tests were performed for the processes of producing high-quality vitriol of copper and nickel from waste industrial solutions. Extraction method for the separation of rare-earth elements, selective extraction of non-ferrous and rare metals, and purification of a number of salts were offered.
In-depth works have been performed under the guidance of doctor of sciences on chemistry I.Bagbanly in the direction of developing
gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric determination methods of rare, disperse and precious metals as well as spectrophotometric study of complex formation of metals with organic ligands. New high-sensitive and selective photometric and extraction and photometric methods of definition of rare, disperse and non-ferrous metals are developed and implemented into the practice in analytical laboratories of various enterprises.
In 1971 four new laboratories were opened: chemistry and technology of mineral waters, chemistry and technology of pure substances, electrochemistry of rare elements and alloys, and technical electrochemistry.
In 1972 the laboratory of chemistry of coordination compounds was organized. By this time 330 employees, including 12 doctors and 80 PhDs worked at the institute.
Works on detecting practically important deposits of natural zeolites were conducted; their structure, ion exchange, adsorption and catalytic properties were investigated, their prospects for a deep drying and purification of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, sewage, and possibilities of using in agriculture were estimated. The methods of synthesizing practically important zeolites on the basis of cheap and available local raw materials were developed.
Corresponding member of AS of Azerbaijan SSR Z.Zulfugarov with his works made a noticeable contribution to chemistry and practice of catalytic conversions of hydrocarbons on amorphous and crystalline aluminosilicate systems. Under his guidance the conditions for preparation of catalysts and adsorbents based on alu-minosilicates were improved; their physical and chemical properties were studied; interrelation between chemical nature of their surface with catalytic and sorption properties was studied.
In 1969 new superphosphate fertilizer containing manganese, boron, magnesium and biologically active agents, except superphosphate, and enriched with microelements was produced on the basis of local mineral raw material. By using this fertilizer cotton crop increased 20-25% in more than 20 cotton-growing regions of Azerbaijan. For this work
Z.Zulfugarov, P.Rza-zade and T.Gurbanov were awarded State Prize of Azerbaijan SSR.
By parallel investigation of the power and spectral characteristics of interaction of water with natural zeolites of various structures, it was established that in dehydration of natural calcium and calcium containing zeolites of various structural groups solid-phase hydrolysis of hydrate polyhedrons of cations (doctor of sciences in chemistry D. Mirzai) takes place after a certain stage. Full dehydration mechanism was proposed according to which the process of solid-phase hydrolysis is the reason for low heat stability of natural calcium zeolites.
The power of hydration of zeolites with various structural types was systematically studied. The correlation between power (differential heat of sorption) and structural (valence force) parameters of water molecules was found in zeolites. The evaluation method of heat stability of zeolites which is based on features of a chemical composition and geometry of a framework was developed.
High-efficiency sorbents based on natural alumino silicates were developed for purification of waste waters of industrial enterprises from toxic organic agents (phenol, dyes, etc.); coagulative-sorption method of purification of oil products was offered. Systematic physical and chemical researches of natural zeolites of clinoptilolite and mordenite (doctor of sciences in chemistry M.AnNagiev) which are available in large-scale deposits of Azerbaijan were performed to create effective sorbents in drying and purification processes of industrial gases and liquid hydrocarbons. On the basis of these investigations pilot plant was installed to purify chlorine gas on a clinoptilolite. The investigated natural zeolites were also recommended for purification of industrial gases from impurities like H2S, CO, and etc.
The investigations on chemistry and physics of semiconductors took a significant role in the subject of the Institute. New rational ways of studying multicomponent systems were developed by using physical and chemical, ther-modynamic and calculation methods and computer. For the first time more than 200 com-
pounds were obtained on the basis of chalcogen-ides of rare and rare-earth elements, the growth methods of their monocrystals were developed; physical and chemical, magnetic, physical properties and structures were studied; materials which are used for production of receivers and light sources for various areas of spectrum, thermo- and photoconverters, X-ray and photo resistors, acousto-optic devices were prepared.
L ab oratory "Ch emistry of rare elem ents" created in 1970 and headed by one of the founders of physical and chemical analysis and chemistry of semiconductors in the republic, corresponding member of AS of Azerbaijan SSR P.Rustamov was a leading enterprise in the USSR on synthesis and research of semiconductor ferromagnetic materials (by closed program "Domain"). Photosensitive materials, which were synthesized in the laboratory on the basis of chalcogenide glasses, were used for preparation of electron tubes "Viricon" which provided to achieve an economical effect in several millions of rubles.
In 1980 during Summer Olympic Games in Moscow due to the embargo on delivery new technologies to the USSR lighting tubes of Phillips were successfully replaced with the tubes which were produced by using the technology of the laboratory.
The issues on the complex use of associated oil, reservoir, mineral, thermal and sea waters of the republic as sources of producing rare and dispersed elements, such as iodine, bromine, boron, lithium, arsenic, uranium, etc. were successfully solved at the institute by the direction of corresponding member of AS of Azerbaijan SSR A.Nuriyev. Basic researches of salt-water systems facilitated the development and implementation of production technology of sodium chloride from waste waters of iodine-bromine plants to satisfy demands of electrolysis industry. Sorbents of different chemical natures were synthesized, sorption method of a number of valuable metals from reservoir natural waters was offered. Within the framework of the scientific program "World Ocean" of the State Committee on science and technology of the USSR pilot-plant installation on sorption
extraction of uranium and other valuable elements (cobalt and copper) from sea water was created on the shore of the Caspian Sea.
