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agency could be played by the Council on Islamic Education in Russia recognized by all Moslem schools.
To the researcher's opinion, the most promising project will be creation of a new accreditation agency in conjunction with the Bulgar Islamic Academy which is being now created in Tatarstan. In this case an accreditation agency could carry out assessment and selection of the "elite" education programs for Moslem schools and madrassas, whose graduates would be given the right to study at the Academy. The methods and criteria of evaluation and selection carried out in the framework of the accreditation procedure, would become a powerful tool for building a holistic educational cluster of Moslem education headed by the Academy within the existing system of Islamic education. The presence of a single control center would ensure unification and improvement of the overall quality of educational programs, from primary to higher Moslem vocational education and theological training. Creation of the "core" of elite educational programs with gradual inclusion of educational programs for educational institutions of secondary level can become the way of real consolidation of the entire space of Moslem education and improve the quality of training, K. Nasibullov notes.
The author of the abstract: N. Ginesina.
2016.11.004. R. MAMARAEV. NORTHERN CAUCASUS: RELIGIOUS PROCESSES / / "Sotsialnye aspekty regionalnoy politiki". - Makhachkala: DSU Edition, 2015. P. 64-74.
Keywords: North Caucasus, Dagestan, Chechnya, DUM, radicalization and politicization of Islam, "talibanization", religious and secular education.
R. Mamaraev,
Institute of History, Archaeology
and Ethnography of Dagestan Scientific Center,
Russian Academy of Sciences
The author notes that one of the major factors influencing the current state of the North Caucasian society is the process of politicization and radicalization of Islam in the region. A special feature of the Islamic movement in the North Caucasus region is the traditional Islam and its followers - Muslims of a "traditional faith" - those who observe religious practices at the domestic level, which are peculiar to a particular country. The structure of this category also includes administrative and managerial staff of religious organizations - Spiritual Administration of Muslims (DUM). However, traditional Islam is not a single monolithic system in all the republics of the North Caucasus. In particular, the population of Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan are the bearers of Sunni branch of Islam of shafi madhab, expressed in the form of Sufi orders (tarikats). Naqshbandi and qadiri tarikats include fraternities of mureed with wyrd. The number of registered fraternities of mureed is 15 in Dagestan, and more than 30 in Chechnya and Ingushetia. However, the author writes, the relationship between some of them are pretty tense, if not hostile, so that traditionalists will inevitably be politicized. The reasons are in the ideological differences, on the one hand, and their artificial opposition between the official authorities - with the other.
Sunni hanafi madhhab, which is considered the most loyal and flexible in the Muslim world in relation to the ethnic factor and customary law (adat), is more common in the central and western parts of the North Caucasus. However, islamization in these regions is considerably lower than in Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia, as religious scholars and Islamic scholars recognize.
Spiritual Administrations (DUM) are actively engaged in islamization of the population in the North Caucasus. Last years,
the activity of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Dagestan (DUMD) on expansion of its ranks has significantly intensified. Politicization of tarikats of Islam, is manifested in turning DUMD into an influential center of social and political life, which builds a vertical of religious authorities in the country and promotes its supporters in the civil administration authorities. DUMD has its own religious prints, has access to the media, so it can has an impact on the socio-political and civil processes in a modern Dagestan society. So, DUMD controls several mass publications in Russian and national languages, some of them are published in the electronic version, it has its own site on the Internet, broadcasts on local television channels in Russian. The Islamic propaganda is carried out on the national radio channels, municipal media, local TV studios by DUMD workers and religious leaders. DUMD is focused on establishing close relationships with government agencies in order to get the most support from the leadership of the republic.
Politicization of Islam is to strengthen the trend towards the establishment of religious control in the spiritual and secular spheres of public life. The representatives of the clergy are trying to show the difference between true religion and modern secular way of life and the state of society through its active religious activity, making Islam remains the most powerful spiritual force in the country today. A similar total islamization of the society by its spiritual leaders is observed in the Chechen Republic as well.
DUMD and its representatives carry out a deliberate policy to influence the mass consciousness of the Dagestan youth, trying to penetrate the secular educational institutions with a demand to provide opportunities for teaching of religious subjects in educational institutions of the republic. Graduates of Muslim schools initially are oriented to islamization of consciousness of rising generation. The level of professionalism and competence of such "teachers" in the religious and secular spheres is assessed as low. The penetration of the religious component in the secular education is contrary to the fundamental law of the secular public
education. And that penetration is carried out when there are more than a sufficient number of institutions of professional religious education. But Muslim leaders are not satisfied with the number of religious educational institutions. Muslim leaders are not satisfied with the number of religious educational institutions. Their goal is a priority position in the market of various educational services. The number of children in general education schools is significantly reduced with the opening of a large number of religious schools.
