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Ibrohimova Gulbahor Abdulfattoyevna, Senior teacher of biology and ecology department of Andijan State University E-mail: g_ibroximova@mail.ru
A MODERN STATE OF PLANTS AND POPULATIONS OF RARE AND ENDEMIC SPECIES OF THE NORTHERN PART OF FERGANA VALLEY
Abstract: It has been established that the plant communities of the study area are in an man-induced dynamic state, which is characterized by a gradual increase in the number of adventive and invasive species, a decrease in the composition and phytocenotic abundance of natural dominants and subdominants, a decrease in layering, changes in the ratio of life forms towards the prevalence of ephemera.
Keywords: rare and endemic species, juniper, badlands, Fergana valley, anthropogenic landscape.
eth century, existed populations of species such as Allium anisotepalum Vved., A. elegans Drobow, A. ferganicum Vved., Asparagus ferganensis Vved., Iris oxypetala Bunge, I. narynen-sis O. Fedtsch., Ixiolirion ferganicum Kovalevsk. & Vved., Fritillaria karelinii Poljak., Tulipa ferganica Vved., Astragalus austroferganicus Kamelin, Dorema microcarpum Korovin et al., extinct at present.
Currently, the territories transformed by human, represented in residential areas and agro-landscapes, occupy more than 70% of the Uzbek part of Fergana Valley, covering almost all the bottom of the intermountain trough and the foothill zone (Fig. 1). They are well identified in satellite images (Fig. 2). Herbarium collections analysis, literatures and other data show that in the first quarter of the twenti-
Figure 1. Badlands in the northern foothills of Fergana valley
Conditionally indigenous landscapes are still preserved within the limits of Uzbekistan in the bands of the northern foothills of Fergana Valley and they used mainly as pastures and having an average degree of anthropogenic transformation. This is often so-called "badlands" with plastered and saline soils (Fig. 1), there are endemic and rare species as Ac-anthophyllum albidum Schischk., Anthochlamys tianschanica
Iljin ex Aellen, Lamyropappus schakaptaricus (B. Fedtsch.) Knorr. & Tamamsch., Mogoltavia sewerzowii Korovin et al. After 2000, a lot of new species were described from the foothills of Fergana Valley (Allium chorkessaricum F. O. Khass. et Tojibaev, A. haneltii F. O. Khass., A. kuramense F. O. Khass. et Friesen, et R. M. Fritsch, A. michaelis F. O. Khass. et Tojibaev, A. orunbaii F. O. Khass. et R. M. Fritsch, A. scharobit-
dinii F. O. Khass. et Tojibaev, Tulipa scharipovii Tojibaev and T. intermedia Tojibaev et J.J. de Groot) and most of which are narrow endemics [5]. Nevertheless, local populations of these and other species are in the zone of risk. Development of these landscapes is increasingly intensified as a population grows that leads to a reduction not only individual populations, but also plant communities. Thus, a comparison of cur-
rent data with geobotanical maps of the 1970's [3; 4] shows a significant reduction in shrub areas (Amygdalus spinosissima Bunge, Cerasus erythrocarpa Nevski, Rosa ecae Aitch.), wormwood (Artemisia tenuisecta Nevski, Botriochloa ischaemum (L.) Henr.) and wormwood-ephemeroid phytocenosis and expansion of anthropogenic landscapes in the foothills of Chatkal and Qurama ranges.
Figure 2. territories of Yangiqurgan, Chartak and Kasansay districts of Namangan region is almost completely occupied by anthropogenic landscape, which is well identified in the CPT
Ecosystems with a relatively low degree of anthropogenic transformation in the Uzbek part of Fergana Valley are preserved in the upper high-altitude zones of Qurama Range, in Shakhimardan administrative enclave on the northern slope of Alay Range, and in the foothill zone only in strictly protected border areas (Fig. 3). These territories are habitats of many threatened, rare and endemic species. In recent years, several new species of science have been found from these areas (Allium tatyanae F. O. Khass. & F. Karim., Iris austrots-chatkalica Tojibaev, F. Karim. & Turgunov etc.) and a number of new additions for Uzbekistan flora. However, in these territories the vegetation cover is markedly degraded, as evidenced by low projective cover (on average 30-40%), the prevalence of ephemera and a rather significant abundance of non-fed species such as Euphorbia ferganensis B. Fedtsch. was marked on almost all trial plots in the foothills zone.
An important characteristic that helps to identify poorly transformed areas in a satellite image is the degree of cover-
age of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, however, for their reliable selection, quite large-scale field studies were required. It was found that nowhere in the study area did not survive closed wood-shrub communities.