The technology of industrial production of pure carbon dioxide from Daridag thermal waters of Nakhichivan was developed and implemented. In 1980 for these works A.Nuriyev together with M.Mammadyarov and others was awarded the State Prize of Azerbaijan SSR.
Early studies on theoretical and applied electrochemistry were devoted to the research of electrochemical behavior of selenium and tellurium in water and non-aqueous media, as well as production and refining of rare elements and alloys on their basis (doctor of sciences in chemistry A.Alekperov). The methods of electrochemical extraction of selenium and tellurium from production wastes with further electro-refining, production of solutions of selenious acid and sodium telluride, electrochemical purification of selenium solutions from tellurium impurity were developed.
Theoretical bases of electrochemical synthesis of double and triple alloys based on chal-cogenides of metals were developed. It was established that phase composition, physical and chemical properties and quality of obtained alloys significantly depend on electrosynthesis conditions.
The conditions were developed and offered for production of semiconductor selenium and tellurium alloys, as well as corrosion resistance coatings lead tellurium, lead-antimony-tellurium. Production technology of electrolyte for synthesis of these coatings was implemented at Baku Machine Engineering Plant named after S attarkhan and at the plant "Krasniy Molot" in Grozniy city. Obtained coatings have high corrosion-resistance and protect oilfield equipment against hydrogen sulphide containing oil-bearing solutions. Scientific bases were offered and developed to select effective anode materials for conversion of solar energy into chemical in photoelectrolysis of water.
Extensive studies were performed on heterogeneous catalysis and important theoretical and practical results on dehydrogenation and oxidation (mild and conjugated oxidation reac-
tions) of paraffin, olefines and aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives were obtained. New high-efficiency practically non-waste processes were created for production of a number of aromatic nitriles which were protected by certificates of authorship and patents of USA, Japan, Germany, England and other countries under the guidance of academician R.Rizayev. The first complex in former USSR was constructed for production of benzene carbonitrile, benzene dicarbonitrile and phthalonitrile, which are used in a number of industrial enterprises for development of new types of high-impact plastic of a special purpose, non-fluid oil for technological equipment of KAMAZ binding for fire-resistant glass-fiber laminates, waterproof glues, optical bleaching agents, preservatives and other valuable products.
The researches of coordination and or-ganometallic compounds took a significant part in the subject of the institute. New synthesis methods of o-and n-connected mono-, homo-and heterobinuclear complex and cluster compounds with inorganic, organic and metal car-bonyl ligands were developed. Under the guidance of corresponding member of AS of Azerbaijan SSR T.Gurbanov structural-theoretical and physical-chemical data which enable to establish the interrelation between structural and reactivity of these complexes, were obtained.
New compounds of transition metals with chelating ligands containing peripheral electron-donor fragments were obtained and intermolecular electron transfer from ligand on metal ion was studied. These works carried out by corresponding member of ANAS A.Mejidov and his students laid the basis for a new direction in chemistry of coordination compounds and homogeneous catalysis. For the first time crystal metalcomplexes with stable (nitroxyl and functional) radicals were obtained; their crystalline and molecular structures were studied; the distance between paramagnetic centers was defined; interrelation between the structure, catalytic activity and reactivity of complexes were defined.
In-depth works in the field of catalysis on zeolites were conducted by academician
D.Taghiyev who first found high activity of zeolites free of transition metals, unconventional for reactions of redox type catalysts in hydrogenation of olefins, hydroisomerization, oxyde-hydrogenation of various classes of hydrocarbons; he found formerly unknown transformations of alkylnaphthenes on zeolites and named them the reactions of oxydehydrodispro-portionation and oxydehydroisomerization; he determined the principles of selecting zeolites for purposeful synthesis of valuable isomers of xylenols and cresols by alkylation of phenols and cresols with methanol; developed hybrid catalysts with active centers separated spatially from each other, for alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons by paraffins; he developed new zirconium-zeolites catalysts free of precious metals, for low-temperature isomerization of normal paraffins. Under his guidance heteropolyacidic catalysts and new metal complexes were synthesized for oligomerization and dimerization of various C2-C8-olefins under mild conditions; new immobilization method of chemical "fixing" of nickel complexes on surface of solid inorganic carriers was developed; for the first time the interrelation between catalytic activity and stereo-chemical nonrigidity of nickel thiopyrazole-aldiminate complexes was found out.
The catalysts prepared by him for alkylation of phenol and o-cresol with methanol, isomerization of paraffins and narrow petrol fractions and production of various monomers were successfully tested in pilot-industrial plants and production enterprises in Moscow, Ufa, and Sumgait.
For a cycle of studies on zeolite catalysis in 1983 D.Taghiyev was awarded USSR Lenin Komsomol Prize on chemistry and chemical technology.
In 1978 the laboratory of physical and chemical methods of analysis, department of implementation and technical-economical investigations were organized. In 1982 two more laboratories were opened: laboratory of obtaining technology of iron and metallic powders and laboratory of chemistry and technology of processing polymetal ores.
By the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerb aijan S SR № 322 dated from 22 June,
1981 and the resolution of the Presidium of AS of Azerb aijan S SR № 30 from 30 June, 1981 Special Design-Technology Bureau for Complex Processing of Mineral Raw Stock was founded at the Institute. The main scientific-technical directions of the organization were: processsing of mineral and natural raw stock, preparation of project-constructive and normative-technical documents of the production, introduction of new technological processes at pilot and pilot-experimental scale.
In the course of its scientific technical activity the organization participated in the works of All-Union P eople's Exhib ition of Economi c Achievements of USSR and was awarded 12 gol-den, silver and bronze medals, as well as merit button b adge "Inventor of U S SR".
