CC BY
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Науковий вкник НЛТУ Украши. - 2010. - Вип. 20.1
Rizun E.M., Rizun V.B. Grey toad (Bufo Bufo L.) influence on guilds of her-petobiontic beetles
On example of trophic activity of the grey toad its influence upon guilds of herpeto-biontic beetles were analized. Elimination of the herpetobiontic beetles by the grey toad does not exceed 1 % from their absolute number. It is experimentally set that amount of meal which a stomach and kishkivniku frogs has approximately answers them to day's ration. Particle by eliminovanikh toads during the season of gerpetobiontnikh tverdokrilikh, approximately, will make less than 1 %. Usually, it will change depending on the quantity of toads in biotopi, but in any case such change will not be substantial.
Keywords. Bufo bufo, Amphibia, Coleoptera, ecology.
УДК 630*27 Д-р габ. М. Пбчиньска1; Г. Хури1; acnip. М. Романовсм1;
Г. Юргель-Малецка1 ; магктр Й. Папротна1; доц. У.Б. Башуцька2, канд. с.-г. наук - НЛТУ Украти, м. iïbeie
ВМ1СТ МАКРОКОМПОНЕНТ1В У ТРАВ1 FESTULOLIUM BRAUNII СОРТУ ФЕЛОПА, ВИРОЩЕНОÏ НА СУБСТРАТАХ 13 PIAKOÏ ЗОЛИ КАМ'ЯНОГО ВУГ1ЛЛЯ, ОСАДУ СТ1ЧНИХ ВОД,
СОЛОМ1 ТА ПРЕПАРАТУ ЕМ-1
Метою дослщжень була ощнка фггомелюрацп рщко'' золи кам'яного вугшля у поеднанш з осадами спчних вод, соломою i препаратом активних MiKpoopraHi3MiB (ЕМ-1). Базуючись на результатах дворiчного експерименту з Festulolium braunii var. Felopa, проаналiзовано ïï врожайшсть та вмют кал^, кальщю, магшю, натр^ в тра-Bi. Застосування активiзуючих речовин, тобто препарату активних мiкроорганiзмiв (ЕМ-1) та керамiчного пилу (EM-X), не мало ютотного впливу на обсяг врожайносп трави у перший рш експерименту i незначно знизило врожайшсть сухо' маси трави наступного року. Протягом усього вегетацшного перюду першого i другого роюв Festulolium braunii var. Felopa була придатною до зростання на золi самостiйно. По-еднання рщко'' золи з осадами i соломою збшьшило кiлькiсть калiю у Festulolium braunii var. Felopa. Вмют магшю в Festulolium braunii var. Felopa збшьшився на субстратах, складених золою i оргашкою, а також препаратом ЕМ-1 i становив близько 4 г Mg кг-1 у сухш маа.
Ключов1 слова: Festulolium Braunii var. Felopa, врожайшсть, макроелементи
Introduction. Festulolium braunii is a breeding cross between festucas (meadow fescue) and lolium (Italian ryegrass), which in Polish nomenclature has been given species name festulolium. It is a high grass forming loose tufts, with extensive root system. At present, there are four varieties of festulolium in the Register of Cultivars: var. Felopa and var. Sulino, var. Rekopan and var. Agula [Staniak, 2007]. Typical feature of this plant is a high percentage of leaves in green mass compared to generative shoots. This is a perennial aggressive species, resistant to summer drought.
Fluid burning is the most effective and at the same time cheapest method to decrease nitrogen oxide emission by reducing burning temperature to 850°C. Such technological operations change chemical and phasal composition of waste material remaining in the process of thermal and electric power production. Since fluidal furnaces can burn low-quality fuel, produced ash, often considered as waste, differs significantly from "standard" one. Fluidal ash is a fine-grain dust composed mainly of spherical glass grains, obtained in the process of burning black coal, ha-
1. Лкове та садово-паркове господарство
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ving properties of puzzolana (volcanic ash). It consists mainly of SiO2 and Al2O3. The lack of organic matter or nitrogen is the reason for the fact that ash alone has no physical and chemical properties which are beneficial for plant growth. On the other hand, waste material has other properties: i.e. it contains some macro- and microcomponents, or has strong alkaline reaction, which can be effectively used in agriculture. Therefore, it seems to be justified to apply ash as neutralizing agent for acid soil, or as fertilizer. From the point of view of finance and quality the best effect can be achieved when mixing ash with other waste such as sludge.
