14ABOUT WAYS TO DEVELOP VOLUNTARY ATTENTION Senior teacher Gulrukh Ganieva Valijon Kizi Uktamova Nihola Shukhratovna
2nd course student in the direction of sociopsychology of religion, the International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan
Attention is a rare psychological phenomenon, and psychologists still do not have a single opinion about it. According to some authors, attention cannot be studied as an independent phenomenon because it is involved to some degree in any mental process. others advocate the independence of attention as a mental process. There are also different opinions about which class of mental phenomena attention belongs to. Some argue that attention is a mental cognitive process. Others associate attention with the will and human activity, based on the fact that attention is a necessary condition of every activity, and that attention itself requires the expression of certain willpower. The difficulty with explaining the phenomenon of attention is that it does not occur in a "pure" way. Attention does not have a cognitive content, it only serves the activities of other cognitive processes. Therefore, it is necessary to study attention as a psychophysiological process, a condition that characterizes the growth characteristics of cognitive processes. What is attention?
Attention is the concentration of mental activity on something. These are animals, as well as a general definition of human attention. Attention to man can be studied as the focus and concentration of human attention on certain objects, while at the same time distracting it from other objects. It follows from this definition that the essential features of attention are its direction and concentration. Attention plays many different roles in human life and work. It activates the necessary psychological and physiological processes, and weakens the rest, helps to organize the information delivered to the body in accordance with its current needs and purposeful selection, Selective and continuous mental activity in any object or type of activity. The research conducted by academician A.Ukhtomsky coincides with the teachings of Pavlov.
If the nervous system is affected by several stimuli at the same time, several foci of excitation appear in the cerebral cortex at the same time. At the same time, each source of excitation tends to radiate to all the fat in the cerebral cortex. That's why there are collisions and "fights" between some hotbeds. As a result of this struggle, one of the centers of the uprising became
the dominant. According to Ukhtomsky:
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Dominant is also the dominant source of excitation, which to some extent determines the nature of the reactions that take place in the center. When dominants are present, other excitatory foci ("subdominants" are relatively weak excitatory foci) often do not disappear. They join the dominant and strengthen it or start fighting the dominant. In this struggle, the subdominant can become dominant, and the former dominant can become subdominant. The dominant source of dominance is the physiological basis for the focus and concentration of our attention on a particular object. Variation of attention - a law in the process of perception, memory, imagination or thinking, in which the attention increases and decreases during a certain period of time; attention sometimes changes 25-30 times per minute. The average frequency of changes in attention is 2-3 seconds. Visual attention is a type of attention that is associated with the perception and recollection of objects and events through the visual organ. A voluntary type of attention that consists of concentrating on a subject for a certain period of time, even if it is involuntarily directed at it; the conversion of involuntary attention into voluntary attention, depending on the content of the object of attention. Inner attention is a type of attention that focuses on our subjective impressions, feelings, and aspirations.
Types of attention:
Let's look at the main types of attention. These include natural and socially defined, direct and indirect attention, involuntary, voluntary and post-voluntary attention, emotional and intellectual attention. Depending on one's activity in the organization of attention, attention can be divided into three types: involuntary, voluntary and post-voluntary attention. Involuntary attention is the concentration of an object on the object in accordance with a special feature of the mind as a stimulus. Voluntary focus is a consciously controlled concentration focused on the requirements of the activity at the facility. Involuntary focus is not about goal setting and willpower participation, but voluntary focus requires willpower management and purpose. Often, involuntary attention is caused by a combination of physical, psychophysical, and mental factors. Although they are interconnected, they can be divided into the following four levels.
The first group of reasons is related to the nature of the external stimulus, primarily the strength or intensity of the stimulus. For example, if you are busy with something, you will not hear any noise in the next room or on the street. But suddenly, in front of you, you hear the sound of a heavy object falling on the floor, which involuntarily attracts your attention. The sharp difference between shakers is also important for
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involuntary attention, as well as the duration of the shock effect, its size and shape, novelty, unusualness. The second group of reasons for involuntary attention is related to the suitability of external stimuli to the internal state of the person, and, above all, to their needs. For example, people who are full and hungry have different reactions to food conversations.