At the initiative of the head of state Hey-dar Aliyev on the basis of the resolution of the Presidium of Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan dated on July 7, 1972 Nakhchivan scientific center was organized within the institute and the main objective was the creation of scientific bases for complex researches and effective use of natural resources of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Later on the center was reorganized into the Nakhchivan department of ANAS by the resolution of Presidium of AS dated on August 7, 2002.
The Institute of Theoretical Problems
of Chemical Technology (1965-2002)
In connection with the necessity to solve the questions of intensification the chemical productions, academician M.Nagiev addressed with the proposal about creation of the institute of theoretical profile. The scientific basis for it has already existed as fundamental works by M.Nagiev. The main achievements of recycling theory created by him reduced to the fundamental principles, methods and approaches to the solution of existing in chemical technology problems. The scientist has proposed the calculation method of recirculation processes, derived a mathematical expression of the main calculating characteristics of recycling processes - the recirculation coefficient which allowed moving from calculating chaos to the exact calculation of the recycling processes. He has developed the method of studying recycling pro-
cesses on the base of the joint decision of kinetic and recirculation equations, formulated the fundamental situation implementation of all chemical reactions with recycling of nonreact-ing raw material which creates the conditions for their running in accordance with the law of mass action. For the first time he created a mathematical model of complex CTS and performed its system analysis, giving rise to the development of later received status of independent spheres of knowledge - mathematical modeling and the system analysis.
In 1965 the Institute of theoretical problems of chemical technology (ITPCT) was organized on the basis of laboratory and the department of theoretical problems of IPCP, and the director of which was academician M.Nagiev, who headed the Institute until his death.
M.Nagiev's s cie ntific activity in this Institute was noted with the creation of methods, principles, approaches, broad theoretical generalizations, which were based on the new ideas. These ideas include methodological approach to modeling and optimization of complex chemical-technological systems - their global optimization based on unique mathematical model, which was strongly complicated by the equation with dense network of recycling streams. Such multivariate model could not be solved by the computers of those times. The solution was found in the development of the decomposition method which reduced the dimension of a problem by splitting the global optimization to three stages - decomposition-global, regional and local. Moreover, all three stages are subject to the same goal - achievement of values of opti-mality criterion of all CTS.
He formulated the principle of "sup erop-timality", according to which it is possible to increase simultaneously the productivity of reactor of raw materials and yield of any product of a complex reaction. It cannot be provided by any of these controlled parameters, like time, temperature and pressure, acting simultaneously on all the reactions in desired direction. M.Nagiev also put forward the conception of stability and antistability of recycle reactors and proposed a new method for to conduct chemical reactions under wave mode.
He was awarded "Order of the Red B anner of Lab our", was awarded the titl e "Honored Worker of S ci en ce of th e Az erb aijan S SR". For great contribution to the development of Soviet science M.Nagiev was awarded the title "Hero of S o cialist Lab or" with th e award of ord er of L en-in n th gol m l "H mm r n i kl " y the decree of Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet dated on March 13, 1969.
For the period 1970-1975 3 completed research projects were introduced into production:
- Optimization of industrial process of production of styrene based on the developed technological-economical model.
To solve this problem, the institute investigated the operating plant for the production of styrene at Sumgait plant SC. According to the industrial tests offered by the Institute expediency of technological mode was established for reactors of dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene based on the recommendations of the Institute.
- Optimization of heat exchange systems in the atmospheric and atmospheric vacuum distillation units.
According to the survey of installation CDU-AVT-13 in BOR plant named after Lenin the institute issued recommendations for optimization of its heat exchange system.
- Introduction of control system by chemical experiment.
Automated control system by chemical experiment developed by the Institute was based on creation of a closed loop by conjugating the laboratory setup with a computer. In 1975 the complete system was introduced in dep rtm nt " umg it himprom" on inst ll tion or production of epoxy resins.
After the death of academician M.Nagiev over the period from 1975 to 2010 the Institute was headed by academician T.Shakhtakhtinsky, the main works of him were devoted to the investigation of kinetics and mechanism of chemical reactions, the study of catalytic conversions of hydrocarbons.
Under his guidance the processes of direct oxidation of «-butylenes and «-butane to maleic anhydride, isobutylene to methacrylic
acid, propane to acetic acid, liquid-phase oxida-tive ammonolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons, production of amines, amides, and imides were developed. Much attention was paid to designing of new devices. Together with R.A.Garayev electrochemical combustion chamber (ECC) was created. Conducting of the process in ECC differs from the known methods by reducing raw material and energy costs. With the help of ECC the production process of acetylene from natural gas by oxidizing pyrolysis in diffusive electric discharge. Gas-liquid reactor with surface aeration, loop reactor with static mixers, which intensify interphase mass transfer due to the creation of optimal mode of crushing bubbles and increase resisting capacity on gas phase, as well as it enables to work with high pressure, promoting velocity of the process were developed.
Under his guidance design principles of high efficiency metalzeolite metalpolimer catalysts were developed for gas and liquid-phase oxidation, oxidative coupling, esterification and acetoxylation of hydrocarbons. The researches were conducted in direct heterogeneously catalyzed oxidation of chlorohydrocarbons C1-C4 on oxide catalytic systems. Selection and synthesis of a number of oxide catalytic systems based on V, P, Co, Mo, Sb, Bi and other elements on different carriers with different promoters with high selectivity and activity were conducted. A number of activities and selectivi-ties of catalytic systems for different chlorhy-drocarbons were established.
