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Imomov Otabek Normirzoyevich, Department of Physiology and Valeology Namangan State University, Namangan, Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected]
BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ARTEMISIA SOGDIANA BGE IN THE CONDITIONS OF CHUST - PAP STEPPES IN FERGHANA VALLEY
Abstract: In this paper it is given information about biological and ecological features of plant Artemisia sogdiana Bge. in the Chust - Pap steppes in Fergana valley in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Especially, were studied of seed germination, vegetation, water regime and adaptation to the region.
Keywords: Artemisia sogdiana Bge, steppes condition, ecosystem, biological and ecological features, vegetation, water regime.
Introduction. Nowadays, there are actual problems influence process climate change to increasing air temperature, effect anthropogenic factor to desertification. Very important to be settle these problems through study ecosystems of these territories, especially, cover plants vegetation, and return those systems with useful and fodder species plants and rational use them in livestock. The Chust-Pap steppes like these territories and located in the Ferghana Valley in the Republic of Uzbekistan and the official in Namangan region, these territory one of the largest steppes in the Ferghana valley which are used by farmers as the autumn, winter and spring pasture for small horned beasts. The climate of the region is like to desert, dry, long lasting hot summer, and the moisture does not long lasting in autumn and spring and amount of precipitation is less. The main reason for this, the steppes are surrounded with the mountains of Kurama from north and northern-west, this relates to the blocking of wet air that coming from northern-west.
Researches were from 2009 to 2013 in Chust - Pap steppes. According to many years of climate data, precipitation in the summer is almost impossible. In July, the average air temperature from + 24 ° C to + 27 ° C. Maximum from + 40 ° C to + 45 ° C. The winter is so not frost, the average temperature in January is from -1 ° C to - 2 °C, and the minimum temperature is from - 25 ° C to - 30 ° C. The average many years temperature is from + 13 ° C to + + 14 ° C. The years spent on experiments was in 2009 year + 15.2 °C; in 2010 year + 14.9 ° C; in 2011 year + 15 ° C; in 2012 year 12.9 ° C; in 2013 was 14.1 ° C [4]. Many years of average amount of precipitation is from 195 mm to 200
mm. The years spent on experiments was in 2009 year 135,5 mm, in 2010 year 277.1 mm, in 2011 year 221.9 mm, in 2012 year 229.2 mm, in 2013 year 264.8 mm [4].
It is important to study adaptation plants to dehydration for use in artificial enrichment of ecosystems. In the among species plants genus Artemisias have a special place used to regenerate the territory ecosystem.
Aim of the work to study biological and ecological features Artemisia sogdiana Bge., particularly seed germination, plant's vegetation, water regime.
Subject of the research: Artemisia sogdiana. Family Compositae, perennial half - bush, height plants 15 to 20 cm long. In favorable conditions, the generative branches are from 40 to 50 cm. The color of the plant is white - gray. Spread in Central Asia (Western Tyan -Shan, South-Western Pamir Alay, Afghanistan) (Flora of Uzbekistan. IV book.) Plant grows in finely ground clay and crushed stone soils in mountain and foothill areas. All part of the plant including the stalk white - gray, green, generative stems grow to 40 cm in a year.
Literature review. We can see researches in Artemisia sogdiana in cultural and natural conditions in works R. S. Vernik [2] and T. U. Rakhimova [5]. The biological and ecological features of the plant is mostly studied in the steppes of Chartak in Namangan region. Chartak steppes differ from Chust - Pap steppes in terms of their soil and climate.
Methods. Studying the seed germination is done by the base of methodology that recommended by Shamsutdinov [6]. Phenological observations in natural and cultural conditions are based on the methodology of
BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ARTEMISIA SOGDIANABGE IN THE CONDITIONS OF CHUST - PAP STEPPES IN FERGHANA VALLEY
Beydeman [1]. Water scarcity of plants leafby methodology I. Catsky [7], transpiration intensity by methodology A. A. Ivanov [3].
Results and discussion
Latent period. It is the hidden period and the germination of plants in laboratory condition was from 67% to 70% in 2009-2010, and the germination in field condition was 30.7% that 0.5 cm sowed in late autumn.
