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under the control of incompetent people and lay people, whose goal is not spiritual enlightenment, but selfish purposes. Educational work should be carried out by scientists-orientalists and religious scholars. Religious leaders should work closely with them in the fight against religious extremism and terrorism, -concludes R. Mamaraev.
The author of the abstract - N. Ginesina.
2016.11.005. B. BGAZHNOKOV. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORS OF SMALL MULTI-ETHNIC SOCIETIES (following the studies in Kabardino-Balkaria) // "Vestnik Rossiiskoi Natsii" ["Bulletin of the Russian Nation"]. Moscow, 2015. No 5. P. 77-92.
Keywords: Kabardino-Balkaria, a small society, economy, integration, tolerance, multiculturalism, ethnic familism, systemic crisis.
B. Bgazhnokov,
Dr. Sc. (Hist.), Kabardino-Balkarian Institute for Humanitarian Studies
B.H. Bgazhnokov writes that Kabardino-Balkaria is a small multi-cultural society and an economically and a culturally backward state, which became clearly discernible in the postSoviet period. At the same time the Republic faces a lot of other problems, only indirectly related to the economy. Among them are the limited natural resources, high population density, the need for reconciliation of national interests and overcoming ethnic nepotism, the problems of integration into the national and global socio-cultural space. Anomic labor division, shortage of personnel in the context of the excess of specialists with higher education, more than a modest state subsidizing of the policy of multiculturalism, low involvement of business in promoting economic and cultural growth and development take their toll.
Recognition of traditional principles and standards of ethical rationalization and organization of living environment deserves special attention. In a small society, unlike the large, the relationships are closely pressed, closer contacts, when one's own existence is perceived as an integral part of other people's lives prevail. People are stronger tied to social environment, they control and monitor their actions and form the opinions of themselves more strictly. Under other equal conditions, in a small society people care more about their reputation. These reasons led to the development of the culture of empathy among the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria. In the time of need a man finds sympathy, understanding and help from not only close relatives, friends, but also from people from the distant environment. In everyday life ordinary citizens of the Republic are friendly, polite, always ready to help.
However, it proved a failure to take the full advantage of the small society in Kabardino-Balkaria. Its weak points gained widespread. The researcher shows the way the weaknesses of the small society operate and reveal themselves, the impact they have on the situation in the Republic. In the narrow space of small republics and regions, where almost all people are connected to each other by kinship or other ties, where their paths cross many times, it is usually much more difficult to act independently, to defend one's opinion, independence of judgment, much more difficult to realize oneself as a person
A noticeable factor restraining the development is the small size of the society amid anomie and a relatively large population density. High competition for jobs and positions arising on this soil joins up with inflated claims, dependency and paternalistic sentiments. Hence the confrontation of various groups of the population, dynastic, parochial (territorial) and ethnic clans.
Even religion and religious culture of the local population did not avoid splitting: into the culture of the traditional Islam, closely associated with the customs and traditions of the local people, and the culture of the pure Islam, allegedly completely
denying this link. This split is increasingly making itself felt in the behavior and mindset of people. During 2009-2015 in Kabardino-Balkaria there occurred several hundred explosions, shooting attacks, terrorist attacks. The mode of counter-terrorism (operations, firefights and clashes in various cities, settlements and districts of the Republic) has become a daily reality.
Significant problems for development of the Republic arise due to anomic division of labor. Jobs and positions are distributed not according to abilities but for other reasons. Such characteristics as the relationship with any clan, ties of kinship, social status of promoters are taken into account of along with the qualifications and even in greater extent. The human resource policy of this kind causes outflow of the working population, and as the result of it, as a rule, not the worst part of the population regularly moves to big cities and other regions.
The Adygs issue is very acute and widely discussed. Basically, it's the question of survival and development of the divided Adygea people, preservation of its integrity and sovereignty of its language and culture. The Kabardians and other Adygea peoples associate the crisis of ethnicity not only with the effects of war and political upheavals, genocide and deportation of the Caucasian war period, with unprecedented falsification of the Adygs history. It is also connected with the current state of morals, with catastrophic decrease of the critical literacy level, national identity, political and general culture of the Adygea population. The same applies to the Balkar issue. With all the variety of its interpretations, from the viewpoint of the Balkars themselves, it boils down to their reunion, gaining more independence, recreation of the socio-political and cultural autonomy of Balkaria through its demerger from the KBR.
Despite the re-establishment of the autonomy and rehabilitation of the Balkar people Kabardino-Balkaria failed to establish itself as a state within the Russian Federation, united by common culture and common interests. The main fault for this fact lies, as the researcher says, with the Communist and Soviet
leaders who ran the Republic. Instead of developing and boosting Balkar settlements and districts to the level of Kabardian ones, they took the simplest and the most wrong way: transfer of the ethnic Kabardian territories to the Balkars and systematic resettlement of the Balkars to Kabardian settlements. Instead of the expected recovery of the economy and culture of the Balkars this has led to the opposite result: mutual inhibition of socioeconomic and cultural development of the peoples of the Republic and a systemic territory crisis.
B. Bgazhnokov concludes that the dominance of the weaknesses of small territories and societies inevitably leads to a systemic crisis of these territories. The population in these conditions very rarely becomes a sufficiently cohesive social unit integrated on all-Russian national basis. Especially in economically backward areas of the Russian Federation, where democratic unity has not developed yet and effective control methods do not work.
The author of the abstract - E. Dmitrieva.
I. BABICH. PROTESTANTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ADYGEA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ISLAMIC RENAISSANCE* // The article is presented by the author for the publication in the Bulletin "Russia and the Moslem World".
Keywords: Islam, the Adygs, the Protestant community, the Old Believers, Orthodox Christianity, Republic of Adygea, village Khan.
* The research work was carried out under the grant of the Russian Scientific Foundation "Mechanisms for civil harmony in multi-ethnic states: Russian and foreign experience", № 15-18-00099. Head of research: E. Filippova.
