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VOLUME-PLANNING SOLUTION BUILDING CREATOR Dyussenova D.G.1, Samoilov K.I.2
1Dyussenova Dana Galymzhanovna - Bachelor of Arts, Postgraduate Student;
2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of Architecture, Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the article describes the structural features of the crematorium building, describes the interiors of the crematorium.
Keywords: building configuration, functional purpose, columbarium, ceremonial hall, cremation furnace.
The crematorium, as a rule, is based on a building that is simple in its configuration — made in its volumetric-spatial solution in the form of a parallelepiped or a rectangular volume simple in terms of size. Such a volume is a brutal structure, the inside of which is divided according to its functional purpose.
It is important to relate to the crematorium building not only as a purely functional object, but also as a cult object, corresponding to the cult of the "afterlife". In this regard, the crematorium building serves as the main room for creating a certain "aura", which cannot but be displayed on the exterior of the crematorium building and its interior.
Naturally, the crematorium building cannot be something unusual in our time, the time of the present and the century of advanced technologies, the same applies to the crematorium building.
Most of the decisions related to the crematorium building are mainly dictated by the functional and technological features of this facility. The changes introduced into them are mainly only decorative in nature, not affecting practically the main purpose of the building.
There are known examples of crematorium buildings in various parts of the world, countries, but for the most part the volumetric structure of the building comes down only to the main role, burning, and the center of such a building is the furnace.
In the volumetric and spatial structure of the building, the crematorium plays the role of its dominant pipe, but in general, with the development of the modern building of the crematorium, the pipe, as an element or semantic sign of the crematorium, is a thing of the past [2].
The crematorium complex includes a ritual and technical building, a columbarium, a gallery and a parking lot. In the ritual building there are a farewell hall, a lobby and a first-aid post. The technical building is a cremation hall in which cremation furnaces are installed. Columbarium is a repository of urns with ashes after cremation [1].
As an example, consider two crematorium buildings:
1-At the Khovansky cemetery in Moscow, and 2-modern building of the crematorium in Novosibirsk, we also give example-3, a crematorium in the United States, or a Bradshaw crematorium.
The crematorium at the Khovansky cemetery in Moscow is a rather ordinary building (Fig. 1), which is a wide, massive rectangle with inserts of some architectural elements, such as an entrance portal, stylized as an entrance to a medieval fortress somewhere in the East. The plane of the
facade of the building is decorated with narrow windows located on the plane of the facade of the building. These "kinks" form, as it were, "teeth" going vertically from the first to the second floor of the building. The building looks brutal, the entrance is accented by a wide entrance staircase, a parking lot is located in front of the main entrance to the building. The building has a lobby (Fig. 2), which goes into the farewell hall, service rooms, rooms for a cremation furnace and installations serving it. The pipe is easy to read in the silhouette of the building; it rises above the complex like a kind of watchtower, located not far from the central part of the building. The roof of the building is represented by a plane with a slight inclination to the side, almost invisible due to the parapet, which imitates the battlements of the fortress walls.
The interior of the building is decorated in the style of the 1980s, which is close in its accents and the use of materials to the style of "Modernism", but in a significantly simplified version. The building of the crematorium also has a columbarium [2].
The second example is the crematorium in Novosibirsk (Fig. 3) is an example of modern architecture, built in the style of "Neoclassicism".
The main volume of the building is represented by a semicircular volume, in the central part of which there is a main entrance, and a grand staircase decorated with a carved stone fence. The main volume of the building is crowned with a dome, crowned by a statue covered with gold leaf. The interior of the building consists of a lobby, a farewell hall, a ceremonial hall, and a memorial hall. Near the building, the territory is decorated with a fountain, statues, an alley leads to the central building, along which flowerbeds are planted. Columbarium is located in the immediate vicinity of the crematorium building, and is a "three-leafed" (Fig. 4), painted in bright colors, with cells for storing urns with ashes. In general, the complex represents an interesting example of the Neoclassicism style in its modern interpretation [2].
The Bradshaw crematorium (Fig. 5-6) in the USA stands out for its characteristic "American" approach to the incineration ceremony. This is largely dictated by the commercial approach to this problem. This crematorium is one of the companies that provide funeral services, and the same applies to the pricing policy, due to the quality and decorative component in the process of the funeral rite. The technology of burning bodies is also relatively new - in this case, a dead body, ready for cremation, is placed in an environmentally friendly resomator. This stainless steel chamber, owned by the Bradshaw Bureau of Funeral and Cremation Services, uses a mixture of water and potassium hydroxide instead of a flame to break down bodies into peptides, soaps, salts, and sucrose [3].
Historically, the vast majority of Americans are the Christian nation, and Christianity has always preferred burial for a variety of reasons. But today's society is becoming increasingly secular, and many of us now identify as atheists or agnostics. But even those who consider themselves religious people are often not associated with a particular denomination. This decrease in the role of religion regarding burial methods has led to the fact that a growing number of Americans are considering other options for disposing of the remains of the deceased [3].
As a result, the number of burials through cremation in the United States is growing every year, which is a natural process, caused, among other things, by the material side of the burial issue. The Bradshaw crematorium also has a chapel to commemorate the dead, which is a subject of worship, possibly attributable to any of the world's religions. On the given examples, it can be said that the moral and spiritual, visual component is one of the important factors in the formation of the appearance and volume of the crematorium.
Fig. 1. Вuilding of the crematorium at the Khovansky cemetery, Moscow (https://ritual-doverie.ru/info/cremation/khovansky-krematory/)
Fig. 2. Рlan of the building of the crematorium at the Khovansky cemetery in Moscow (https: /ritual.ru/poleznaya-informacia/krematorii_moskvy/khovansky-krematory/)
Fig. 3, 4. Crematorium building in Novosibirsk and the Columbaria complex (https://funeral-nsk. ru/services/kremaciya-v-novosibirskom-krematorii /, https://az.sputniknews.ru/life/20181207/418298513/kladbishha-azerbaijan-kremacija.html)
Fig. 5, 6. Body burning furnace at the Bradshaw crematorium, USA, commemoration chapel - Bradshaw crematorium complex (https: //masterok.livejournal.com/3460536.html)
References
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2. Dusenova D.G., Samoilov K.I. The creation of a stylistic image of the crematorium building. Nauka i obrazovaniye segodnya. № 4 (51), 2020.
3. American Cremation. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://masterok.livejournal.com/3460536.html/ (date of access: 20.04.2020).