Based on the test of the presence of threatened plant species' populations, listed in IUCN RL, KK RUz, national and local endemics (Appendix B), key botanical territories (IPA) were identified in areas of Fergana Valley with a relatively low and moderate degree of anthropogenic transformation. A description has been published for some of these areas [6].
As far as it was found that a significant part of the investigation area is currently occupied mainly by the anthropogenic landscape, more detailed studies have focused on the remaining relatively few disturbed areas.
In Chust district, we studied thoroughly the northeastern part that on the vegetation map of 1977 [3] is marked by profiles № 17 - Eremurus-iris-shrub association, indicating
such dominant species as Rosa ecae Aitch dog rose. wild cherry (Cerasus erythrocarpa Nevski), prickly almonds
(Amygdalus spinniksissima Bunge), Sogdian iris (Iris sogdi-
Figure 3. North-Eastern part of Chust district and the
These associations concerned to xerophytic or xerophi-lous shrub vegetation type (Xerothamna) and Juniper (Ju-niperetum or Arcetodendra) according to "Plant cover of Uzbekistan" [8]. In the conditions of Uzbekistan, dominant species of the first of these types are prickly almond and the accompanying bushes, first, wild roses. According to the data of R. S. Wernick and T. T. Rakhimova, the main companion
ana Bunge) and Sogdian shirat (Eremurus sogdianus (Regel) Franch.) and № 18 - Eremurus bog, Eremurus sogdianus
(Regel) Fran. Rosa ecae, Eremurus sogdianus) (Fig. 3, 4). --
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species in Namangan region is the Echison rosehip. This contour is located in the zone of high foothills and the lower zone of mountains (Fig. 4). In profile № 18, the dominant species, according to the data of 1977 [3], should be the Zeravshan juniper (Juniperus polycarpos var. seravschanica (Kom.) Kitam.), and abovementioned Rosa ecae and Erem-urus sogdianus.
Figure 4. General view of the landscape on the profile № 17 "Vegetation maps of the Chust district of Namangan region"
We have found that nowhere in the northeastern part a tree layer, the fullness of plantations does not exceed 0.1. It of Chust district, juniper forests with even 0.3 were not pre- should be noted that for juniors throughout the entire area of served, juniper is found sparsely, single trees that do not form their distribution is characterized by fragmentation and low
livestock. The average closeness of juniors in the Uzbek part of the Western Tien Shan usually does not exceed 0.3 [1]. This is primarily due to the centuries-old anthropogenic pressure. Juniper and other forests have long served the local population as sources of wood, firewood and charcoal. The forests have been used and continue to be used with excessive load as distant pastures. Unauthorized logging and unregulated cattle grazing prevent natural reforestation, lead to degradation of soil and vegetation and reduce forest area. Great damage was inflicted and continues to inflict forest fires (which often arise due to careless handling of fire). As a result, the modern forests of the Uzbek part of the Western Tien Shan are represented by fragmentary and mostly sparse stands; their composition and structure are disturbed. More or less preserved forest areas are located in remote tracts far from populated areas.
These profiles have attracted our attention for the following reasons:
As one of the background species, Sogdian Iris is indicated - Iris sogdiana Bunge, (now priority name is Iris halophila var. Sogdiana (Bunge) Grubov). In Central Asia, the species range includes the Zaisan basin, Kazakh low-hill marshland, the Balkhash and Aral deserts, the Karakum (Repetek), Saur, the Dzungarian Alatau, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alay, Bad-hyz, Kopet-Dag. In the mountain system of the Western Tien Shan, the closest growing area (to this site) is the Akhangaran River Basin (the northern slopes of the Qurama Range and the southwestern spurs of Chatkal Range). The phytocenotic optimum of the species is observed in the region of Chim-gan Mountains, as well as in Western Pamir-Alai, where this species often forms local thickets. This plant is practically not eaten by livestock and in the conditions of overgrazing behaves like a pasture weed, although this fact is not mentioned in the references.
Eremurus sogdianus (Regel) Franch. Range - Tien Shan (on the periphery of the West and South Tien Shan), Pamir-Alai (on the periphery, penetrates only along Zeravshan River), Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan. It is a usual type of foothills, in Pamir-Alai rises in the lowlands.
During the field studies, Sogdian iris on the indicated contours was not detected. The studies were conducted in two seasons, including the time of species flowering and fruiting. The reasons for the absence may be the following factors:
1. The species extinction from these profiles due to an anthropogenic factor - overgrazing, collecting plants for household needs (for example, as medicinal raw materials), collecting flowers of ornamental plants, developing territories (building roads, communications), etc.
