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227YOUTH SLANG: LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON
Turashbek Ye.
PhD student of the Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai
Abstract
The article discusses the concept of youth slang (as well as the concept of jargon, argot), as well as its types and ways of education. The analysis of the problem of youth slang is presented and the factors contributing to its formation are described. Slang occurs in people not only in adolescence (as a kind of "protest" or opposition to the older generation), but also in adults. The article also discusses (from the point of view of linguistics) the origin and meaning of the terms, "slang", "jargon", "argot"; stages of the development of youth slang; and the reasons for the emergence of youth slang in the language environment, as well as in the personal space of adolescents. The relevance of this work is due to conclusions based on the analyzed literature on linguistics.
Keywords: computer slang, student slang, adolescent slang, jargon, argo
Global changes occurring in modern society, initiate changes not only in the socio-economic, cultural, but also in the linguistic image of countries. New values, concepts, new public subcultures and groups are being formed. Such processes cannot bypass the youth language environment, causing the development in it of new lexical, grammatical, phraseological units.
Since the late 80s and early 90s there are "informal" youth associations of different directions: rockers, metallers, punks, goths, etc. Many of them are trying to create their own unusual "vocabulary" - jargons, and they also supplement with common lexical units a common youth jargon, which as a powerful language subsystem has emerged by the 90s, when stereotypes are changing in society and in the language, priorities change. Youth speech has undergone tremendous changes. Not only the state structure, but also the philosophy of life of the modern young generation, its thinking has changed.
The youth of the new generation has become more relaxed, it was noticeable that each of them wanted to position itself as a free and uncomplexed person, who has his own opinion, who is able to "original" express his thoughts.
N. V. Tsepididis in his article "Interaction of peoples and cultures and the problem of intercultural communication of young people," notes that the youth subculture is a special sociocultural phenomenon and is determined, among other things, by such elements as specific value orientations, norms of behavior of participants of a subcultural group, own status structure, communication channels and sources of information, certain ways of spending time, specific preferences, as well as youth fashion, folklore and jargon.
The study of youth jargon is currently relevant because of its relevance in a certain part of society, the mobility of the processes occurring in it, the breadth of distribution among young people [8, p. 30-34.]. To date, youth vocabulary, containing a huge amount of "slang" surprises with its popularity among the most different areas of our life.
Although this phenomenon is called "youth slang", it cannot be limited by age or the social environment of its use. It is spoken by almost all categories of people on the planet. But most of all youth slang is found in the speech of adolescents and students. Youth slang occupies a huge place in the speech of students,
teenagers, schoolchildren and its composition is changing rapidly. Students are the most intellectually and culturally developed representatives of the younger generation. They easily master modern innovations, picking up accurate and memorable words for their names and assessments. Since the beginning of the century, three turbulent waves in the development of youth slang have been noted.
The first one dates back to the 20s, when revolution and civil war, destroying the structure of society to the ground, spawned an army of homeless, and the speech of students of adolescents and young people who were not separated from the homeless by impassable partitions was stained with a multitude of "thieves" words. The second wave falls on the 50s, when the "fashion ducks" took to the streets and dance floors of cities. The appearance of the third wave is not connected with the epoch of turbulent events, but with a period of stagnation, when the suffocating atmosphere of the social life of the 80s-90s gave rise to various informal youth movements, and young people, "hippies", created their own "systemic" slang as a language gesture of opposition to the official ideology [1, p. 32].
The terms "slang", "slangism", "jargon", "slang", "argo", "argonism" are synonymous. Many researchers of lexicology do not distinguish between them. But in modern linguistics there is no consensus on the relationship between the terms "slang", "jargon", "argo". The word "slang" comes from the English "slang" - jargon and carries the concept of youth slang as a set of dialects, colloquial and everyday speech of young people.
