CC BY
86
УДК 808.5
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ТЕМПА РЕЧИ ПРИ ПУБЛИЧНОМ ВЫСТУПЛЕНИИ
MEANING OF SPEECH RATE IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
Дерюгина О.А. Студентка 4 курса Факультета «Мировая экономика» ЮРИУ РАНХиГС
Derugina O.A.
Student of World Economy dept., The South Russian Institute of the Federal State Education Institution of Higher Professional Education "The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration"
The article describes the concept and types of pauses in speech. The author analyzes and presents examples of using certain kinds of pauses. The paper presents conclusions about the effectiveness of the use and importance of pauses in speech.
Key words: pause, audience, speech, punch line, knowledge, feedback. В статье описывается понятие и виды пауз в речи. Автор анализирует и представляет примеры использования определенных видов пауз. Представлены выводы об эффективности использования и важности пауз в речи. Ключевые слова: пауза, аудитория, речь, изюминка, знания, обратная
связь.
As you create your public persona, consider a few factors that influence others' perceptions of you. First, the speed at which you speak is one aspect of your
persona. There is no single, ideal speaking rate. Rather, your speaking rate should vary to fit your message.
For example, speaking slowly and deliberately can be very effective if you are speaking about the way someone was killed and you want to highlight the gravity of the situation. At other times, you may wish to speak more quickly— particularly for a lighter, more humorous presentation[10]. You may also vary your speed as you move from point to point, to emphasize one item in particular.
If you watch television news, you will have noticed that news broadcasters speak quickly. In comparison, people being interviewed often appear to be speaking too slowly, and sometimes the news journalists cut them off. Because of the dominance of television and the fast speech used in that medium, audiences are generally receptive to a speaking rate that is faster than the one used in casual conversation.
You should also pay attention to your vocal variety. Vocal variety refers to the variation in tone, rate, and pauses you use in speaking. It is important to vary the way you speak so that you do not sound the same throughout your speech. Vocal variety will keep your audience's interest, and it will help them stay focused on your topic[11]. You can also use vocal variety to bring attention to particular points. If you use strategic pauses, for example, you can guide your audience's attention to specific points you wish to emphasize. Slowing down your speaking rate can also capture your audience's attention and focus them on a particular point. Keep in mind the importance of vocal volume, or vocal projection.
If you use the correct pauses in speech, you are the master. Projecting confidence when speaking is important, even if you don't feel confident. A confident and strong voice lends credibility to your speech, and speaking confidently will help you become more confident as your presentation continues. Negativity begets more negativity while positivity leads to more positivity. Audiences can sense anxiety and nerves if you speak indecisively; even if you are unsure of yourself, talk as if you are the leading authority on your subject.
Электронный вестник Ростовского социально-экономического института. Выпуск № 4 (октябрь - декабрь) 2014
Pausing adds power, drama, to your speech. Used well your silences will literally speak louder than your words.
A pause in the right place at the right time gives YOU:
• time to breathe
• time to consider what it is you're going to say next
• time to receive, and digest the feedback you're getting from your audience
• control over the pace of your speech
• the means to convey emotion, emphasize or herald important information, play up a punch line, wait for laughter to settle, signal an aside, indicate how you intend the audience to interpret what you're going to say next, or have just said
A pause in the right place at the right time gives YOUR AUDIENCE:
• time to breathe
• time to let the images or ideas you've given them 'flower' in their minds
• time to summarize what's been said (particularly important for complex sequential ideas) time to prepare for what maybe coming next
• indications of your intent - how you want them to interpret your
You do it right, nobody responds of your pauses, but your ideas are communicated more persuasively.
There are differing types of pauses or silence. Let's get straight about what sort I'm meaning here. What I'm NOT talking about are the Panic Pauses. These are the unplanned 'Oh, My Goodness!' variety. They come like thieves and whip our words away. They leave us gulping and grasping for a way to get back to the safety of what we thought we had prepared. And worse still, they seem to last forever. Panic pauses need eradication[12]. They have no place in your speech! Planned Pauses are a different story. They are your friend. Used with care, the silences of your speech will be golden. And what's more they add rhythm or a beat to your words.
Benefits of effective pauses.
Pausing is one of the most overlooked delivery techniques, but there are many benefits of using pauses effectively.
1. Pauses help your audience understand you. Pauses allow you to punctuate your spoken words, giving your listeners clues as to when one phrase, one sentence, or one paragraph ends, and the next begins.
The key is that your audience doesn't have the benefit of punctuation, bolding, bullets, and other formatting as in written material. Pauses are a central way to do it.
2. Pauses help convey emotion
That is the placement and duration of pauses should differ depending on whether you are conveying sadness, anger, gladness, or some other emotion.
3. Pauses control the overall pace of your delivery.
Your audience has cognitive limitations, and cannot absorb information beyond a certain rate. Pauses allow you to slow your rate to match their listening capacity. Our speech consists of short (0.15 second), medium (0.50 second), and long (1.50 second) pauses.
Further, read speech (speaking from written text) tends to produce only short and medium pauses, while spontaneous speech (speaking without reading) shows more frequent use of medium and long pauses.
So, if you must read a portion of your speech, be sure to deliberately extend your pauses to mimic a more natural spontaneous speech style. Otherwise, your audience will have difficulty keeping up.
