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удк 316.34 Ye.L. Smirnova
YOUTH VALUE TARGETS BEFORE LABOR ACTIVITY
The article describes some peculiarities of setting values among youth in respect to family and healthy lifestyle. The author provides sociological research data and its analysis.
Key words: healthy lifestyle, reproductive health.
Е.Л. Смирнова
ЦЕННОСТНЫЕ ОРИЕНТАЦИИ МОЛОДЕЖИ НА ЭТАПЕ ДОТРУДОВОЙ СОЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ
В статье рассматриваются особенности формирования ценностных ориентаций молодежи на нравственный семейный образ жизни и здоровье. Приведены результаты социологических исследований и их анализ. Ключевые слова: здоровый образ жизни, репродуктивное здоровье.
Some experts allege that a healthy man doesn't mean to have no diseases, but to be able to keep himself alive. Instinct of self-preservation should make people's health psychology. Every person has to learn to preserve his health for a long time in order to be in demand in labor market. Following this point, those, who realize all responsibility for their health, fall into the habit of practicing healthy lifestyle. Unfortunately, we have to state that health is out of fashion in our country so far
A number of researchers believe that human searching activity increases body adaptive psychological reserves. Russian scientists Rotenberg V.S. and Arshavsky V.V. have contributed a lot to this area. According to their opinion searching activity appears to be the major factor which makes body more adaptive to any difficult environments while passive and defense reaction weakens body and makes it vulnerable to all types of harmful effects.
There is a certain link between searching activity and health. Searching activity requires sufficient energy and good somatic condition. At the same time this activity brings energy and improves somatic health. If you fail to practice searching activity, this will definitely lead to body adaptability decrease and untimely death by means of depression. That's why the above-mentioned scientists have the reasons to affirm that searching activity development is essential for the rising generation to stay healthy
It all becomes more topical to explore new innovative rehabilitation technologies in terms of health worsening among young generation. It concern to both physical and psychological conditions. Health of adolescents before labor activity depends on educational conditions, training, and lifestyle. According to the data of Health and Social Development Ministry of the Russian Federation, the number of schoolchildren with chronic pathology has risen 1.5 times for the last decade. Institute of Age Physiology of the Russian Academy of Education announces that 20-40% of negative impacts, making health of children worse, are connected with school. To make matters worse, most parents are not aware of the ways how to keep health of their children. There is a gap in physical education how to be healthy. In addition, we can observe that health value and health style issues are not paid much attention to in the system of upbringing.
Today it's vitally important to set values concerning moral family life style and preserving health. It means it's
high time we started forming demographic and reproductive behavior, to direct youth to make families, to bring up and train children and to take new social and psychological roles.
Nowadays we have a task set before teachers, doctors, and parents in order to increase efficiency of health keeping techniques, social and health-improving programs in school. We should mention that society expects effective behavior models from school. Along with knowledge a schoolchild learns to make a choice, to take a decision, to adapt to environment, to realize the value of health and to get used to healthy life style.
To promote healthy life in school, we must bring into play all means which schools have at their disposal. School propaganda of health should become an integral part of knowledge which a schoolchild is getting in family, educational organizations, and society [1, p. 192]. Smirnova N.P believes that school is supposed to educate. It is necessary for educational organizations to have licensed programs for health life style and parenthood training. [2, p. 37].
Russian families consider health as well as education and behavior the essential elements for their children on the way to become prosperous [1, p. 192]. Family carries main responsibility for upbringing. However, such factors as lack of knowledge in family planning, adolescent psychology and social orphanage have negative impact.
Families and schools are not the only places to bring up children. Medical and pedagogical youth centers, family planning centers, youth environment, and mass media could become guides in the life of our children.
In educational organizations of Saratov region the program “Healthy life style” is taught for several years. This program includes subprogram “Family life” targeted on high school and university students. Unfortunately, the course is optional for students [2, p. 37].
Taking into consideration the positive trend of taken measures, Smirnova N.P points out the 5 major steps to solve the problem through programs in educational organizations. They are as the following:
1) to establish infantile gynecology and andrology;
2) to create friendly youth organizations;
3) to adapt health-keeping techniques in educational organizations;
4) to reform school medicine and to get involved school doctors and nurses in health-keeping education [2, p. 38];
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5) to assist families in getting over socio-economic troubles and in health training of their children.
All points mentioned above could help us to improve demographic situation in Russia.
