CC BY
8DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/cl-36892-2024-41-308-329
Pages: 308-329
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INITIATIVES OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND BUSINESS
4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
AKT VA SPORT ORQALI AYOLLARNING IMKONIYATLARINI KENGAYTIRISH: XITOY VA AFRIKADA RAQAMLI INNOVATORLAR VA KO'P VAZIFALI YORQINLIK HAQIDAGI HIKOYALARNI O'RGANISH
Doktor Summera Xolid
Dotsent
Toshkent davlat sharqshunoslik universiteti Toshkent, O'zbekiston E-mail: summera_farooque_ali_khan@,tsuos.uz
_MAQOLA HAQIDA_
Kalit so'zlar: Ayol Annotatsiya: Ushbu tadqiqot 21-asr tadbirkor
tadbirkorlar, raqamli landshaft, ayollarining an'anaviy muvaffaqiyat paradigmalariga qarshi Moviy iqtisodiyot, kumush ko'p vazifali girdobdagi o'zgaruvchan sayohatini o'rganadi. iqtisodiyot, sport, Barqaror Raqamli landshaftga yo'naltirilgan tadqiqot professional rivojlanish maqsadlari (BRM), rivojlanish uchun muhim bilim va ko'nikmalarni o'rganadi, Sog'lom Xitoy 2030, yuqumli ayollar salohiyatiga to'sqinlik qiladigan doimiy to'siqlarni bo'lmagan kasalliklar, aniqlaydi. Adabiyotlarni ko'rib chiqish cheklangan moliyaviy
kommunikatsiya resurslar, marketing qobiliyatlari va qo'llab-quvvatlash
texnologiyalari, AKT, xizmatlari kabi muammolarni ta'kidlaydi. Ayollarning
imkoniyatlarni kengaytirish erkaklar hukmron bo'lgan maydonlarga kirishiga qaramasdan,
shisha shiftlar saqlanib qolmoqda, bu esa qo'shimcha tekshirishni talab qiladi. Tadqiqot doirasidagi hikoyalar tadbirkor ayollar tomonidan o'zgartirilgan hayotga e'tibor qaratadi va ularning startap, ko'k iqtisod va kumush iqtisodiyot sohalariga ta'sirini ta'kidlaydi. Maqola taraqqiyotni rag'batlantirish uchun ilhomlantiruvchi rol modellarini namoyish qilishni targ'ib qiladi. Maqolada e'tiborni sportga qaratib, Xitoyda Barqaror Rivojlanish Maqsadlariga (BRM) erishishda sportning muhim roli muhokama qilinadi. BRM bilan muvofiqlashtirilgan "Sog'lom Xitoy 2030" rejasi milliy jismoniy tayyorgarlikni yaxshilash va yuqumli bo'lmagan kasalliklarga qarshi kurashish uchun sportdan foydalanadi. Sport sog'liqni saqlash bilan bog'liq SDGlarga sezilarli hissa qo'shadi, Xitoyning siyosati "Bir kamar va yo'l" tashabbusi orqali global sog'liqni saqlash boshqaruviga ta'sir qiladi. Bundan tashqari, tadqiqot ayollarni adolatli tasvirlash va strategik tahlil qilish imkonini berishda kommunikatsiya texnologiyalarining rolini ta'kidlaydi. AKT aloqa, _muvofiqlashtirish va ma'lumot almashish uchun platformalar
taqdim etish orqali ayollar o'rtasida dinamik harakatni rag'batlantiradigan katalizator sifatida paydo bo'ladi. Maqolaning yakunida AKT ayollarning iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va siyosiy imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish, yanada inklyuziv va xilma-xil global landshaftni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan._
WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH ICT AND SPORTS: EXPLORING NARRATIVES OF DIGITAL INNOVATORS AND MULTITASKING BRILLIANCE IN
CHINA AND AFRICA
Dr. Summera Khalid
Associate Professor Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: summera_farooque_ali_khan@,tsuos.uz
_ABOUT ATRICLE_
Key words: Women Abstract: This study examines the transformative
entrepreneurs, digital landscape, journey of 21st-century women entrepreneurs, challenging Blue Economy, Silver traditional success paradigms within a multitasking Economy, sports, Sustainable whirlpool. Focused on the digital landscape, the research Development Goals (SDGs), explores crucial knowledge and skills for professional Healthy China 2030, non- development, identifying persistent barriers hindering communicable diseases, women's potential. A literature review underscores
communication technologies, challenges like limited financial resources, marketing skills, ICTs, empowerment and support services. Despite progress in women entering
male-dominated fields, glass ceilings persist, necessitating further investigation. Narratives within the study spotlight the lives transformed by women entrepreneurs, emphasizing their impact in the startup, Blue Economy, and silver Economy sectors. The article advocates for showcasing inspirational role models to stimulate progress. Shifting the focus to sports, the article discusses the pivotal role of sports in attaining Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in China. Aligned with SDGs, the Healthy China 2030 plan utilizes sports to enhance national fitness and combat non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Sports significantly contribute to health-related SDGs, with China's policies influencing global health governance through the Belt and Road Initiative. Moreover, the study highlights communication technologies' role in portraying women equitably and enabling strategic analysis. ICTs emerge as catalysts, fostering a dynamic movement among women by providing platforms for communication, coordination, and information sharing. The article concludes by emphasizing ICTs' potential to economically, socially, and politically empower women, fostering a more inclusive and diverse _global landscape._