4. Pauses are healthy
Lengthy pauses of healthy, allowing you to take deep breaths, swallow or even drink water. Not only will this aid your brain, but your vocal quality will be enhanced.
5. Pauses help engage audience.
Speaking without pauses means your audience expends all their effort just to keep up with you.
Электронный вестник Ростовского социально-экономического института. Выпуск № 4 (октябрь - декабрь) 2014
Using pauses on your word and start making connections with their own experiences or knowledge in real time. Forming these personal connections with your content is the basis of audience engagement. 6. Pauses replace filler word.
Excessive use of filler word: um, er, ah, nu undermines your credibility and signals lack of knowledge, lack of preparation.
But sometimes people have this habit and they should escape of this bad
habit.
Now that we've examined the benefits of speech pauses, let's look at the various types of pauses and when they should be used.
1. The clause pause or comma pause
Use short pauses in your speech whenever a comma would be used in written language to separate items of a list clearly.
2. The sentence pause
Use medium pauses in your speech wherever a period or question mark, or exclamation mark would be used in written language to separate two sentences. Beware of the tendons to connect sentences with "and" infinitely. Doing so robs your audience of this critical semantic break.
Using pauses gives your audience time to reflect on your words.
3. The paragraph pause.
Use long pause in your speech whenever you are transitioning from one idea to the next in the same way as paragraphs are used in written language.
- separate two "points" from one another The second benefit of this approach is.... The third benefit of this approach is..
- Separate a story or anecdote diversion from the "normal" speech with paragraph pauses before and after the story.
4. The emphasis pause
When you want to emphasize a key word or phrase try pausing immediately before and immediately after the key word. The preceding pauses signals "listen up" while the succeeding pause says "put that in your memory"
5. Rhetorical question pause.
After you ask your audience a rhetorical question pauses for a little while. This stimulate your audience to engage, to think internally about their answer to you question. The same is true for other way that you invite silent participation from your audience "think for a moment about how you would feel if..."
6. Dramatic pause
Part rhetorical and part theatrical, a dramatic pause is used whenever you want to generate some drama or suspense. A dramatic pause could be used before continuing your spoken speech.
7. Punch line pause
Professional comedians argue that pauses should be used before a humorous punch line.
- Pause immediately before your punch line to create heightened anticipation and signal a pay off
- Pauses immediately after your punch line to allow your audience to release their laughter.
Extend pauses as long as there is laughter. Otherwise your words are competing for attention and will be diminished. Similarly, never try to speak over applause.
There is no strict rule on precisely how long your pauses should be. Appropriate lengths for pauses (from a fraction of second to several second or more) will vary considerably based on your speaking style, the nature of your message, the duration of your talk, your audience, and cultural norms. Consider the following guidelines
- While the duration of pauses may be different than another speaker you should vary your pause length consistently.
For example, your comma pauses should be shorter than your paragraph pauses. Failure to do so will negate the benefits of using pauses and will confuse your audience.
- For long pauses, pause longer than you think is necessary, perhaps longer than is comfortable for you.
- Seek feedback on your use of pauses. Ask for candid feedback through questions such as: were there any awkward pauses? Was my overall pace too fast or too slow?
Список литературы Bibliography
1 .Gumperz, John J., ed. Language and Social Identity. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
2.James, Deborah, and Sandra Clarke. "Women, Men, and Interruptions: A Critical Review." Gender and Conversational Interaction. Ed. Deborah Tannen, pp.231280. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
3.Kochman, Thomas. "Strategic Ambiguity in Black Speech Genres: Cross-cultural Interference in Participant-Observation Research." Text, 6:2.153-70, 1996.
4.Lehtonen, Jaakko, andKari Sajavaara. "The Silent Finn." Perspectives on Silence. Eds. Deborah Tannen and Muriel Saville-Troike, pp. 193-201. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1995.
5.McDermott, R.P., and Henry Tylbor. "On the Necessity of Collusion in Conversation." Text, 3:3.277-297, 1993.
6.Scollon, Ron. "The Machine Stops: Silence in the Metaphor of Malfunction." Perspectives on Silence. Eds. Deborah Tannen and Muriel Saville-Troike, 21-30. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1995.
7. Котова Н.С. Амбивалентная языковая личность в аспекте лексической вариативности системно-функциональных регистров (на материале английского языка) // Научная мысль Кавказа, 2010, С.163-167.
8. Котова Н.С Актуальные проблемы творческой интерпретации философских концепций диалога в современной отечественной лингвистике // Известия высших учебных заведений. Северокавказский регион. Серия: общественные науки. 2003, № 11, рр. 106-109
9. Котова Н.С. Диалог как средство социокультурного взаимодействия людей // Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки, 2005, № 4, С. 92-93.
10. Павлова Л.Г. Речевой имидж государственного и муниципального служащего // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2010. № 2. С. 66-80.
11. Павлова Л.Г. Современная языковая ситуация и речевая культура государственного служащего // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2009. № 1. С. 37-47.
12. Зарайченко В.Е. Эстетические компоненты культуры управления // Государственное и муниципальное управление. Ученые записки СКАГС. 2009. № 2. С. 43-55