To find out value targets (family and healthy life style) among youth, we carried out a study in May 2008. For this purpose, we questioned graduates of three schools who practiced sports in youth sport clubs. When analyzing results we used univariate distribution in percentage. According to the data the number of boys with sound health is 81.8% while the number of girls is 85.8%. These results prove good somatic condition of the schoolchildren. High moving activity resulted in so high percentage. More than 75% of boys and girls regularly attend physical training classes. More than 55% prefer active leisure (swimming, skiing, walking, and etc.) Some 28.3% of boys and 20.8% of girls go in for sports in sport clubs. These figures increase twice average numbers across the country.
We should mention that a two year (2006-2007) complex work of teachers, physical training coaches of sport clubs, parents, social and medical staff provided so big numbers of schoolchildren moving activity. Following active life style the youth gain a certain way of thinking directed to stay healthy and improve their body conditions. “Right” nutrition appears to be integral part of healthy life style. To attend fitness clubs means to be in fashion. This is the way how a synergetic personality is forming [3, p. 120].
Toshchenko Zh. T. noted this paradox of personality “Paradoxes are found when different rational acts combined all together in a system happens to be absolutely discordant or even opposite <...> paradoxes in most cases are contradictive and opposite opinions, judgments, settings, aspects, actions which simultaneously exist and function in mind and behavior of the same individuals” [4, p. 62].
School graduates (81.8% of boys and 89.2% of girls) believe that parents mostly influence mature personality development and healthy life style. Physical training teachers, schoolmates, other school teachers and coaches in fitness clubs also benefit youth's lives.
Health self assessment of schoolchildren are as follows:
- absolutely healthy: 47.5% - boys, 28.3% - girls;
- good health: 24.2% - boys, 34.2% - girls;
- satisfactory: 23.2% - boys, 35.8% - girls;
- unsatisfactory, but could be improved: 5,1% - boys, 28,3% - girls;
- poor: 0% - boys, 0.8% - girls.
The data of these graduates give the picture of a bit better somatic conditions than average across the region. The figures refer to schoolchildren with higher moving activity.
To opinion of school graduates there are social, psychological ecological factors which have influence on common sickness rate of people. 35.4% of boys say that environmental pollution is the most negative factor for people's health. Smoking, alcohol, stresses in general and in family are the other health harmful factors. Unlike boys, girls mentioned alcohol abuse as the major harmful factor. Pollution, stress, smoking and family troubles seemed less adverse factors to the girls.
Moral value targets of youth and its family vision are as follows: most of respondents express a desire for family healthy life style and active leisure time (91.9% of boys and
95% of girls). 93.9% of boys and 100% of girls believe that smoke, drugs or alcohol abuse by one of the parents or both will chance a future baby to be born with any pathology. School graduates evaluate their reproductive health in the following way: 83.8% of boys and 71.7% of girls have no reasons to concern about their reproductive health. But, as they grow older, 16.2% (boys) and 28.3% (girls) say it's satisfactory.
There is a certain difference in answers of boys and girls on the issue of marriage time. 25-30 years old for marriage is considered acceptable by 92.9% of boys. For 41.1% of girls 20-25 years old is desirable age for starting their own families. Some 58.9% (girls) would like to marry at the age of 25-30 years old. Most of school graduates are inclined to have not more than two children (70%). Only 10.7% (boys) and 26.5% (girls) would like to have three children.
Most graduates (83% boys and 92% girls) think that those, who take care about health, could be called civilized people.
Research of moral value targets and healthy family lifestyle among youth was carried out in a judo youth sport club. Twenty five graduates with no health troubles belonging to general medical group (13 boys and 12 girls) took part in that questioning.
All respondents keep up their health and practice active leisure activity. When practicing physical training, they believe that there is more important to improve health, and to respect surrounding people than to achieve high sport results. This opinion is supported by boys and girls. Aesthetic pleasure, which fitness activity gives, is the most important thing for girls. Absolutely all respondents are sure that health is essential to live a fully life.
As for the health risk factors, absolutely all tested graduates avoid smoking, 80% of girls and 25% of boys do not drink alcohol. It means that 75% boys do take strong drinks. A quarter of respondents among boys affirm that they have acquaintances that use drugs, but girls deny such a fact.
All girl-respondents say that they have sound health while only 25% of boys say that they are healthy (we need to take into consideration that it's easy to sustain an injury in this type of sport).
When the respondents answer the question about the major reasons of sickness and lethality they mention among the first causes alcohol, smoking and family stress. A the same time the tested graduates exclude environmental pollution from the top of health unfriendly factors as they spend their trainings, team practice sessions and competitions in good environmental conditions.