Unlike involuntary attention, the main feature of voluntary attention is that it is guided by a conscious goal and is related to willpower. The main function of voluntary attention is the active management of mental processes. Although voluntary attention is qualitatively different from involuntary attention, voluntary attention is also related to emotions, interests, and a person's previous experience. But in voluntary attention, the effect is not direct, but indirect.
B. G. Ananev, in his book "Attention", says that attention should always be studied. To do this, it is necessary to pay attention to the following points: the correct organization of the lesson, the accuracy of teaching, the pedagogical skills of the teacher, the ability to properly organize the activities of students in the classroom. B. G. Ananev suggests that it is necessary to be able to concentrate on one object for a long time. The study of the problem of attention is reflected in the works of IV Strakhov. Below we will focus on their main features. Human attention is social in nature according to its origin and mode of operation. It causes people to work and is one of the main psychological components of the labor process. An important sign of attention is the concentration of the human psyche in the process of activity and communication with others. The focus of attention on psychology is that it is reflected in qualities and development. Gathering in a series of relations is of two different natures: it is selectively directed to the object and the event, the conscious separation of the object of attention, which at this time forms a system of acts by means of distraction from many other objects, to planning is focused on the subject of labor. But in the process, the candle is the object of attention. The focus is on the object of activity and the action with it. There is another type of attention. Similar to voluntary attention, it has a goal-oriented nature, and at first requires willpower, but then the person "enters" the work: not only the result of the activity, but also its content and process becomes interesting and important. begins to reach. Such attention is paid to N.F. It was called Dobrinin's post-voluntary attention. For example, when a student solves a difficult arithmetic problem, he or she first uses a certain amount of energy. The problem is complex, and the student is distracted. He uses his will to solve the problem. Here is the first attempt to solve the problem, the right way to solve it.
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The issue becomes clearer. The subject begins to capture the student's interest. He doesn't get distracted anymore, he gets involved in something interesting. The focus shifted from voluntary to involuntary. Unlike true involuntary attention, post-voluntary attention remains connected to conscious goals and is supported by conscious interests. However, unlike voluntary attention, there is almost no willpower or no willpower at all.
The three types of attention considered are intertwined with each other in human practice, and one relies on the other.
Too many people often have difficulty controlling their voluntary attention. If we develop voluntary attention, a person can do a lot of things qualitatively. All you need to do is do simple exercises in your daily life, for example: You often go to the store to meet your needs. When you go to the store, pay attention to the various details: what tree is growing? What other shops are there on the road? What is the frame of the houses around you? Pay attention to everything. When you get home, close your eyes and focus on what you saw along the way. Not all memories come to mind at once, but gradually you start to remember them all. If you repeat this experience every day, you will develop voluntary attention.
Another very interesting and effective task for developing voluntary attention. You need to call out the color of each word. It is very difficult to do this because it is not just the words, but the names of the colors. The brain fast receives the text, then only the color. You need a certain skill to do the exercise correctly. Such exercises on voluntary attention enrichment give good result. You should love reading to improve voluntary attention. Often, without realizing what they are reading, people quickly read the text, but do not understand half of it. Obviously, after most people read any article, then start to see it again. This is because the concentration is very low and the person's thoughts are in a different area at that time. Read any text, try to understand every word.
To fully understand what is written, you need to take some pauses after the paragraphs and understand what you above. If you follow all instructions, you will not have to see the same text more than one.
1. Adams, J. Inequality in Social Exchange. In L. Berkovits (ed.) "Advances in Experimental Social Psychology" (volume 2). (1965). New York: Academically I'm a typography
Ways to develop voluntary attention:
LITERATURES:
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DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2022-02-152-156
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