During that period the institute by structure consisted of two departments: department of scientific bases of chemical engineering, which included 5 laboratories, and the second department united 15 laboratories. To conduct researches on modern scientific level the institute purchased expensive equipment, most of which were concentrated in analytical laboratory. They were centrally used for solution of scientific problems of the entire institute. During this period, the number of inculcated works significantly increased, including:
- "Introduction of the system of algorithms and programs for intensification and op-
timization of the process of producing styrene at enterpris es of Minn efteximprom U S S R" performed by researchers under the guidance of academician T.Shakhtakhtinsky was realized at Sumgait plant SC.
- "Modeling and optimization of production of ethyl ene by pyrolysis gasoline fraction", performed under the direction of Doctor of sciences on chemistry F.Nasirov, was introduced into Plant "Organic synthesis" ( Sumgait).
-"Autom ated control of chemical experi-m ent" dev elop ed by Dr.of technical-mathematical sciences R.Kasimov and PhD on technology E.Mammadov, was implemented in the Plant "Organic synthesis" ( Sumgait).
- " S ystem program " Se arch" for computer" "Minsk-32" w as intro du c e d at two units -Voronezh branch EDOA and the Institute of Cybernetics of AS of Azerbaijan SSR.
- "Pro ss o pro u ing lkylph nol y continuous scheme on zeolite catalyst Tseokar-2", v lop tog th r with th Institut o p t-rochemical processes (PChP) of AS of Azerbaijan SSR, was introduced at the Angarsk Refinery on "Ang arskn efteorgsintez".
- "Implem entation of the reactor for producing polymethylmethacrylate in suspension with sp i i p rti l siz ", p r orm un r the guidance of T.Shakhtakhtinsky, was intro-du c e d at th e Plant "Orgsteklo" MCP S S R (Dzerzhinsk city).
During the period of 1981-1983 the work "Intensification of industrial dehydrogenation of isoamylenes in isoprene on calcium-nickel-phosphate catalyst IM-2204" was introduc ed in the Plant "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" (Nizhnekamsk city) according to the method of modeling and optimal control by reactors with fixed catalyst bed, which was developed by academician A.Aliyev. Release of isoprene according to the method proposed by the institute was provided in three production systems.
Great progress has been made by scientists of the Institute on high-molecular chemistry. Under the guidance of academician A.Efendiev new principles of producing and regulating the properties of complexing polymer sorbents and metal-polymer complex cata-
lysts were developed by creating optimum con-formacy of macromolecules, location of functional groups in macromolecular chains and three-dimensional polymer carcass. It was shown that a prerequisite for high selectivity of sorbents is a flexible globular structure of mac-romolecules with a sufficient number of degrees of freedom to create stereo correspondence in location of functional groups and ions of absorbed metal. A new stage, which may determine the kinetics of metal sorption processes by polymer sorbents - speed of conformational restructuring of segments of swelling polymer gel to favorable position of absorbed metal, was found out.
A.Efendiyev proposed a new principle for producing complexing polymer sorbents and metallopolymer complex catalysts, providing the use of memory of polymer composition and preliminary tunning of active centers of initial polymers on absorbed metals and hydrocarbon substrates with further fixing the structures by intermolecular crosslinking.
A new principle of construction was developed for highly active and selective catalytic systems, immobilized in highly swelling in organic solvents of polymer gels based on nickel, titanium and zirconium. These catalysts work as homogeneous ones, since the diffusion rate of reagents in highly swelling polymer gels is comparable with diffusion rate in liquids, but, like heterogeneous catalysts, they can be easily separated from the reaction medium and reused. Based on this principle, a number of catalytic systems with high activity and selectivity in di-merization and codimerization of ethylene and propylene, as well as polymerization of vinyl monomers were obtained.
Doctor of sciences on chemistry F.Nasirov developed scientific bases for creation of one-step processes of producing vinyl, divinylaromatic and other classes of polymers by combining step of monomer synthesis with the step of its polymerization - "in one-flask synth esis". Th e appro ach proposed by F.Nasirov enables to produce a number of alkyl-substituted polystyrenes stage containing two or more carbon atoms in alkyl group, the synthesis
of which is practically impossible. Copolymers of vinylferrocene with vinylaromatic compounds have high photosensibility and can be recommended to use as new materials for nonsilver record of information. Methyl-substituted polystyrenes have significant advantages over the polymers which were prepared by conventional way, since they have high purity due to the absence of unreacted monomer in composition. Th work "Modeling and optimization of production process of ethylene by pyrolysis of gasoline fraction" was implemented in the Plant "Organic S ynthesis" ( Sumgait).
Doctor of sciences on chemistry E.Mammadov for the first created a new catalytic system used in the synthesis of orga-noselenium compounds, their biological activity were studied. Extensive studies on their application as modifiers of polymer materials and photosensitizing preparations were performed. New class of organic compounds bis-[2-(1-uracil)-ethyl]selenide and bis-(uracimide-1)-selenoxy-methane, which have biological activity equal to the known antitumor, antibacterial drugs.
New methods of synthesizing functional Se-organic compounds that have effective antitumor, radioprotector, antiviral properties are growth stimulators, were developed.
Over the years the institute conducted investigations on biotechnological processes, i.e. chemical transformation in the presence of microorganisms and enzyme systems, where the main processes go not in industrial plants and devices, but in living cell, as a rule, microbial (corresponding member of AS Azerbaijan SSR O.Narimanbeyov). Definite progresses were achieved in the enzymatic synthesis of protein concentrates, polyatomic alcohols with development of nonwaste technology and use of related products as feed concentrates by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms by biologically active substances.