2. Confusion in the species identification. In the practice of field botany, there is often a confusion of some species with others, most often of taxonomically close species. Many types
of tulips, onions, etc. can confirm this. Perhaps with field and office identification, the view was replaced by another type of iris.
According to the dominant geobotanical principles [7], the names of the identified plant associations indicate the most common (background) species and the name of the corresponding syntaxon is formed from the names of the dominant species. Therefore, the type indication in the name of the association indicates its abundance in the territory. It is this provision that reduces to "no" the first of the reasons we have indicated. The impact of anthropogenic factors (primarily grazing) could not destroy all individuals of the species in this area. Even with a strong pasturing, individual bushes of different age conditions (vegetative, generative) in various ecotopes (primarily, in hard-to-reach for livestock) remain. Rugged relief, the construction of housing, characterizes the territory or communications here has a very small scale.
Analyzing the species composition of irises of Uzbekistan or the Western Tien Shan (the study area belongs to the southern branches of Western Tien Shan), the second reason we have indicated is also in doubt. The most likely species is Dzhungar iris. However, the species range does not cover the foothill and lowland strip of Western Tien Shan. Other representatives of the genus (in the broad sense of the genus Iris L.) belong to other taxonomic sections, which is difficult to confuse with the Sogdian iris. Therefore, the fact of the disappearance of the species (using reference data) in this area, we can count on the results of subsequent field studies.
The same situation can be observed with Eremurus sogdianus. As already stated, the species is considered to be foothill-lowland. Rather, the dominant species for this band was Tien Shan Shyrach, which is still widespread in the mountainous part of the north Fergana Valley. Many species of this genus in Central Asia (Eremurus kaufmanniana, E. olgae, E. regelii, and others) are pasture weeds. Because livestock do not eat them, populations develop and cover an increasing area.
Note that Eremurus sogdianus was noted as one of the subdominants in Yangikurgan district territory on the profile designated № 7 (the ephemeral - wormwood association, littered with acantholimone), № 8 (Halothamnus - winterfat -wormwood, littered with acantholimone), № 12 (wormwood littered with eremurus and euphorbia).
Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the plant communities of these profiles are in an anthropogen-ically dynamic state. This stage is characterized by a gradual increase in the number of adventive and invasive species, a decrease in the composition and phytocenotic abundance of natural dominants and subdominants of the species (eaten willingly), a decrease in layering, changes in the ratio of life forms towards the prevalence of ephemers etc. (Fig. 5)
Plant type - Xerophytic semi shrubs, various combinations of wormwood.
The predominant type of human impact - overgrazing of livestock
The main dominant species in indigenous communities - wormwood, ephemera, geophytic onions, forbs.
The main dominant species in the secondary communities - are wormwood species, eremurus species, and adventive annuals, grazing weeds with a wide ecological and geographical amplitude
I phase- intesive grazing
Primary plant communities, well-established, multi-tiered, with different life forms of plants with a representative set of floristic composition and high phytocenotic activity of native species
II phase-intesive grazing
Secondary plant communities, transitional, not established, with a predominance of one tier, one life form and adventive species
stage - intensive grazing
Secondary, settled with weedy species, with a predominance of one tier, one life form and a high fiotsenotkheskoy role adventive species
Figure 5. Diagram showing possible pathways of succession processes in communities of xerophytic semi-shrub plant in the presence of a directed anthropogenic factor
More than 50 geobotanical descriptions were compiled according to the research results on this profile. Floristic diversity reflects collected herbarium material represented by more than 150 samples.
In Yangiqurgan administrative district that according to botanical-geographical regionalization of Uzbekistan belongs to Fergana district of the Central Asian province, the following difference is observed from Chust district plants that belongs to West Tien Shan district [9]. As mentioned above, here a significantly larger percentage of the territory is occupied by a synthetic landscape. Secondly, the territory belongs mainly to the foothill zone and a significant role in the plant cover is played by wormwood and hatching and wormwood-ephem-eral-ephemeroid associations (Artemisia sogdiana Bunge, A. namanganica, A. tenuisecta Nevski, Salsola orientalis, Carex pachystilis, Poa bulbosa L.). The communities of xerophilous shrubs and dry grassland steppes occupy an extremely small area (mainly on Ungortepa in the northern part of the region) (profiles № 16 and 17 on the reference map). Wonderful species of the region flora are the relict Central Asian endemic Allium oreoscordum Vved. and the only representative of the relict monotype of the Central Asian genus Lamyropap-pus schakaptaricus (B. Fedtsch.) Knorr. & Tamamsch. From here, two new species in science were found (Allium tatyanae F. O. Khass. & F. Karim. and Iris austrotschatkalica Tojibaev,
F. Karim. & Turgunov) and a number of new additions for Uzbekistan flora. Thus, on the slopes of Ungortepa and in the vicinity of the Nanai village, new species for the flora of Uzbekistan were collected - Eremurus altaicus Steven, with habitats in Altai, Tarbagatai, Dzhungars Ala-Tau and Northern Tien-Shan and central Tien Shan Iris alberti Regel, as well as Corydalis paniculigera Regel et Schmalh., that within Uzbekistan was registered only from the administrative enclave of Shakhimardan.