РАСШИРЕНИЕ ПРАВ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ЖЕНЩИН ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ИКТ И СПОРТА: ИЗУЧЕНИЕ РАССКАЗОВ О ЦИФРОВЫХ НОВАТОРАХ И ТАЛАНТЕ МНОГОЗАДАЧНОСТИ В КИТАЕ И АФРИКЕ
Доктор Саммера Халид
Доцент
Ташкентский государственный университет востоковедения Ташкент, Узбекистан E-mail: Summerafarooque ali kanajsuos. uz
_О СТАТЬЕ_
Ключевые слова: Аннотация: В этом исследовании
женщины-предприниматели, рассматривается преобразующий путь женщин-цифровой ландшафт, голубая предпринимателей XXI века, бросающий вызов экономика, серебряная традиционным парадигмам успеха в водовороте
экономика, спорт, Цели многозадачности. Исследование, ориентированное на устойчивого развития (ЦУР), цифровой ландшафт, изучает важнейшие знания и «Здоровый Китай 2030», навыки для профессионального развития, выявляя неинфекционные стойкие барьеры, препятствующие раскрытию женского
заболевания, потенциала. Обзор литературы подчеркивает такие
коммуникационные проблемы, как ограниченность финансовых ресурсов,
технологии, ИКТ, расширение маркетинговых навыков и услуг поддержки. Несмотря прав и возможностей. на прогресс в области проникновения женщин в сферы,
где доминируют мужчины, стеклянные потолки сохраняются, что требует дальнейшего расследования. Рассказы в исследовании освещают жизнь, изменившуюся благодаря женщинам-предпринимателям, подчеркивая их влияние на стартапы, голубую экономику и серебряную экономику. В статье предлагается демонстрировать вдохновляющие образцы для подражания для стимулирования прогресса. Смещая акцент на спорт, в статье обсуждается ключевая роль спорта в достижении Целей устойчивого развития (ЦУР) в Китае. В соответствии с ЦУР план «Здоровый Китай 2030» использует спорт для улучшения национальной физической подготовки и борьбы с неинфекционными заболеваниями (НИЗ). Спорт вносит значительный вклад в достижение ЦУР, связанных со здоровьем, а политика Китая влияет на глобальное управление здравоохранением через инициативу «Пояс и путь». Более того, в исследовании подчеркивается роль коммуникационных технологий в обеспечении справедливого изображения женщин и обеспечении стратегического анализа. ИКТ выступают в качестве катализаторов, способствуя динамичному движению среди женщин, предоставляя платформы для общения, координации и обмена информацией. В заключение статьи подчеркивается потенциал ИКТ в расширении экономических, социальных и политических прав и возможностей женщин, способствуя созданию более инклюзивного и разнообразного глобального _ландшафта._
Introduction
In the exploration of women's access to and utilization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Africa, it is crucial to delve into the intricate gender dynamics within social, economic, policy, and technological frameworks. This engagement with ICTs is intricately tied to the gendered roles and responsibilities that structure women's information needs and shape their interactions with these technologies. The societal positioning of women in African contexts stands in stark contrast to that of men, permeating various facets of life. The deeply ingrained perceptions of women's capabilities, roles, and aspirations delineate the boundaries of societal expectations and personal ambitions. This societal framework often confines women to roles centered around marriage, reproduction, and domestic duties. Notably, in many African communities, women relocate post-marriage, while men remain in their familial homes, leading to uneven investments in education, health, and economic prospects. This unequal allocation of resources fosters a sense of diminished self-worth among girls and women.
A critical issue for African women is the imperative to challenge traditional norms and recognize their potential to transcend socially ascribed limits. The focus on cash economies, influenced by colonial and post-colonial paradigms, further marginalizes women, as their multifaceted contributions to reproduction, subsistence production, and community management often go undervalued. Unmarried women, despite earning income, frequently contribute their earnings to male family members, exacerbating gender-based economic disparities. Rural women in Africa face heightened challenges, predominantly characterized by high illiteracy rates resulting from early school withdrawal. Societal expectations limit women to non-scientific and non-technological educational streams, perpetuating gender-based stereotypes. Lower-paid employment opportunities, coupled with a lack of recognition for women's multiple roles, autonomy, and status in households, are exacerbated by environmental degradation and social service reductions through structural adjustment programs.