Natural and agricultural usage of sludge formed during treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, is the most effective way of sludge management. Municipal sludge can be produced at various stages of wastewater treatment and can become a significant source of organic matter in soil, its production growing every year. Chemical composition of sludge varies depending on its origin. Nitrogen present in sludge occurs mainly in organic compounds. Phosphorus content in sludge does not justify a necessity to apply phosphates. A small content of potassium comes from disposal of this component with treated water due to good solubility of potash salt. Bearing in mind sludge greasy form and unpleasant smell it is recommended to apply it with straw or sawdust of conifers.
Wheat straw is a mature or dried plant stalk, with high content of dry mass (ca. 85 %) and high sorptive power. Being subject to gradual decay and mineralization during vegetation season it supplies plants with significant amounts of carbon dioxide. This compound has typical properties of ecological substratum. Application of straw as soil fertilizer in the form of manure or chaff enables formation of humus, a form of biological transformation.
EM is a biological vaccine of natural origin, which does not contain any GMO, and constituent microorganisms exist in natural environment worldwide. Effective Microorganisms (EM) are not only harmless for humans, animals and environment but also they are simply indispensable for normal functioning. The idea of Effective Microorganisms (EM) has been developed by Teruo Higa (Japan) in the eighties of the 20th century. It is a complex of living microbial cultures consisting of: yeasts, the order Actinomycetales, fermentation fungi, lactic acid bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria. Effective Microorganisms coexist and mutually develop; this phenomenon is called synergy principle. When EM are nourished they start to produce beneficial substances, e.g.: vitamins, organic acids and antioxi-dants. They regenerate soil microflora by introducing beneficial microbes to soil; thus reducing pathogenic processes and putrefaction of organic matter. Microorganisms exert antioxidant effect directly on soil and indirectly on plant, thanks to which ratio N: P: K and C: N stays uniform at satisfactory level, humus content is increased and produced food is of higher quality [Higa 2005]. Effective Microorganisms are sold in Poland under brand name EM-1, which is a concentrate containing over 80 various microbes. Effective Microorganisms Preparation (EM-1) is applied with ceramic powder being an agent for migrating effective organisms in soil. A particular property of ceramic powder EM-X is ability to absorb nitrogen compounds and other nutrients thus preventing washing out; it allows reduction of applied nitrogen fertilizers and decrease of component demand in soil. It has been
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confirmed experimentally that application of ceramic EM-X and EM-1 generates decay of toxins present in soil and remnants of pesticides [www.vilamalia.com].
The aim of carried out studies was assessment of reclamation of black coal fluidal ash by combining it with digested sludge, straw and Effective Microorganisms preparation (EM-1). Based on results of 2-years-long experiment with Festu-lolium Braunii var. Felopa, the yield and content of following macrocomponents: potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium in grass have been analysed.
Materials and methods
a) Conditions of conducting a potted experiment
In the years 2007-2008 a potted experiment with grass Festulolium braunii var. Felopa has been carried out in locality D^bina, West Pomeranian Province, Gryfin district, Stare Czarnowo commune. The experiment covered 8 fertilizing variants (Tab. 1.). The following substances have been used as activators of biochemical processes: Effective Microorganisms preparation (EM-1) in doses corresponding to 15 dm3/ha, and Ceramic Powder EM-X in dose 40dm3/ha. The experiment was set up by method of complete randomization in 4 repetitions. Soil used in the experiment was considered a light soil due to its granulometric composition. Fluidal ash was produced in Heat and Power Generating Plant (Elektrocieplownia Zeran). Sludge has been collected from rural sewage treatment plant after one year of open-air rest cure. Wheat straw was cultivated in preceding year.