Relic Mountain Middle Asian species of onion (Allium oreoscordum Vved.), mentioned above, is one of the primitive species of the Rhizirideum Don., the area of which is located mainly in Kyrgyzstan, on Chatkal and Uzun-Akhmat ridges. In "Flora of Uzbekistan" [10] it was included due to the collection from Ungortepa. Now, more than 70 years later, populations of this onion were found near the Ungortepa Mountain, and a new location of the species was found in the Karatag Mountains near Kasansay city.
Of great interest is the only representative of the mono-typic Central Asian genus of inhabitant of the variegated strata of Lamyropappus schakaptarsky (Lamyropappus schakaptaricus B. Fedtsch.) Knorr. & Tamamsch., Asteraceae). The species was described in 1909 as Cirsium schakaptaricum O. Fedtsch. & B. Fedtsch. on a copy collected by B. Fedchenko in 1902 from the outskirts of Shakaftar kishlak in the valley of
Sumsar river (currently it is the territory of Kyrgyzstan, near the border with Uzbekistan). In 1954, according to the results of taxonomic revision, the species was transferred to the monotypic genus Lamyropappus, which belongs to the relics of Central Asian flora. The species range includes the southwestern part of Balkhash deserts and mountains in the middle course of Narin River. However, over the past 50-60 years, the habitats of the species in the northern foothills of the Fergana Valley have been almost completely developed, and the local populations of the species in the territory of Uzbekistan were considered extinct. However, in 2015, the L. schakaptaricus population was found in Namangan region, on adyrs to the northeast of Chartak village, in Sassiksay tract.
In addition, the rare endemic of the northern foothills of Fergana Valley, Allium haneltii, was found in Sassiksay boundary, which was described from Chust-Pap adyrs and was considered a narrow endemic of this region. As our field work have shown, in Chartak adyrs, the species is represented by normal populations with a density of up to 12-15 plants per 100 m2. The list of flora of Uzbekistan was also completed by Astragalus spryginii Popov, Cousinia knorringiae Bornm. and Pseudosedum ferganense Boriss., found in Chartak adyrs.
Another no less important find is the discovery of another extraordinary rare species in Chartak adyrs - gypsum tick trefoil (Hedysarum gypsaceum). Korotkova from the territory of Kyrgyzstan described the species. In "Flora of Uzbekistan" [10] the species was included, apparently, on the basis of a single collection of M. M. Nabiyev, made in 1951 in Chartak district in the vicinity of Naritan valley. All other herbarium specimens stored in TASH belong to the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The population of the species, discovered in 2015 in the Sassiksay boundary, has about 150 of different-aged plants, seed regeneration is observed, which is due to the lack of grazing in the border zone.
To determine alterations in the flora composition, an important role is played by the initial data. However, as a rule, detailed information on this parameter is not available in geo-botanical descriptions or plant maps. The composition of the species is represented by either the main species or only the dominant species. In the first case, for a particular community, a small number of species are given. For example, in the work of R. S. Wernik and T. T. Rakhimova for adyr vegetation of Namangan region [2] is given from 12 to 20 species (pp. 20-24). At the same time, in these conditions, taking into account the full composition of the flora (for different seasons and years) will give significantly more indicators. It is important that when conditions change or under the influence of a long-term certain anthropogenic factor, the composition of rare or small-numbered species be first transformed. The absence of a valuable source material does not allow fixing this fact.
On the other hand, the results of new research allow us to fix the opposite phenomenon, i.e. a large number of new floral findings - an indication of those species that were missed in previous studies. This fact quite takes place among the scientific results obtained, since they have not yet been made public or completely absent. According to the results of research in Chust district, new findings were also found. Some of them (the most significant) are listed below.