Under the guidance of doctor of sciences on chemistry S.Zeynalov multifunctional compounds were synthesized on the basis of reactions of ethylene oxide, propylene and epichlo-rohydrine (ECH) and proton-donor organic compounds. Interaction reactions of ECH with
amines, acids, alcohols in the presence of various catalysts, as well as mechanism and kinetics of these reactions were developed. Process of producing simple, complex and difficult-simple epoxy ethers, ether aminoalcohols and diamino-alchohols, dialkoxyalcohols was developed. Reaction of ECH with bi- and trifunctional complexes - amino alchohols, amino phenols, hy-droxylacids, sulphonic acids and amino acids was studied. These compounds were proposed as plasticizers, additives for paint and glue compositions, biologically active substances and liquid crystals. Epoxy esters, complex esters, azomethines of different amino acids were obtained on the basis of conversion of amino acids (azomethylation, esterification, amidation and epoxidation). The reactivity of amino acids, depending on structure, acidity and basicity of initial components was studied.
Under the guidance of doctor of sciences on chemistry S.Rustamov scientific and applied bases were created for sorption purification and concentration to protect the environment, including natural reservoirs from high toxic mineral and organic components with effective sorbents prepared on the basis of natural zeolites available in the republic. Practical recommendations were given for treatment of liquid wastes of a number of industrial enterprises from toxic metal ions (Ni, Co, Ag, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cr and others) and organic compounds (dichlorethylene, trichlorethylene, chloroform, epichlorohydrine, monochloroacetic acid, phenol, alkylbenzenesul-phonates and others) by using modified zeolite and cation exchange sorbents. Thus, for example, a new sorbent - aminated clinoptilolite was developed, which has a sorption activity (in relation to extraction of mercury from industrial liquid wastes) equal to well-known industrial sorbent -KU-2-8.
Doctor of technical sciences R.Gasimov designed a device for communication with computer chromatographs and spectral tools, digital flowmeters and dosimeters of gas, digital regulators and dosage unit of gas and liquid flow. These devices were applied in laboratory experiments and used to create an optimal control system by industrial process of producing
isobutylene and information-measuring system of supervisory control over the combustion process in thermal power plant.
For the first time the effect of reflection-free (full) absorbing of electromagnetic waves in layered medium was justified theoretically and experimentally. On the basis of this effect microwave methods were developed for determining water content in oil and oil products, measuring dielectric properties, dipole moments and relaxation time of weakly absorbing polar substances and identification of polar liquids.
For the purpose of developing optimal management and control for intensification of chemical and technological processes a number of digital sensors and regulators. On their basis automated laboratory, pilot and industrial chemical-technological installations were created. For selection of active catalysts multiple reactor automated system was developed and exploitation showed its economical applicability. Mathematical model and method were developed for continuous control of technological parameters of dehydrogenation of isobutane; on their basis the system of optimal management of the process was established and implemented in industrial conditions. In automated pilot installation oxidation process of natural gas with hydrogen peroxide oxidation under pressure was studied and optimum type of reactor was selected and process flow diagram. The developed systems were also used during a number of other chemical-technological processes.
Under the guidance of academician A.Aliyev kinetics and mechanism of chemical reactions conducted by using mainly zeolite catalysts were studied as well as mathematical modeling and optimization of a variety of chemical processes with regard to nonstationary activity of catalyst, on basis of which generalized kinetic model of nonstationary activity of catalyst were investigated.
The developed general method of modeling the reactors with fluidized bed was used in industrial process of dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutylene, optimization technique of reactor with fixed-bed catalyst - in the processes of dehydrogenation of isoamylenes to iso-
prene, industrial reactors for the synthesis of divinyl by dehydrogenation of butylenes, n-butane to butylenes, esterification of ethyl alcohols and ethyl acetate by acetic acid on natural zeolites. The technique was also developed for of reactionary unit of nonstationary site of gasphase combined process of oxidation and esterification of ethanol in ethyl acetate, gas-phase oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde and common method of calculating the cyclic processes and management of nonstationary catalytic process in a fixed bed of catalyst.
Basic factors developed by T.Nagiev in conjugated processes, consist of the fact that he detected the effect of conjugation in reactions of oxidative dehydrogenation of hydro-carbons in gas phase with hydrogen peroxide; he discovered the ability of H2O2 to induce these reactions, he created fundamentally new technique for intensification of chemical processes which is free from shortcomings, related to toxic substances, by using catalysts and complex equipment that are required for processes under harsh conditions -high temperatures and pressures.
By using hydrogen peroxide the investigations were performed on the search of techniques for intensification of monomer synthesis processes - raw material for production of plastics, synthetic rubber and other products of petrochemical industry - by conjugated dehydro-genation and hydrogenolysis of various hydrocarbons.
In 1973 T.Nagiev with his staff conducted a new reaction of oxidative fixation of molecular nitrogen by hydrogen peroxide to nitrogen monoxide. By this reaction nitrogen-fixing effect of hydrogen peroxide was essentially found out, and a new type of oxidative bonding of nitrogen in the form of N2O and H2N2O2 comparatively under mild homogeneous conditions - at atmosphere pressures and relatively low temperatures (500-6000C). Relatively high yield of fixed nitrogen in the form of monoxide (up to 19%) is provided, and most part of which is in hardened zone as a result of active sites is converted into H2N2O2.