Recognizing the dearth of representation and advocacy for women's concerns in national and international policy spheres compounds these challenges. Poor representation in policy-making bodies, inadequate implementation of gender equity policies, and a lack of governmental follow-through on international commitments contribute to the persisting gender disparities (Carlsrud & Olm, 1986; Chaganti, 1986; Neider, 1987; Hisrich & Brush, 1987; Phizacklea, 1988; Smeltzer & Fann, 1989; Fagenson & Marcus, 1991; Buttner, 1993; Ferguson & Durup, 1997). The situation is stark, with up to 1/3 of households in developing countries led by women without male heads experiencing the highest levels of poverty. This underscores the urgency to
address the structural impediments women face, ensuring their equitable participation in socioeconomic development.
Transitioning to the realm of entrepreneurship, extensive research since the mid-1980s has associated female entrepreneurship with empowerment, leadership, independence, personal growth and economic contributions. Earlier studies focused on Western societies, comparing women's entrepreneurial activities to men's, often highlighting similarities in innovation, vision, risk-taking, and leadership (Carlsrud & Olm, 1986; Chaganti, 1986; Neider, 1987; Hisrich & Brush, 1987; Phizacklea, 1988; Smeltzer & Fann, 1989; Fagenson & Marcus, 1991; Buttner, 1993; Ferguson & Durup, 1997). Recent research spanning 2011-2019 delves into the behavioral characteristics, motives, skills, and leadership styles of female entrepreneurs, documenting challenges faced and strategies for success.
Despite progress, persistent gender barriers and social expectations, along with a digital skills gap, continue to hinder advancements in the 21st century (Scuotto et al., 2019; Etim & Iwu, 2019; Khan & Rowlands, 2018; Singh 2017, Chengadu & Scheepers, 2017, Cesaroni et al., 2017; Rajani & Panicker, 2017; Alsos, Hytti, & Ljunggren, 2016; Ohr, 2016; Nair, 2015; Harrison, 2015; Agarwal & Lenka, 2015; Kam beridou, 2013; Salamouris, 2013). Developing economies are increasingly recognizing the socioeconomic benefits of women's entrepreneurship as a catalyst for poverty alleviation and economic growth, albeit grappling with challenges unique to emerging markets in Africa, the Middle East, and the Far East (Etim & Iwu, 2019; Nsengimana et al., 2018; Chengadu & Scheepers, 2017; Mazonde, 2016; Manimekalai, 2016; Zahro, 2016; Muta lib et al., 2015; Liliani and Urbanus, 2014; Abdul & Hashmi, 2014). Sociocultural barriers, particularly prevalent in patriarchal societies, constrain women entrepreneurs, necessitating a nuanced approach to foster gender equality in entrepreneurship. In the ongoing discourse surrounding entrepreneurial success, a widely acknowledged prerequisite emphasizes the need to alleviate women's domestic workload. This requirement becomes especially pronounced in patriarchal societies prevalent in developing economies, where the concept of the "sandwich generation" is prominent. In these societies, women predominantly assume the roles of primary homemakers and caregivers, bearing the responsibility for household chores, childcare, and the care of older dependent family members.
Empirical evidence from patriarchal societies, such as Rwanda, India, Pakistan, and South Africa, consistently confirms the discouragement or constraints faced by women in their entrepreneurial pursuits. Researchers, including Nsengimana, Chux & Robertson (2018), Singh (2017), Rastogi (2015), Abdul & Hashmi (2014), Anwar & Rashid (2012), Ndovela (2016), Nambiar (2016), and Fatoki (2016), have shed light on the challenges and limitations imposed on
women entrepreneurs within these contexts. The societal expectations placed on women to manage household responsibilities, coupled with limited support structures, create barriers that hinder the full realization of their entrepreneurial potential. This intersection of gender roles and societal expectations underscores the need for targeted interventions and policy initiatives that address the unique challenges faced by women in patriarchal societies, fostering an environment conducive to their entrepreneurial endeavors. In the subsequent sections, this paper will explore the multifaceted challenges faced by African women in their access to ICTs, as well as the dynamics of female entrepreneurship in the evolving landscape of developing economies. The aim is to highlight the urgency of targeted interventions, emphasizing the need for policies and initiatives to bridge the existing gender gaps, with the overarching goal of achieving a more inclusive and equitable society.
In the realm of physical activity and sports, the study examines their role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) globally. Acknowledging sports as a vital promoter and facilitator of SDGs, the paper underscores the multifaceted benefits of regular physical activity in preventing and treating non-communicable diseases. The Sustainable Development Plan 2030 recognizes sports as "an important and cost-effective enabler" for achieving SDGs globally.1 Sport emerges as a transformative and non-confrontational avenue for fostering crucial developmental initiatives, encompassing sustainable environmental practices, educational advancements, and health promotions, as depicted in Figure 1. Global sustainable development through the power of sport," the authors highlight the transformative potential of sports in fostering sustainable development initiatives worldwide (Intelligence, n.d.). The article emphasizes the multifaceted impact of sports, not only as a vehicle for physical well-being but also as a tool for promoting social cohesion, economic empowerment, and environmental stewardship.