Astragalus ferganensis (Popov) B. Fedtsch.- a rare sub-endemic of Fergana Valley. In the collection of Central Herbarium of the Institute of the Gene Pool of Flora and Fauna of AS of Uzbekistan there are a total of 21 herbarium specimens of this species (out of 12.000 specimens of the species of astragalus in general). There is one collection from the study area - "Fergana Valley. On the way from the villages Chust and Gavasay № 1036. 05.25.1952. Arifkhanova and Grin-goff", dated 1952. Another collection refers to the adjacent territories - "Fergana Valley. Yangi-Aryk irrigation region. At 1 km from the railway to the south near the village Dzandzal № 414. 06.20.1928. A. F. Ioffe". Our collections were carried out throughout Chust Pap Adyr.
Another interesting finding relates to Campanulaceae family. On the territory of profile № 17, we found Cylindrocarpa sewerzowii (Regel) Regel. In Central AsiaT Plant Identifier, this species was indicated for the Talas Alatau, Karatau, Ugam ridges within the Western Tien Shan and Turkestan, Zaraf-shan within the Pamir-Alay. Previously, we indicated the new location of the species on the Kuramin ridge in Chadaksay river valley. Populations of this interesting representative of Karatau-Kuchistan monotypic genus Cylindrocarpa were also found here. This find once again underlines the intermediate position of the Qurama Range and its connection with the Pamir-Alai flora. At the same time, this fact can serve as an argument for the belonging of the Qurama Range to the system of mountains of the Western Tien Shan. Our research shows that local populations of the species are distributed throughout the South-Western Tien Shan, because several locations were found on the Qurama Ridge (Chadaksay, northeast of the Chust district), in western Chatkal (Besharal, in the vicinity of Chimgan), upstream of Pskem river (Chiralma, Oygaing). The discovery of new populations fills a gap between the West Tien Shan and Kuchistan flora, linking the Qurama ridge with both the rest of the Western Tien Shan and the floras of the Kuchistan district of Pamir-Alai.
New discoveries relate not only to the elements of mountain floras. The foothills of the northern side of Fergana Valley are also surprised by the findings from the desert flora. So in 2015, populations of a typical Kyzyl-Kum Bunge whole-leaf (Haplophyllum bungei Trautv.) With a distribution area along the Muyunkum and lower reaches of the Chu and Sarysu
rivers were found in the adyrs between Chust and Pap; Valley Syrdarya river, Ustyurt, Mangyshlak, Pri-Karatau Plain, Kyzyl-Kum, valley of Amu Darya river, Mirzachul, valley of Zarafshan river, Karnabchul, Karshi Steppe, in the sands of Sundukli, a valley of Surkhandarya river, Shirabad valley, Karakum desert, Small and Big Balkhan and Badkhyz. This finding demonstrates the influence of the conditions of the Turan province on the composition and structure of the vegetation on the southern slopes of the Qurama Range.
In addition, several plant species of environmental interest were found within the field research. These include:
Onosma gmelinii Ledeb. (Gmelin Onosma) is an extremely rare plant for Qurama Range;
Spiraea pilosa frach. (Villous ipecac) is a typical West Tien Shan species not previously indicated for these areas.
Pistacia vera L. (Pistachio natural) - in all literary sources, local populations of the species from this territory were not indicated. Within the profile № 17 found several trees of natural origin. All individuals need protection, because grazing and cutting of trees and shrubs can lead to the destruction of a species in the area.
As far as endemic and rare species can serve as an important indicator of phytocenoses state in general, and are used in IPA allocation, during the project a special attention was paid to mapping of populations of these especially threatened plant species. In particular, they include Astragalus pseudo
biflorate (Astragalus pseudodianthus Nabiev) - a rare plant on the southern slopes of Qurama Range, the southern spurs of Chatkal Range, endemic to Uzbekistan; prickly thrift of Nabi-yev (Acantholimon nabievii Lincz.) is an endemic of Fergana Valley, with the main growing areas in Kyrgyzstan. On reference cards [3; 4], it is erroneously listed as Acantholimon com-pactum (endemic to the Alai Range). The studied populations of the species are located in Chust district (Mashat, Agasaray), Kasan district (Karatag) and Yangiqurgan district (adyrs in the eastern part of the district near the villages Araaryk and Pishkaran).
Thus, it was found that in the study area of the northern part of Fergana Valley, compared with the 70s of the last century, the area of man-induced transformed landscapes significantly increased, and the juniper and shrub communities strongly degraded. On the other hand, conditionally indigenous communities and populations of endemic and rare plant species of great conservation interest are still preserved in the strictly protected border area, as well as in areas with heavily dissected topography. It has been established that the plant communities of the study area are in an man-induced dynamic state, which is characterized by a gradual increase in the number of adventive and invasive species, a decrease in the composition and phytocenotic abundance of natural dominants and subdominants, a decrease in layering, changes in the ratio of life forms towards the prevalence of ephemera.
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