All interviewed believe that their own future families will follow a healthy lifestyle. 68.7% (boys) and 71.6% (girls) intend to have two children; 31.6% and 28.4% would like to have three children. For 91.7% of boys the perfect age marriage is 25-30 years old; for girls (39.2%) is 20-25 years and for 60.8% of girls is 25-30 years old as well. We suppose that the wish to make a sport career prevails over early family life.
All respondents are sure in their reproductive health. They think if one of the parents or both smoke, take alcohol or drugs, it brings more risk to give birth to unhealthy baby.
Following all things mentioned above, we can make a conclusion that boys and girls engaged in sport clubs have high moral principles and are more inclined to take inde-
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pendent decisions. Healthy life style adolescents express a wish to create a close-knit and healthy family with two or three kids. They faster form value targets to moral and healthy family life style.
1. Черненков Ю.В. и др. Формирование здорового образа жизни в современной школе // Здоровый образ жизни для всех возрастов: материалы Всероссийск. науч.-практич. конф. Саратов, 2007.
2. Смирнова Н.П. Охрана репродуктивного здоровья -путь улучшения демографической ситуации // Демографическое развитие: проблемы и перспективы: материалы обл. науч.-практич. конф. Саратов, 2007.
3. Шклярук В.Я. Проблемы формирования здоровьесберегающих установок на разных этапах социализации личности // Модернизация и перспективы развития современного общества: материалы Международ. науч.-практич. конф. Саратов, 2010.
4. Тощенко Ж.Т. Парадоксальный человек. М., 2007.
УДК 316:61
V.Ya. Shklyaruk
MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF POPULATION
The paper deals with the factors of environment influencing health and life expectancy and developing increased motivation for self-preserving behavior.
Key words: health, national standard of living, eco-conscious culture.
В.Я. Шклярук
ОСНОВНЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ЗДОРОВЬЕ И ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
В статье рассматриваются факторы среды обитания, оказывающие влияние на здоровье и продолжительность жизни человека, создание повышенной мотивации населения к самосохранительному поведению. Ключевые слова: здоровье, уровень жизни населения, экологическая культура.
Today in Russia we have low birth-rate, high rate of mortality, a huge able-bodied population loss, fast aging, a gulf difference of average life between men and women, and a great change in marriage style compared to the past. All aspects of demography are interconnected. It is known that today's demography refers to the past of the country while future's demographic situation refers to the present.
There are a lot natural and social factors which have an impact on mortality and life span. We should mention that natural factors are socialized and get changed. A human being depends on environmental conditions as well as nature depends on a human.
Social crisis had a paramount impact on demographic trend in Russia. Demographic numbers proved negative changes in birth rate, death rate, and population reproduction rate. Such downtrend definitely weakens geopolitical security of the state [1, p. 162].
Borisov V.A. groups the main factors influencing life expectancy in the following way (in order of significance):
1) standard of living;
2) health care service efficiency;
3) sanitary culture;
4) ecology environment [2, p. 230].
Standard of living appears to be the major reason for health improving, death rate decreasing, and average life increasing as it forms foundation for socio-cultural growth and moral development.
Borisov VA. believes that Human Development Index (HDI) is one of the most truthful and internationally recognized figures which evaluate standard and quality of life. It shows arithmetic average of GDP per capita, level of education, and average life expectance at a given age. Accord-
ing to the Second Russian Report (1996 r.) dedicated to life standard evaluation and submitted in UN, the Russian Federation took the 57th place of 174 countries in 1993 [3, p. 17]. Two years later Russia stepped down to 119th place of the same 174 countries [4, p. 45]. There are only 35 highly developed countries in the world [2, p. 231]. Even if calculation of the mentioned index is overestimated, Russia stands far behind the developed countries. Following the statement above, we can compare standards of living by GDP per capita in Russia with the one in the USA in 1995. The number in the US turned out to be in 15 times bigger than in the Russian Federation [5, p. 38].
The key issues of demographic reforms in modern Russia are quality of living, an individual, real and steady growth of living, and moral development.
Lately Russian and foreign scholars pay much attention to methodology of life standards evaluation. At the initiative of the Government of the Russian Federation and Regional Bureau reports on quality living of people are published. The goal of such researches is to motivate to develop strategy programs aimed at increasing quality of life, scientific, technical and socio-economic development of each region.
Applying UN methodology of HDI in Russia will help to find the worthy place of our country on the globe.
Efficient socio-economic policy results in GDP and income rise. It makes possible to improve standard of living. Lately, we can observe some kind of GDP increase in Russia while most people fail to improve their life, and, to make matters worse, they are getting poorer
According to Naumova E.V. change in sources of getting food proves decrease of life standard [6, p. 97]. Food