The earliest use of the term "slang" refers to 1750. Initially, the term "slang" in the English tradition was called "special languages of people from lower social strata and the language of people with a dubious reputation" [5, p. 398.]. The term "slang" appeared in the Russian linguistic tradition relatively recently. The word is borrowed from the English language and is interpreted as "a special singing and flattering language of beggars and vagrants", later - as "someone's language." The fate of slang words and expressions is not the same: some of them take root so much over time that they become common language; others exist only for some time with their carriers, and then they are forgotten even by them, before they die before the physical death of the latter; and, finally, the third slang words and expressions remain slang for a long time and the
life of many generations, they never completely translate into the commonly used language, but at the same time they are not completely forgotten. So, for example, earlier slang words: "to slough off" (in the sense of being ashamed), "marinate" (in the sense of deliberately delaying someone, postponing a decision for a long time, doing something), "masking" (in the sense of doing something, someone imperceptible), "witty" (in the sense of joking) turned into common speech, and we rarely think about their slang past; such slang words of the second half of the twentieth century, such as "limit", "slick", "coffin" (in the sense of civil defense), "net" (in the sense of a truant, a shirker person), "firm", "old man" and others, although still used from time to time, are practically becoming a thing of the past; the same words as "jiving out", "play", "get high" remain slang for a long time and are unlikely to ever be included in a common speech [9].
The term "jargon" came to Russian from French. The sociolinguistic dictionary emphasizes that the use of slang in oral speech is intended to "identify the speaker as belonging to "his" social group opposed to the "alien" group" [2]. In the French linguistic tradition, jargon most often means "wrong", "distorted or artificially invented language", which is understandable only to members of a certain closed community. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, the term "jargon" was no longer associated exclusively with the language of beggars and criminals. It began to be used to designate any linguistic forms that do not correspond to the style of communication of educated people, and forms of language that are different from the norms of the standard literate language.
"Jargon" - from the French "jargon" is a speech of a social or professional group, which differs from the common-language language by a special composition of words and expressions [3, p. 371].
In the Russian linguistic tradition, the term "jargon" appeared in the XX century in the sense of "street language" and non-standardized speech of young people [9]. Now the term "jargon", in its broadest meaning, means a functional type of language, consisting of the vocabulary of informal communication of the general population. Jargon is not a literary language, but it is created on its grammatical and phonetic basis. Slang is a way of self-expression of youth groups and there are a number of other reasons for its appearance. You can call an important reason for students to use slang - this is a conspiracy. To emphasize their belonging to a certain social group, young people encode the spoken information.
Therefore, students' language is not always understood by their parents, teachers, which is also the reason for using slang terms: students feel more independent, "protected". Thus, it is possible to identify the main reasons for the use of youth slang:
• Specific addressing of speech: when the interlocutor wants to hide the meaning of what was said from other persons.
• The desire to "join" the company, to show that you are "yours".
• Save time, simplify words.
• This is necessary for those who do not want to seem "boring" and slow.
• Ability to "flash" knowledge in this area.
• Trying to appear younger or, on the contrary, older than your age.
• The desire to surprise, to attract the attention of others.
These definitions can be attributed to the main reasons for the use of youth slang, examples of which we can consider below.
Youth slang words are often abbreviated versions of a common word or even a phrase. For example:
- keyboard - keyboard
- Fagot - student of pedagogical department or gay
man
- IMHO - I have an opinion, I want to voice, etc.
And also slang borrowed foreign language vocabulary:
- ava, avatar - avatar
- Crazy people
- aftepati - after party, etc., which are the most popular in modern youth slang. This is not the whole classification [11].
There is a large number of examples from the dictionary of youth slang, the formation of which is difficult, and often impossible to figure out, they can be grouped together:
Teen slang, or, in another way, school slang can be heard in any yard where there are guys of approximately the same age up to 15-16 years old, for example:
• Ticha - from "teacher" (teacher)
• Easy, roll cotton wool - sit back
• Stole, stole - stole, written off
• Spur - Cheat Sheet
• Theme is great, I like it
• Bro - English brother - brother; a peer, a friend, is more often used during social networking [10].
• watch - watch
• Knocking - snitch
• Nishtyak - good, good, good
• Pipe, cover - punishment for misdemeanors
• Scrap - laziness
• Bummer - when the real did not coincide with the expectation
• Brake, stupid - stupid
• In nature, even - conviction
• Dude, dude - boy, boy [7, p. 37.].
These and many other words and expressions apply to adolescent slang. Youth slang, examples of words which we give below, is replenished every year. Perhaps the most comprehensive collection of "spoiled" words is the slang of youth. Their dictionary consists mainly of words and phrases borrowed from a foreign language.
Such a distribution of foreign speech in the Russian version has reached thanks to its widespread use. Therefore, modern youth slang is more and more similar to the speech of an American with a Russian accent.