This perspective aligns with broader discussions within the literature regarding the role of sports in addressing various global challenges. Scholars have underscored the capacity of sports to transcend cultural and societal boundaries, facilitating dialogue and cooperation among diverse communities Smith et al., (2018). Moreover, the accessibility and popularity of sports render them an effective platform for raising awareness about pressing issues such as climate change, poverty alleviation, and gender equality Jones & Wells (2019).
However, while the potential of sports to contribute to sustainable development goals is widely acknowledged, empirical evidence supporting its efficacy remains somewhat limited (Sport and Dev, n.d.). Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms through
1 sport. Intelligence. Available from: https://intelligence.globalsports jobs.com/sport-a-powerful-tool-to-achieve-the-sustainable
which sports can promote sustainable development outcomes and to assess their long-term impact on local communities and broader societal systems Brown & Henderson (2020). Additionally, critical attention should be given to issues of equity and inclusion within sports-based development initiatives, ensuring that marginalized populations benefit equitably from such interventions Garcia & Johnson (2021). The post-2015 development agenda underscores the substantial opportunities that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) present for leveraging sport in developmental contexts.
1. Skill Development and Economic Participation (SDG1)
• Sport serves as a platform for establishing essential skills and toolkits, playing a pivotal role in fostering independent and healthy living.
• The acquired skills contribute significantly to income-generating practices, thereby facilitating economic participation and aligning with the objectives of SDG1.
2. Poverty Eradication and Fundraising (SDG 1)1:
• The engagement with sport holds the potential to encourage poverty eradication initiatives.
• Sporting events act as catalysts for raising funds and fostering alliances dedicated to the overarching aim of poverty alleviation, aligning with the aspirations of SDG 1.
3. Global Food Production and Sustainable Practices (SDG 2):
• Sports enterprises can actively contribute to global food production, emphasizing food protection, a balanced diet, and organic farming.
• Setting a commendable precedent, sporting organizations can play a role in endorsing sustainable food practices by sourcing from responsible suppliers and mitigating the adverse effects of food waste, in resonance with SDG 2.
4. Behavioral Transformation for Sustainability (SDG 2) Millington and Darnell (2020):
• Curriculum programs centered around sports hold the potential to instigate behavioral transformations essential for fostering a sustainable society.
• These initiatives contribute to the broader objectives of SDG 2 by shaping mindsets and encouraging practices that align with sustainable development goals.
The multifaceted role of sport, as outlined in the post-2015 development agenda, underscores its significance as a vehicle for positive change. Through skill development, poverty alleviation, sustainable food practices, and behavioral transformations, sport emerges as a
1 The contribution of sports to the achievements of the sustainable development goals: a toolkit for action. Available
from^ttgs://wwwiBBgfuBBiBBg/iiiiiiBifi^
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INITIATIVES OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND BUSINESS 314
dynamic force capable of contributing substantially to attaining key SDGs Whitelaw (2001). This nuanced approach leverages the soft power of sports, providing a unique and inclusive avenue for addressing pressing global challenges. This comprehensive exploration seeks to provide a holistic understanding of women's challenges and opportunities in Africa concerning ICTs, entrepreneurship, and sports. By shedding light on these aspects, the study aims to contribute valuable insights toward fostering inclusive policies and strategies for empowering women economically, socially, and politically on a global scale.
Figure 1: showcases sports as a catalyst for vital development actions, promoting skills, economic participation, poverty eradication, and sustainable practices as aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Fostering Diversity in Entrepreneurial Innovation for Effective Results
Recent misunderstandings and misinterpretations regarding the role of women in entrepreneurship continue to prevail, indicating the persistence of deep-seated misconceptions. A notable instance is found in Nasim Tavakol's 2017 study, where she appears to misapprehend the essence of Kamberidou's (2013) article, "Women entrepreneurs: we cannot have change unless we have men in the room," published in Springer. Kamberidou's work advocates for a gender-neutral and inclusive perspective, emphasizing the importance of collaboration between men and women for economic growth and sustainable development. Contrary to Kamberidou's intentions, Tavakol (2017) contends that women can only advance in entrepreneurship if they have "a man at home." This interpretation raises concerns about perpetuating gender stereotypes and poses the question of whether a parallel argument could be made that men are similarly dependent on women at home for their progress. Tavakol's perspective risks reinforcing outdated gender norms and obstructing the path towards genuine gender equality in entrepreneurial pursuits. Moreover, when considering the digital skills gap, especially in the developing world, the situation appears even more disheartening. Studies conducted by Fatoki (2016) and Tran (2014) highlight the exclusion of a significant portion of the workforce, particularly women, from participating in the
digital economy. This exclusion underscores the lack of progress in addressing the digital divide, hindering equal opportunities for women.