Generalization of interaction processes of complex chemical reactions has an important
value from the position of the concept on their interference, as well as a quantitive evaluation of these reactions carried out by using equation determinants, which were proposed by him. T.Nagiev gave a definition of the chemical interference as a notion, which consists of the fact that reactions running synchronously in a chemical system may mutually strengthen and weaken, which implies that all interacting reactions are necessarily coherent.
Corresponding member of ANAS G.Kel-baliyev has developed scientific bases of hydrodynamics, mass and heat transfer in dispersed media, including coalescense and fragmentation of drops and bubbles in aggregatively unstable systems, deposition and immiscibility of phases of sedimentation-unstable systems in isotropic turbulent flow, oil filtration in porous layers, flow rheology of non-Newtonian oils. It should be stated that the basis realizing these problems is the solution of inverse problems related to the definition of coefficients of mass transfer and heat transfer in turbulent flow, coefficients of turbulent diffusion and viscosity, coefficients of piezo-conductivity and conductivity, resistance factor of drops and bubbles and others. Rheo-logical flow model of structured oils was developed and a new rheological equation which describ esthe flow of "Bingham" oils was proposed and their filtration characteristics were determined.
One of the main directions of scientific researches of G.Kelbaliev is a systematic analysis and intensification of industrial processes on the basis of their modeling and optimization, development and creation of technological schemes with recycling for the solution of ecological problems and improvement of efficiency of processes in oil refining, oil treatment and chemical technology.
The Institute took an active part in international cooperation with leading scientific organizations and educational institutions of Asia, Europe and America.
The Institute performed joint researches on the line of bilateral scientific and technical cooperation with scientific organizations of AS of USSR and the union republics, with the Insti-
tute of Technical Chemistry of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Macromo-lecular Chemistry of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Lund University (Sweden), Bremen University (Germany), with scientific-research centers of Turkey, France and others.
Institute of Chemical Problems (2002—2014), Academician M.Nagiev Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry (from 2014)
The Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry named after academician M.Nagiev of NAS of Azerbaijan, being legal successor of the Institute of Chemical Problems, differs from other chemical institutions of the Republic for its direction. The employees of institute obtained the most important results in their researches.
For the purpose of creating analytical systems of new generation, academician T.Nagiev with his staff synthesized ferroporphyrin containing biomimetic catalysts imitating characteristic functions of ferments of catalase and peroxidase, and biomimetic sensors, which have significant advantages over enzymatic ones, were created by immobilization of them on modified aluminium electrodes. Such sensors exhibit high sensivity in defining trace concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and ethyl alcohol (~10-6 mas. %) in aqueous solution.
On the basis of quantum-chemical researches molecular nitrogen fixation mechanism by hydrogen peroxide performed by scientists from Ukraine, production of monoxide was established and existence of stable intermediate HOO-N=N-OOH in the system was theoretically justified, and this process was named "Nagiev Effe ct".
In May, 2014 academician T.Nagiev was awarded the State Prize of Republic of Azerbaijan on s c i e n c e for th e monograph "Coh erent-synchronized reactions of oxidation with hydrogen p eroxide" pub lished in English b y publishing house "Elsevier" in 2007.
Academician A.Aliyev performed the investigation of selective hydrogenation process of ethane-ethylene fraction (EEF), obtained in pyrolysis o g solin or pl nt "Ethyl n -Polyethylene" PA Azerkimya (Sumgait city),
for its purification from acetylene compounds. Kinetic laws of the process with new G-58C catalyst were studied on a laboratory installation. Problem of optimization process was solved and optimal operating mode was found. As a result a new type of reactor (adiabatic three-section reactor) was recommended for the process of selective hydrogenization.
Modified zeolites were studied for oxidation of hydrocarbons, highly active and selective catalysts were prepared for the oxidation conversion reaction of methane to ethylene and acetylene in two-section reactor and optimization problem of reactionary unit was solved for this reaction.
In conversion process of methane with carbon dioxide corresponding member of ANAS M.Ahmedov with his staff studied with activity of natural and synthetic zeolites modified by transition metals. High activity of Ni-clinoptilolite in this process was found to be 5.0-7.0%. Dependence between activity and acidic-base properties of the catalyst was established. Proposed catalyst in the same activity significantly exceeds well-known industrial catalyst GIAP-16 by following indicators: low price of a carrier; more than 3 times reduction of active mass, resistance to coking.
In order to intensify and develop water separation technology and solid phase of oil emulsions, corresponding member of NAS of Azerbaijan G.Kelbaliyev proposed scientifically based approach for calculation and modeling the process. This enables to solve a series of questions related by a change of distribution function to the time in the process of coalescence and fragmentation of water drops in oil medium, by filtration of structured non-Newtonian oils in porous medium, adsorption of asphaltenes on surface of water drops.
Corresponding member of NAS of Azerbaijan A.Mejidov studied the kinetics of reduction of boron hydride coordinated azomethine group in aromatic orthohydroxyazomethine complexes and oxidation of the amine group in orthohydroxylbenzylamines. It was shown, that reduction rate of azomethine bond decreases with the increase of atomic number in the first
transition row of metals and conforms to IrvingWilliams rule.
Together with the Taiwan State University A.Mejidov and PhD on chemistry R.Ismailov for the first time performed the synthesis and investigation of string (linear) complxes-molecular conductors which are perspective for nanoelectronics and two undecanickel string complexes which contain eleven nickel atoms in linear chain, were obtained for the first time. Among well-known molecular conductors these complexes are the longest (27.7 and 32.4 A) and in accordance with theoretical calculations they contain nickel atoms in various degrees of oxidation.