Germination period. (sprout plants) The Seeds sowed in November (2008) and December (2009), were germinated in the first decade ofMarch. The length of the stems is 4-5 mm, diameter 1.5-2 mm. The germination of the whole seeds was 7 to 9 days.
Leaf development (main shoot). The real leafs and stalks appeared in the third decade of March. On the second decade of April, the heights of the stems were 2 to 3 cm. On the first decade ofApril the initial leafs being kept at the down side of the stems was 7 to 9 permanent leaves appeared. The length of these leaves 1-2 cm and breadth 0.8-1.2 cm, and seeds leaves are kept between 20-25 days.
Formation of side shoots / tillering and development of harvestable vegetative plant parts. We can see this phase in May and June months of the year. During this time, the plant grows actively in a cultivated state its height is up to 30-40 cm. During this period, the second ordered stem of the plant also emerges. The roots reach up to 25 cm. The leaves are gray-green, shaved, cut twice, with a length of 3 to 5 cm (with point), width 0.8 to 1.2 cm, and leaves in the bottom of the stem to 7 cm.
Flowering and development of fruit. The budding may continue from May to August. Relating to climate blooming and budding can be till September and october. If summers comes, it will be postponed. In summer
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the leaves are fallen in many cases. A basket of it is 5-7 flowered, rolled leaf is 4-6 rows. In November, fruits are formed and the seeds are ripe in the second half of the month, and their generative shoot will die. The seeds are 2-2.2 mm long. With the arrival of spring, more generative branches grow again. If spring and summer are dry and water is insufficient and hot as well, only vegetative body grows from early spring to late autumn.
The root system reaches to 250 cm deeper in two or more years old plants. The side roots form two tiers. The upper half is 0 to 20 cm, the lower half 60 to 80 cm.
According to the information in literature, the productivity of this plants in natural conditions does not exceed from 3 centner/ha. In cultural conditions it is equal to 7-9 centner/ha. The abundance of the seeds cultivated conditions is up to 30 kg/ha.
If the weather conditions will be favorable in October and November the vegetative shoots and leaf grows. In cold winter also may grows green leaves emerge from root cane. The main function of the vegetative shoot is photosynthesis and form an organic substance that collects up in the roots and prepares the base for the grow of the generative shoot. The weather condition autumn comes well, the vegetative shoot also grows well and collects up many nutrients and its generative shoots will improve in the spring.
The main factor determining the plant's climatic adaptation is its water regime. The ability to store water in the assimilational shoots this plants related with vegetative phase and with weather condition in different years and changed during the day (Fig. 1). In April on average it was 70.23% throughout the day, this dropped off for 10% in May and it was 60%, in June it was 51.2%, 42.1% in July.
75 ^ 70 65 60
75,6 74
69,45 .,..68,3.... 71,5
\65,3 ^-
08:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 Time during the day (20.04.2012)
Figure 1. Change the ability to store water in the assimilational shoots Artemisia sogdiana during the day (%)
Figure 2. Change the ability to store water in the assimilation shoots Artemisia sogdiana during the season (%)
The 2-year-old plants in the 2012 year will have a maximum of75.6% (Fig. 1) in April, and will vary slightly during the whole day. From April to June, the ability to absorb water from the assimilated shoot is reduced to 28.1% (Fig. 2). After that plant's leaves are dry up but in third decade August and first decade September it continue the vegetation. This is a process related with plant adaptation.
The main factors limiting the vital activity of plants are the lack of high temperatures and moisture in the Chust - Pap hills. For study to the types of plants for inconvenient conditions, we should to identify plants scarcity of water. With the help of this, it can be used to determine the reaction of plants to shortage of water.
The water scarcity of the Artemisia sogdiana is different while days and in different seasons of the season. According to three years results, the average monthly rate was 20% in May, 33% in May, and 43% in June. Maximum water deficiency was observed in July, up to 46%.
The intensity of transpiration of the plant is so not high, in April the during day was 275 mg/g, 376 mg/g in May, 355 mg/g in June, and 326 mg/g in July.
Artemisia sogdiana is well-adapted to the Chust-Pap rangelands environment, and it is considered to be prospective plants in the enrichment of degraded pastures with fodders; have economic importance in increasing yields of the pastures.
References:
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6. Шамсутдинов З. Введение в культуру пустынных кормовых растений.- Ташкент. Мехнат.- 1987.- 85 с.
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