Competing successfully in the contemporary global economy necessitates not only innovation but also the integration of technological advancements within industries and organizations. Insights from Carayannis and Campbell (2018) and Carayannis and Meissner (2017) stress the importance of closing the digital skills gap and promoting gender inclusivity to ensure equitable opportunities for women in entrepreneurship. The persistence of these misinterpretations and the digital divide underscores the ongoing challenges in reshaping perceptions and fostering an environment conducive to women's entrepreneurial success.
Despite the advancements in acknowledging and appreciating the contributions of women entrepreneurs in innovation and development, a significant gender disparity persists in Europe. According to Scuotto et al. (2019) and others, women entrepreneurs make up only 29% of the entrepreneurial landscape in Europe, totaling 11.6 million individuals. This figure reflects a modest 3% increase since 2008. Furthermore, women dominate the one-person enterprises in Europe, constituting 78% of this category. Their business endeavors often span fields such as social services, social work, health care, and education.1 Although women represent a substantial untapped potential, particularly in the tech sector, the overall growth remains limited. Digital tools have provided an avenue for women to establish businesses from home and devise unique work schedules. The adoption of technology for independent work, brand marketing, idea promotion, and work-life balance management is on the rise, as noted by Kamberidou and Labovas (2012) and Scuotto et al. (2019). Contrary to misconceptions, the prevalent digital mobile lifestyles and virtual workplaces, characterized by flexible schedules, are not exclusive benefits for women with children. The demand for greater flexibility extends beyond motherhood, challenging traditional gender roles. In Western societies, the evolving nature of parenthood sees an increasing involvement of men. Technology serves as an enabler, offering flexible working conditions for both women and men. The need for greater flexibility in the workplace is a universal aspiration, reflecting the changing dynamics of modern work life.
Men, too, are actively seeking the elusive work-life balance, challenging the notion that it is predominantly women confronting the multitasking whirlpool. 2 This term aptly describes women's documented experience of juggling professional, social, family, and domestic
1 This report presents the key findings of an analysis of available data on women entrepreneurs in Europe-37 (specifically, 37 countries, including the 28 EU Member States). It includes data on women and men entrepreneurs active in Europe-37 and the percentages of entrepreneurs in the active labor force, to wit entrepreneurship rate: data provided on solo entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs who are employers (European Commission 2014: 7).
2 Multitasking Whirlpool: Term coined by Dr. Irene Kamberidou. Copyright May 14, 2018© https:// www.nlg.gr/ Additionally, term-concept registered to Notary Public and IPR date available from Hellenic/National Postal Service (ELTA) June 2018
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obligations while pursuing individual or creative goals and needs. Rooted in sociocultural expectations related to gender role ideologies, the multitasking whirlpool reflects a pattern that demands women to embody the superwoman-superhuman identity. This identity, coupled with the concept of "gender fatigue" coined by Elisabeth K. Kelan (2009), places women in a state of tension and contradictory feelings.
Sucheta Agarwal and Usha Lenka (2015) characterize this tension as "role conflict," asserting its detrimental impact on women's physical and mental health, leading to behavioral changes. While they don't explicitly define these changes, their literature review suggests that women, to overcome this conflict, choose entrepreneurial careers to achieve a balance between work and personal life. Agarwal and Lenka recommend involving family members in entrepreneurial ventures and maintaining clear boundaries between work and home life.
Despite these efforts, there is a lingering need to eliminate gender stereotypes and address discrete forms of gender discrimination, such as the glass ceiling, glass escalator, sticky floor, and leaky pipeline. The existence of gender gaps in leadership, pay, and participation indicates the necessity of integrating the gender dimension into social structures, policies, institutions, and research Edington et al;(2015). This integration involves eliminating gender devaluation, whereby women's contributions are minimized or undervalued Figure 2.
Figure 21: (a) Glass ceiling (b) leadership gap
In the 21st century, scholars and researchers exploring the significance of women's entrepreneurial activities offer diverse insights. Some overemphasize the role of women entrepreneurs, while others downplay it. The complexity of these perspectives ranges from
1 Irene Kamberidou Distinguished" women entrepreneurs in the digital economy and the multitasking whirlpool Kamberidou Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2020) 9:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731 -020-0114-y
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homogenizing women into typical social models, suggesting a fear of failure, to asserting that women entrepreneurs are highly ambitious, open to challenges, risk-takers, and dynamically goal-oriented. The ongoing discourse reflects the nuanced nature of understanding women's roles in entrepreneurship. When delving into innovation, managerial approaches, and leadership styles, researchers characterize female entrepreneurs as possessing traits such as a more democratic, interactive, and transformational approach. They argue that women tend to be better listeners than men, showcasing a heightened propensity for collaboration and the sharing of information and knowledge. Additionally, there's an acknowledgment that women hold a slight advantage in group communication skills. Studies by Kamberidou in 2013 and Kamberidou & Fabry in 2012 indicate that the collective intelligence of a group increases with a greater representation of women, underscoring the significance of diversity and the incorporation of the gender dimension.