Corresponding member of NAS of Azerbaijan Yu.Litvishkov with employees elaborated scientific bases of purposeful modification of selective and active polyfunctional zeolite catalysts for reactions of oxidative conversion of olefin and parrafin hydrocarbons, aliphatic alchohols; found out new opportunities for neutralization of industrial wastes as a result of researches in a number of oxidation reactions in the row of C1-C4, olefin, diene chlorohydrocar-bons on catalytic system V-P-O/SiO2; developed a number of heterogeneous catalysts capable of rapidly absorbing electromagnetic radiation for reactions stimulated by microwaves.
Doctor of chemistry N.Zeynalov with his staff synthesized well swelling hydrogels in water based on poly-N-vinylpyrrolidon. They examined swelling degree of obtained hydrogels in polar, nonpolar media and in physiological solutions. Silver nanoparticles with size of 13-18 nm were obtained in medium of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidon and antibiotic doxorubicine was immobilized on them. It was shown that antibiotic long time keeps its biological activity at different values of pH.
Doctor of sciences on chemistry V.Ahmedov with employees developed heterogeneous catalytic systems on the basis of proto-nated modified PCl3 mordenite and polymer carbon nitride with metal salts fixed on their structures (CrCl3, LaCl3) for conversion processes cellulose, hexose carbohydrates in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulic acid, which
have broad prospects for production of biofuel and semiproducts demanded in fine organic and polymer chemistry. High catalytic activity of the polymer carbon nitride in hydrogenation reactions was shown and this enables to exclude application of valuable metals commonly used in these processes.
Doctor of sciences on chemistry G.Suleymanov with his employees synthesized metal complexes with Fe-Mn- and Fe-Co-bonds and structures of clusters. These complexes applied on clinoptilolite were studied demercaptanization of straight-run gasolines. It was shown that under their impact in gasolines comprising 1^0.5 g/l mercaptanes the amount of latter is reduced up to 0.014 g/l.
By using ytterbium ions (YbF3) as a sen-sitizer for samples in the field of solid solutions on the basis of BaSiO3 in triple system Eg2O3-BaSiO3-ErF3 doctor of sciences on chemistry I.Bakhtiyarly studied their luminescense excitation spectra in the temperature range 78-450 K, and application of solution as an effective anti-Stokes-luminophor in optical-fiber communication systems and night vision device has been approved by Paris Institution "N nos i n s" t Pierre and Marie Curie University.
Doctors of sciences on chemistry A.Mammadov and A.Asadov obtained new systems of equations linking coordinates of phase diagrams with thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of quasitriple and quasibinary systems and providing 3D-computer-visualization of their liquidus surface. By this system of equations using asymmetric thermodynamic functions kinetic parameters of nonequilibrium crystallization were calculated and the possibility of controlling crystallization process was experimentally confirmed.
Doctor of sciences on chemistry I.Mehtiyev found out two-dimensional phase transition of first kind on the border of phase melt-steam by using modern physical techniques as a result of complex study of surface and volumetric thermodynamic properties of melts GaBi, Ga-Pb, Ga-Tl, Ga-Pb-Bi. Together with the Institute of Physical Chemistry of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology scientific bases of produc-
ing thin (1-10 nm) films of Bi, Pb, Te, Pb-Bi depending on composition of a melt and temperature were developed. Results of investigations were included into Siemens database.
For complex processing of recently found large deposits of Ajinohur titanium magnetite sandstones the enrichment method was studied by stepwise change of magnetic field, as a result of which PhD on chemistry Z.Alizade and his staff obtained titanium magnetite concentrate comprising 52-54% iron, 7% titanium dioxide (synthetic rutile), 0.8-1% vanadium.
On the basis of perlite and antigorite minerals by adding sodium silicate doctor of sciences on chemistry D.Ganbanov with his staff obtained NaMg-form having no world analogues in nature of bicationic zeolites of dachi-ardite, which crystallizes in cubic syngony with p aram eters a=12,64A.
On the basis of decationated antigorite and caolinite Na, Mg-form of zeolite - fojazite -with mol ratio SiO2/AhO3=7.8-8.9 having thermo stability up to 9000C was obtained.
Doctor of sciences on chemistry E.Sa-lahova for the first time developed electrochemical method for producing rhenium chalcogeni-des and thin coatings of ternary alloys based on them. These thin coatings with switching and memory effect are used as diodes in semiconductor technology and as a photoelectrode material they are considered to be promising for conversion of solar energy.
By using a new approach to the study of phase equilibria in some telluride systems which form triple chemical compounds with tetradymite like layered structure, corresponding member of NAS of Azerbaijan M.Babanly with his staff constructed new phase diagrams which reflect their real equilibria and on the basis of which perfect monocrystals of new representatives of homologues series of these compounds were grown. Together with a number of researchers of foreign countries (Spain, Germany, Japan, Italy, Switzerland) the properties of topological insulators were studied.
For the purpose of protecting metal equipment of refrigerator systems from corrosion Ph.D. on chemistry S.Verdiyev has synthesized inhibitors and investigated the mechanism
of their action. As valuable research works they were included into the following databases.
1. Technical information center of the Pentagon "AMMTIAS" defense (USA).
2. University of Engineering and "CNCENK" technology (USA).
3. Scientific and technical information institute of National Centre for Scientific Researches.
4. University of Cambridge (UK).
5. Science and Technology Agency of Jap an «GLOBAL».
Doctor of sciences on chemistry A.Aliyev and employees developed conditions for the synthesis of corrosion-resistance film coatings with optimal photo-electrochemical parameters based on TiO2 which were designed to protect against photocorrosion of narrowband-gap semiconductors (sample GaF, GaAs) during photoelectrochemical decomposition of water. For the first time crystalline nanofilm of cadmium sulfide on MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotube) and nickel electrodes was obtained by electrochemical method.