The most common examples of words from youth slang are:
• Salvage is the latest slang word, indicating a deep crisis of monetarism in Russia. Compared with him, the
word "grandmother" sounds more or less good-naturedly. But "loot" cannot be pronounced except with a squeamish grimace. Whether it happened from "grandmas" with the addition of a suffix and by analogy with "junk", or from the English "bubble gum" ("chewing gum") - it does not matter. In any case, our man, even if he succeeds in "cutting the loot", the possession of large sums of money does not deliver true enjoyment.
And the name of the play by the young playwright Kurochkin "Money wins evil" gives a bitter irony [4, p. 37.].
• Krasava - well done
• Roll over - run for something
• Brother - var. Brother, brother. Converts Group mate, friend. - brother, the same age [4, p. 37.].
• Rodak - parents
• Batya, grandfather - father, father
• Kolbasitsya, hang out - dance, walk around clubs and parties
• Chukhnul - understood, and sometimes in the meaning of "washed away" - left, ran away [10].
• Bortovan - 1. Neg. Refuse smb. in smth., to deceive expectations; synonymous with quing. 2. Push smb. 3. disapproval to part with a girl / young man [7, p. 38.].
• Pont - unwarranted arrogance, boasting, over-confidence; actions designed to make a favorable impression on someone [7, p. 91.].
• Pontana - do something on display, brag [7, p.
91].
• To understand - to brag about something [7, p.
91.].
• Pontovatsya - 1. Behave defiantly, with aplomb, so that others pay attention; brag, boast. 2. To be afraid, to worry about something [7, p. 91].
• Pontoy - approved. Or joke. - iron. Fashionable, beautiful, prestigious; puffy [7, p. 91].
• Freebie, quick work - free, irresponsible
• Cut the loot, catch the big money - earn, sometimes illegally
• Storm, Kumar, carry away - be under the influence of narcotic substances.
These words of youth slang are familiar to almost every one of us, as they have firmly entered our lexicon due to their prevalence and recognition. In student circles, the use of jargon is extremely common, that the use of jargon expressions, it can be said, among students has become natural.
Social group of slang. In addition to the general slangisms of the age group, there are also a number of other examples relating to different types of activity, social status, youth subculture, religion, nationality and so on. The Youth Slang Dictionary contains about 2500 jargon; it contains comprehensive information about youth jargon [7, p. 119.]. Modern youth slang, the vocabulary of which has more than 12,000 words, contains not just a list of examples, but also is divided into a large number of cases, types and forms of jargon usage.
Below we list the most familiar of the words of youth slang.
Computer slang:
• sysadmin - system administrator
• lvl - level
• ban - block
• pancakes - wheels
• soap - email
• Windec - analogy with "kapets" - failure, failure (abnormal termination of Windows)
• lay - slow down
• Memory drip - irrational memory usage
• Firewood - drivers, etc. [7]. Student slang:
• stepuha - scholarship
• gos - state exams
• automatic - getting an assessment without giving an exam
• Botanical Garden - the place where the most diligent students prepare
• hang - see brake [4, p.7.]
• work hard - see plowing [4, p.7.]
• plow - work hard, work tirelessly. Synonyms: plowing like Carlo's dad [4, p.8.]
• slow down - think slowly
• Cursor - course work
• laba - laboratory work [11]
• Shokha - 1. Zhiguli car of the sixth model. 2. neglected An errand man [4, p. 116.]
• lump - walk away. For example, "Vali from here" - go from here [4, p.7.]
• Juriki - law students [4, p. 117.]
• tails - unfulfilled tasks [4], etc. Slang doctors:
• back painter - a patient with hepatitis B and C
• keesnitsa - the woman who did cesarean section
• skier - holding on to a crutch
• nepruha - intestinal obstruction
• clinic - clinical death
• UFO - not moving lying object (patient in a coma) [11], etc.
Prison Slang:
• authority - senior
• thieves - speaking local jargon
• huckster - imprisoned merchant
• devil - an unpleasant person
• obshchak - total treasury or property
• death row - convicted for life
• shoal - offense
• Malyava - a letter omitted - publicly humiliated [4], etc.
• wet - kill. Synonyms: bang, kokat [7, p.7.]