According to experts, more than four thousand young people from the North Caucasus region have received Islamic education abroad during the 1990s, which is also a cause for concern. Upon returning to his homeland their religious activities and beliefs are in conflict with the traditional currents of Islam in the North Caucasus. Also, the politicization and radicalization of believers conditioned by the crisis of official Islamic structures -the Spiritual Administration of Muslims who are politicized and increasingly move away from the ordinary believers, losing their authority, engaged in a struggle with their opponents (especially neo-wahhabis) and internecine conflicts. The inability of the traditional clergy and the authorities to confront religious radicals, supported by external forces, is a threat to Russian national security.
Some experts believe that the favorable conditions for "talibanization" of the region were formed in some parts of the North Caucasus. It is obvious that the peoples of the North Caucasus are a suitable target for islamization and "talibanization" in the future, according to the U.S. and Pakistan technologies. Primarily, this is due to the speed and intensity of propaganda and politicization of Islam in the North Caucasus, with the activities of external extremist forces in the region, as well as the low level of culture, a complex socio-economic situation of the region, which is characterized by a decline in industrial production and agriculture, high unemployment, decline in living standards, also the unresolved problems of the
repressed peoples, with the intensive process of internal, external and ethnic migration, the presence of intra-contradictions, clan, and so on. Thus, a kind of culture medium was formed in the South of Russia for "talibanization" that can create a destabilizing situation in the North Caucasus. Taking into account the potential political and economic instability in the south of Russia, the North Caucasus may be subject to partial or full "talibanization". That is how the events are developed in Chechnya. Today, the situation is exacerbated in the North Caucasus, so that one can speak of frank imposing Islamic lifestyle through a widespread network of religious and educational institutions, mass media publications, TV and radio programs, an extensive religious literature. It is obvious that there is a marked separation from the secular traditions in the society when the imposition of religious ideas reaches the highest degree of intensity. Implementation of religious foundations in the sphere of education is of particular danger.
At present, the increase of religious consciousness among young people is due to the low level of education in the North Caucasus. The level of culture of international inter-religious dialogue in the Russian regions, socio-economic status of the population, the level of education, the institution of family crisis, the specificity of youth recreation, the spread of negative phenomena among young people (drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.) the perception of violence and cruelty as the norm, the decline of moral standards and values - all this is of concern and anxiety. The North Caucasus may become one of the most backward regions of our country. It uneducated people layer is exposed to some influence, including islamization in radical form and, in most cases, because they are easier to manipulate all. The vast majority of Muslims of the Caucasus, including those who claim to mullahs, can not read the Koran in the original, do not know the basics of Islam, do not speak scientifically sound and accurate knowledge of Islamic origin and achievements of Islamic culture. It is necessary that religious associations would not fall
under the control of incompetent people and lay people, whose goal is not spiritual enlightenment, but selfish purposes. Educational work should be carried out by scientists-orientalists and religious scholars. Religious leaders should work closely with them in the fight against religious extremism and terrorism, -concludes R. Mamaraev.
The author of the abstract - N. Ginesina.
2016.11.005. B. BGAZHNOKOV. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORS OF SMALL MULTI-ETHNIC SOCIETIES (following the studies in Kabardino-Balkaria) // "Vestnik Rossiiskoi Natsii" ["Bulletin of the Russian Nation"]. Moscow, 2015. No 5. P. 77-92.
Keywords: Kabardino-Balkaria, a small society, economy, integration, tolerance, multiculturalism, ethnic familism, systemic crisis.
B. Bgazhnokov,
Dr. Sc. (Hist.), Kabardino-Balkarian Institute for Humanitarian Studies
B.H. Bgazhnokov writes that Kabardino-Balkaria is a small multi-cultural society and an economically and a culturally backward state, which became clearly discernible in the postSoviet period. At the same time the Republic faces a lot of other problems, only indirectly related to the economy. Among them are the limited natural resources, high population density, the need for reconciliation of national interests and overcoming ethnic nepotism, the problems of integration into the national and global socio-cultural space. Anomic labor division, shortage of personnel in the context of the excess of specialists with higher education, more than a modest state subsidizing of the policy of multiculturalism, low involvement of business in promoting economic and cultural growth and development take their toll.