Doctor of technical sciences F.Sadikhov with employees investigated recycling process of light tar of pyrolysis condensate which was produced on ethylene generation unit EP-300. By using rectification methods and ways of freezing-out it was possible to separate benzene of 98.5% purity. Catalyst based on aluminum chloride and toluene providing an increase of the content of benzene and toluene, as well as formation of a valuable product - polymeric petroleum resin, was synthesized and applied.
Under the guidance of doctor of sciences on chemistry A.Heyderov new principal technological circuit was developed for complex processing of Filizchay polymetal ore by practically non-waste technology meeting ecological demands on environmental protection. Together with the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of ANAS technological scheme of hypochloride and sulfuric acid leaching of precious and non-ferrous metals from wastes of industrial ores of different deposits of Azerbaijan (Gedebey and Dashkesan) by using ion exchange resins are developed.
Under the guidance of doctor of sciences on chemistry A.Yagubov simplified technology was developed for production of high-efficiency nano-clays with the purpose of purification of waste waters, cation- and anion-active dye-stuffs. Synthesized nano-clay was tested on industrial level in Islamic Republic of Iran for extraction of Cu2+, Zn2+ and other associate ions from ore waters.
The results of scientific investigations of the Institute for the last 80 years of its existing period found were reflected in more than 6,500 scientific articles, 600 certificates of authorship, 60 foreign patents, 80 monographs, about 60 Doctoral and 300 PhD thesis were defended.
At present 8 departments function at the Institute including 30 laboratories, as well as d ep artm ents " S cientifi c inform ation an d p atent investigations", "Scientific publications", "International relationships, grant projects and in-nov tions" n "Physi l- h mi l n lysis".
Nearly 500 employees work at the Institute, including 4 academicians, 5 corresponding members of ANAS, 38 doctors of sciences and 157 PhDs (on chemistry and technical Sciences).
In 2014-2015 14 monographs and 285 papers were published (100 of them in the republic and 185 in foreign journals, 61 of them in the journals included into the list of Science Citation Index, Thomson Reuters, Scopus), 5 patents and 22 favorable decisions were received and 243 citations were made to the employees' works.
14 scientific - research projects presented by employees of the institute received the grants of Scientific Fund of State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2014-2015).
Achievements of the Institute were presented at the exhibitions of Baku Science Festival held on November 10-11, 2014, in Baku.
S ince 2008 the "Young Scientists Council" has b e en functioning at the Institute, and in 2013 it was ren am e d to "Coun cil of young s ci-entists and specialists". In 2014 three republican scientific seminars were held by the Council of young scientists and specialists. The
Council was also a co-organizator of the first International conference "Role of Multidiscipli-nary Approach in Solution of Actual Problems of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (Earth, Technical and Chemical) devoted to 20th anniver-s ary of "Contract of th e Century". Thre e m embers of the Council of young scientists and specialists took 1st, two 2nd places in grant competition of the Presidium of ANAS dedicated to the Republic Day. At the competition of young scientists of ANAS held by the financial support of SOCAR Science Fund 1 employee took 2nd place and 2 employees took 3rd place. 5 young specialists were awarded the Academician M.Nagiev award (2014-2015).
Dissertation Council on the specialties of 2303.1 - inorganic chemistry, 3303.01 - chemical technology and engineering, 2316.01 -chemical kinetics and catalysis operates at the institute. In 2014-2015 26 doctoral (8) and PhD (18) theses were defended. At present 30 PhD students and 26 postgraduate students carry out research works (In 2016 5 post-doctoral students and 9 dissertationists were accepted.
The Institute cooperates with many universities and scientific-investigation organizations of Japan, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Holland, Denmark, Switzerland, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Greece and other countries, as well as with a number of universities and scientific institutions of our Republic. This cooperation has found its reflection in many joint papers.
In 2015 two international laboratories have been organized at the Institute: Advanced Materials for Quantum Computing and S pintronics" (with Donostia Intern ational Physics C enter" of Sp ain); "Fundam ental studies on synthesis and application of catalysts based on nanoc r on m t ri ls rom oily usto iolith" (with Berlin technical University of Germany, Huddersfield University of Great Britain Royal Scientific Society and Heat and Mass Transfer Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus).
The results of long-term and successive scientific investigations were estimated on a state level and employees of the Institute were
awarded: 1 employee was awarded Hero of Socialist Labour, 5 employees - Azerbaijan State Prize, 1 employee - USSR Lenin Komsomol Prize, 1 employee - Lenin Komsomol Prize, 2 employees - "Lenin" order, 1 employee - order "O ctob er Revolution", 3 employees - the order "Red Lab our Banner", 5 employe es - "Badge of Honour", 5 employe es - "Glory" order, 5 employees the title "Honoured Sci entist", as well as medals "For distinguished work", "T ereggi" (Progress), an d N. S.Kurn akov m e d al, Honourary Diplomas of the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan and the Presidium of ANAS.
At present time the following scientific investigations are conducted at the institute on the following scientific directions and problems:
❖ development of the fundamental bases of the catalysis.
❖ elaboration of adsorbents and effective catalysts for environmental protection, chemistry of gas and conversion of hydrocarbons.
❖ study of kinetics and mechanism of chemical processes, their modeling and optimization
❖ synthesis of molecular conductors and magnetics, nanocomposites and materials with different functional purposes.
❖ creation of effective processes for production of practically important inorganic complexes and processing of local mineral raw materials.