In recent decades, numerous studies have advocated for introducing legislation, policies, and practices geared towards fostering long-term female entrepreneurial involvement, thereby contributing to socioeconomic development. For instance, Rupali Jitendra Khaire (2011: 36) suggests implementing statutory policies to empower women as "efficient innovative entrepreneurs." To encourage women entrepreneurs, she proposes exclusive training opportunities, financial assistance, and the establishment of policies and practices to ease women's domestic responsibilities.
Khalid, S., & Kadirova, Z. (2023) This study investigates the job satisfaction levels of women employees within different banking sectors in Faridabad, India. Through an empirical approach, Khalid and Kadirova aim to provide insights into the factors influencing job satisfaction among women in these roles. By examining elements such as reward and recognition, satisfaction with supervision, and compensation, the authors seek to contribute to the existing literature on gender dynamics in the workplace, particularly within the banking industry. The findings of this research offer valuable implications for organizational policies and practices aimed at enhancing job satisfaction and overall performance among women employees in the banking sector.
Her exploration into the realm of women innovators and entrepreneurship centers on optimizing the utilization of women's potential and their contributions to enhancing Europe's competitiveness. She advocates for the active involvement of women in technological advancements, emphasizing their pivotal roles in design, production, and entrepreneurship. Her primary focus extends to fostering participative competencies and establishing connections to support entrepreneurs engaged in science, engineering, technology, and information technology.
Specifically addressing the STEM sector, she delves into strategies for promoting entrepreneurship in engineering for both women and men.
Illustrating the embodiment of an engineer-entrepreneur, Solomon Mensah, hailing from Ghana and raised in the Takoradi slums, stands as a compelling example. Motivated by a personal drive to aid children in the developing world, Mensah, a doctoral student in engineering at Northeastern University, co-founded Therapeutic Innovations. The startup aims to develop cost-effective versions of Western medical equipment tailored for deployment in developing countries. Notably, their initial creation, a device aiding newborns in breathing, addresses a prevalent cause of mortality among infants in the developing world, as outlined in Coppola (2018).
In a distinct context, Siti Zahro (2016) proposes a solution to combat unemployment among engineering graduates at the National Yunlin University of Science and Technology in Taiwan. Her suggestion involves integrating entrepreneurship into engineering education, emphasizing a multi-faceted approach. Zahro advocates for strategies encompassing learning design and practical entrepreneurial experience. She envisions teachers assuming the role of facilitators to motivate students, backed by the support of community leaders, faculty members, and stakeholders. Additionally, Zahro stresses the importance of establishing financial support mechanisms for production processes, encouraging reflective practices, implementing quality control measures, stimulating sales procedures, and conducting evaluations for each step of the process to enhance the overall quality of products.
Siemens and UN Women Team Up to Boost Digital Skills for Young African Women
Siemens AG and UN Women Germany have united to back the implementation of the African Girls Can Code Initiative (AGCCI), a program spanning Africa. The main aim is to deliver extensive training in information and communication technology (ICT), coding, and leadership skills to girls and young women throughout the continent. Both partners underscored the crucial role of education in addressing gender disparities and hastening the empowerment of women and girls. The initiative specifically targets young women aged 17 to 25 in Kenya, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda. Over the next two years, up to 625 young women will benefit from this joint effort, with all educational opportunities being provided without charge. Siemens has committed €500,000 by 2023 to support two-week, full-time coding camps in the five countries. These camps will concentrate on digital literacy, programming, and personal development skills, encompassing various topics such as robotics, the Internet of Things, animation, 3D printing, gender equality, women's empowerment, leadership, and communications.
The African Girls Can Code Initiative (AGCCI), initiated by UN Women in 2018, is a comprehensive four-year program. Its primary objective is to provide training to girls and young women aged 17 to 25, equipping them with the skills to become proficient computer programmers, developers, and designers. The ultimate aim is to empower them to pursue university studies and build successful careers in the ICT sector.
The second phase of AGCCI, launched in January 2022, is being spearheaded by UN Women in collaboration with the African Union Commission and the International Telecommunication Union. This phase is generously supported by the Government of Belgium and Siemens AG, with a focus on reaching 10 countries. 1 Within the AGCCI framework, partnerships are being forged with local stakeholders, including NGOs, ICT research institutions, and academic establishments. These partnerships are designed to create sustainable opportunities for digital training and access to digital platforms, fostering increased employability among young women and enhancing their contributions to Africa's development across various sectors.
AGCCI goes beyond skills training; it also aims to strengthen a supportive personal network among young women, encouraging mutual motivation and support. The initiative envisions the potential implementation of joint entrepreneurial ventures. Additionally, it is actively involved in developing and implementing an online platform to facilitate mentorship, training, job opportunities, and the promotion of innovative programs created by the initiative's beneficiaries. The overarching goal is to create a dynamic ecosystem that empowers and uplifts young women in the ICT sector while contributing to their personal and professional growth.