• Schucher - waxed. Alert signal, warning. Stand on the shukher - stand guard to warn of impending danger [4, p. 116.].
Slang addicts or drug dealers:
• pull the string - enter the needle
• plant - teach to drugs
• push - sell goods
• stoned - smoked
• Afghan - cannabis variety from Asia
• engine - syringe
• lane - trace from injections
• puff - smoke
• hammer down a joint - prepare a smoking mixture [7.], etc.
The dictionary of modern youth slang is replenished very quickly, it is not exhausted. Youth slang became a means of communication not only for friends and classmates, but also for adults, because in many families, young parents communicate with children with the same "words", not considering them spoiled.
The existence and development of modern youth slang largely depends on the development of culture and the social system, moral education and many other factors.
Most of the new slang (and ordinary) words come from English. But slang, like mat, cannot be applied everywhere, especially where official language styles are required. Everyone should know the base of the Russian language, including the most popular neologisms.
Youth slang costs the most standard suffixes and prefixes. For example, most adjectives derived from English roots are formed with the shock suffix -ov-:
• brand - "brand new"
• old - "old"
• Yangovy - "young"
• lot - "long"
• friend - "owned by a friend"
• price - "cash"
• shift - "left"
• spruce - "yellow"
• hit - "popular"
• File - good
• french - "French", etc. [1, p. 34].
The expressiveness of slang speech contributes to the fact that words turn into colloquial everyday speech, losing eccentric coloration. Most of it goes into the common language, and sometimes it becomes the literary norm. The phenomenon of slang is that in the process of its use part of the vocabulary becomes common and even included in the vocabulary of the literary language [6, p. 14-16].
So the language changes. Some words have changed meanings; some have become obsolete or have changed shape.
Slang from the English language: slay (steer), lit (steep), bae (baby), bling (tsatski). Although this translation is not new and banal words, in the original, all these words refer to modern fashionable slang.
For example, the word Kawaii (Kawaii) came in both English and Russian very quickly from Japanese. The meaning of the word "Saw" is to enjoy, enjoy, etc. [12].
Thus, youth slang is an interesting linguistic phenomenon, whose existence is limited by social, time, spatial, specific age limits.
References
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2. Vasilevich E.M. Dictionary of Sociolinguistic Terms [Reference Edition] / ed. Vasilevich E.M. - M.: Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2006. -312 p.
3. Green, J. Slang down the ages: The historical development of slang / London, 2003. - 400 p.
4. Zakharova L. A., Shuvaeva A.V. Dictionary of Youth Slang. / Teaching manual. / L.A. Zakharova, A.V. Shuvaeva. - Tomsk: Publishing House of Tomsk State University, 2014. - 126 p.
5. Dictionary of Slang. Jargon & Cant. [Albert Barrere and Charles Godfrey Leland] 1889 ed. L .: Oxford University Press. 2010. - 560 p.
6. Kosyakova Ya. S., Mazovka A. Features of modern youth slang // Young Scientist, No. 22.1. 2017. - p. 14-16.
URL https://moluch.ru/archive/156/44304/ (access date: 06.26.2019)
7. Novikov V.I. New dictionary of buzz words. / Publishing house AST LLC Moscow, 2008. - 55 p. ISBN 978-5-17-048555-0
8. Celepidis, N. V. Interaction of peoples and cultures and the problem of intercultural communication of young people / N. V. Celepidis // Vestn. fame cultures, No. 3 (13). - Moscow, 2009. - pp. 30-34.
9. Sharkayeva I.M. Youth slang student environment. [Electronic resource] http://docplayer.ru/39278278-Molodezhnyy-sleng-stu-dencheskoy-sredy-sharkaeva-i-m-ulgpu-imeni-i-n-ul-yanova-pedagogicheskiy-fakultet-g-ulyanovsk.html
10. Academician [Electronic resource] - URL: http://dic.academic.ru (appeal date: 12.07.2019.)
11. http://love-mother.ru/molodezhnyj -sleng-slovar-primery.html (appeal date: 11.07.2019.)
12. How do the Japanese themselves perceive this cultural phenomenon KAWAII. / Journal "Nipponiya", №40. - 2007 / https://www.kawaiifactory.ru/articles/o-znachenii-slova-kavay-v-yaponii/ (appeal date: 07/11/2019.)