Fostering Global Health and Sustainable Development Through Sports and Physical Activity
In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in health promotion strategies, marked by the development of multidimensional approaches spanning various domains. These innovative methods are grounded in comprehensive, multilevel integrated interventions. The primary focus of these interventions is on fostering healthy environments through active community participation, necessitating a reorientation of health services and the formulation of supportive public policies. Figure 3 illustrates the interconnectedness of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with initiatives related to health promotion, sports, and physical activity.
Currently, a holistic strategy for health promotion revolves around the creation of healthy settings, incorporating diverse social and health interventions. The initiative of establishing healthy cities has gained considerable traction as an avenue for health promotion through interventions in the built environment. The adoption of the Shanghai Consensus on Safe
1 https://press.siemens.com/global/en/pressrelease/siemens-and-un-women-train-voung-african-women-ict-coding-and-iurther-digitaHiteracy
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INITIATIVES OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND BUSINESS 320
Communities during the 9th Global Health Promotion Conference in 2016 underscores the close correlation between intelligent urban development and overall well-being Dooris (2019). Insights garnered from healthy cities interventions in Colombia and Chile affirm their significant contribution to health promotion aligned with the SDGs "Shanghai Consensus on Healthy Cities" (World Health Organization, 2016). Health infrastructure, including interventions in the built environment to encourage physical activity and sports, plays a pivotal role in mitigating physical inactivity and addressing the global burden of disease.
Figure 3: Harmonizing Health, Sport, and Physical Activity for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Notably, sedentary death syndrome emerges as a substantial contributor to millions of premature deaths worldwide each year, predominantly attributable to physical inactivity. The primary cause of these fatalities is identified as a combination of poor nutrition and insufficient physical activity Florez (2016). Recognizing and addressing these key factors underscore the critical importance of promoting active lifestyles and creating environments conducive to physical well-being on a global scale Lees and Booth (2004).
Advancing Goal 3: Promoting Universal Health and Equality Across Generations
Sports play a crucial role in various dimensions of sustainable development, contributing significantly to sustainable tourism, promoting peace, and fostering sustainable health development through the creation of a sustainable built environment. The influence of sports on achieving the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), as recognized in UN General Assembly resolutions, became particularly evident with the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2015. Sports serve as a powerful catalyst for promoting health and
well-being universally, transcending gender, age, and ethnic differences UN Chronicle, United Nations (2019).
Policymakers are encouraged to implement initiatives that encourage physical activity among the population, contributing to the reduction of non-communicable diseases, as outlined in Target 3.4. This can be achieved through the development of built infrastructure that enhances physical fitness levels, ensuring unbiased access to cycling and walking to reduce road accidents (Target 3.6). Additionally, promoting active travel modes and discouraging automobile use can further improve air quality, aligning with Target 3.9 UN Chronicle. United Nations, United Nations (2019); International Society for Physical Activity and Health (2017). Sports not only convey essential health information but also serve as a platform to reach individuals who may not have received traditional health education. In the treatment and rehabilitation of both communicable and non-communicable diseases, exercise, physical activity, and sports have been extensively utilized, offering a healthy and cost-effective means of disease prevention for individuals and communities alike.
Advancing Goal 5: Empowering Women and Girls: The Transformative Impact of Sport and Physical Activity on Gender Equality
Sport and physical activity play pivotal roles in empowering women and girls, fostering improvements in their psychosocial and health conditions. Policy decisions aimed at achieving gender equality should prioritize enabling affordable access to physical exercise for women and girls throughout their lives. This involves a targeted focus on disadvantaged and marginalized communities, aiming to eradicate discrimination in physical activity and sports, as outlined in Target 5.1 International Society for Physical Activity and Health (2017). The pervasive stereotypes and societal expectations often associated with women's participation in sports can be challenged by emphasizing their strengths and abilities, allowing women and girls to showcase their talents and accomplishments. This, in turn, enhances women's self-confidence and self-esteem. Beyond individual empowerment, engagement in sports provides valuable social experiences and bonding opportunities that contribute to raising awareness of gender roles among male counterparts, offering both individuals and groups a range of social and psychological benefits. Additionally, initiatives involving women and girls in sports have the potential to address issues related to sexual and reproductive health, combat sexual harassment, and promote women's leadership within communities and beyond.
Empowering Women's Health: The Chinese Government's Initiative for Localizing Health-Related SDGs Through Sport
The Chinese Government's Initiative for Localizing Health-Related SDGs Through Sport" suggests a focused effort by the Chinese government to address health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) specifically for women. This initiative likely involves strategic measures utilizing sports as a means to achieve health-related goals tailored to women's needs. The term "localizing" implies a targeted approach, indicating that the efforts are designed to address specific health challenges at the local or community level. Overall, the heading encapsulates the Chinese government's commitment to leveraging sports as a tool to promote women's health and advance SDGs related to health and well-being.
1. 13th Five-Year Plan for Sports Development:
• Inclusion of specific provisions addressing women's sports development.
• Focus on enhancing opportunities and support for women in sports.
• Emphasis on fostering elite female athletes and promoting gender equality in sports participation.
2. Healthy China 2030 (Health Infrastructure and Built Environment for Physical Activity Promotion):
• Tailored measures for women's health, considering gender-specific health needs.
• Prioritization of creating a supportive built environment to encourage physical activity among women.
• Integration of women-centric health initiatives within the broader framework of Healthy China 2030.
3. National Fitness Program (NFP) 2016-2020:
• Inclusive fitness programs are designed to cater to women of all ages and backgrounds.
• Promotion of mass participation among women in various physical activities and sports.
• Community-based fitness initiatives encouraging women's involvement and well-being.
4. Measures for the Improvement of People's Fitness and Health by the Chinese State Council 2019:
• Specific measures addressing the fitness and health needs of women.
• Policies promoting women's participation in physical activities and sports.
• Acknowledgment of gender-specific health considerations within the broader national health improvement strategy.
Findings
1. The African Girls Can Code Initiative (AGCCI) demonstrates a concerted effort to empower young women in Africa through comprehensive ICT training, emphasizing skills development and education.
2. Sports emerge as a transformative force, contributing significantly to global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by promoting health, poverty eradication, and sustainable practices.
3. Persistent gender disparities in European entrepreneurship highlight the necessity for inclusive policies and addressing the digital skills gap.
4. Sociocultural barriers in patriarchal societies pose challenges for women entrepreneurs, requiring nuanced interventions to achieve gender equality.
5. Despite progress, gender gaps such as the glass ceiling persist, underlining the importance of gender-inclusive policies and reshaping societal perceptions.
6. The Chinese Government's Initiative for Localizing Health-Related SDGs Through Sport reflects targeted efforts to address women's health challenges, integrating gender-specific measures into broader health initiatives.
7. Empirical evidence suggests that women entrepreneurs possess diverse traits, and fostering a gender-inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem requires addressing challenges such as gender stereotypes and the digital skills gap.
Conclusion:
In the exploration of women's access to and utilization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Africa, gender dynamics within social, economic, policy, and technological frameworks are crucial considerations. The deeply ingrained societal perceptions of women's capabilities and roles contribute to uneven resource allocation, limiting opportunities for education and economic prospects. The resulting gender disparities persist due to poor representation in policy-making bodies and inadequate implementation of gender equity policies. These challenges, compounded by structural impediments, urgently demand targeted interventions to ensure equitable participation in socio-economic development. Transitioning to the realm of entrepreneurship, despite extensive research associating it with empowerment and economic contributions, persistent gender barriers, social expectations, and a digital skills gap hinder advancements. Challenges faced by women in patriarchal societies, where societal expectations often clash with entrepreneurial pursuits, necessitate nuanced interventions to foster gender equality. Empirical evidence from Rwanda, India, Pakistan, and South Africa emphasizes the discouragement and constraints faced by women entrepreneurs, highlighting the need for targeted policy initiatives. In the domain of physical activity and sports, the study underscores the transformative role of sports in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) globally. Sports contribute significantly to skill development, economic participation, poverty eradication, global food production, sustainable practices, and behavioral transformations. Recognizing the
multifaceted benefits of sports, particularly in the context of SDGs, is essential for leveraging its potential as a catalyst for positive change. Despite progress in acknowledging the contributions of women entrepreneurs, persistent gender disparities prevail in Europe. The digital skills gap and misconceptions regarding the role of women in entrepreneurship hinder progress. Efforts to eliminate gender stereotypes and discrimination are imperative to achieving equitable opportunities and fostering an environment conducive to women's entrepreneurial success. The case study of the African Girls Can Code Initiative (AGCCI) highlights a collaborative effort between Siemens AG and UN Women Germany to empower young African women through ICT training. The AGCCI, spanning several African countries, aims to bridge the digital divide and empower women in the ICT sector. This initiative exemplifies the importance of public-private partnerships in addressing gender disparities in technology. In the context of health promotion and sustainable development through sports and physical activity, the study emphasizes the interconnectedness of sports with SDGs. Sports contribute to universal health, poverty reduction, and gender equality, showcasing its potential as a tool for positive change. The Chinese Government's initiative to localize health-related SDGs through sports outlines specific measures tailored to address women's health needs, emphasizing gender-specific health considerations. comprehensive exploration sheds light on the multifaceted challenges and opportunities faced by women in Africa, encompassing ICTs, entrepreneurship, and sports. The findings underscore the urgency of targeted interventions, inclusive policies, and collaborative efforts to bridge existing gender gaps, with the overarching goal of achieving a more inclusive and equitable society.
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