Table 1. Number of fertilizing variant and applied fertilizer components
No of fertilizing variant Applied fertilizers
1 Test - soil
2 Test - fluidal ash
3 Soil + sludge + straw - (4:2:1)
4 Fluidal ash + sludge + straw - (4:2:1)
5 Soil + sludge + straw (4:2:1) + Effective Microorganisms preparation (EM-1) [15 dm3/ha]
6 Fluidal ash + sludge + straw (4:2:1) + Effective Microorganisms preparation (EM-1) [15 dm3/ha]
7 Soil + sludge + straw (4:2:1) + preparation (EM-1) [15 dm3/ha] + Ceramic Powder EM-X [40 dm7ha]
8 Fluidal ash + sludge + straw (4:2:1) + preparation (EM-1) [15 dm3/ha] + Ceramic Powder EM-X [40 dm3/ha]
The tested plant, a species Festulolium var. Felopa was sown to pots of volume 20 dm each (200 seeds per pot, corresponding to the amount 50 kg per hectare). Festulolium is a perennial grass 3-times cut. During experiment basic cultivation works were carried out according to agrotechnical principles. Automatic spraying has been applied in order to maintain standard humidity of soil in pots. b) Chemical analysis methods
At the end of vegetation season cut grass was dried in temperature 105oC. In order to determine total content of mentioned above elements in plant, samples of analysed matter were mineralized in a mixture of nitric acid (V) and chlorous acid (VII), and next measured by means of atomic absorption spectrometer SOLAARS [Ostrowska et al., 1991].
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To process obtained data concerning the yield, Tukey's confidence half-interval values were calculated, at significance level a=0.05. Dry mass yield of Fes-tulolium has been processed statistically by method of one-way variance analysis of complete randomization applying calculation software Analytical. Wariance. 4.1 created by F. Rudnicki. To compare with other results weighed averages were calculated.
Results and discussion
a) Yield of Festulolium braunii var. Felopa
In the present paper total dry mass yields of Festulolium obtained in subsequent years of the experiment have been compared (Tab. 2.).
In first year of the experiment the lowest dry mass yield was obtained for grass growing on substratum prepared of ash alone. The yield differed significantly from yields obtained from other fertilizing combinations (Tab. 2.). Test variant yield (soil substratum) was also low and differed considerably in relation to test yield of ash substratum and yield of other fertilizing variants with addition of sludge. Combination of soil or ash with sludge and straw resulted in significant growth of dry mass of grass Festulolium var. Felopa. The obtained yield was between 17.73 and 18.95 t-ha-1. Addition of activating substances, as e.g. preparation EM-1 and Ceramic Powder EM-X did not influence significantly the volume of grass yield.
In the second year of the experiment total dry mass yield of Festulolium fell between 4.98 and 22.18 t/ha and remained at the level similar to first year data (Tab. 2.). Also in that year the lowest yield was obtained from grass growing on ash alone. However, it should be emphasized that grass was still able to grow on this substratum. Grass yield of soil test variant harvested in the second year of the experiment differed slightly from the yield of fertilizing variants in which sludge and straw were applied. However, the presence of activating substances, i.e. preparation EM-1 and Ceramic Powder EM-X, lowered a little dry mass yield of grass growing on these substrata (maximum value 5.68 t/ha) (Tab. 2.).
Table 2. Total dry mass yield of Festulolium braunii var. Felopa [t-ha1]
Years of Fertilizing variant LSD005
experiment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2007 9,98 2,50 18,95 17,93 18,35 17,73 18,83 18,13 0,761
2008 18,86 4,98 22,18 18,70 19,80 17,68 16,40 20,93 3,900
b) Content of macrocomponents in Festulolium braunii var. Felopa
Potassium. In the first year of the experiment grass growing on fluidal ash substratum had lower potassium content by ca 30 %. Application of organic fertilizers to soil did not have a significant effect on potassium content in Festulolium braunii var. Felopa. However, combination of ash with organic fertilizers was the reason for increased value of potassium in grass, stabilizing at the level 38 g K/kg of dry mass. In the second year of the experiment no diversification of available potassium in each fertilizing variant was discovered which was reflected in relatively uniform amount of potassium in cultivated grass. In the second year of experiment lower amount of potassium in grass has been observed compared to da-
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ta in the first year of experiment; the content varied between 16.79 and 31.08 g K/kg of dry mass (table 3.).
_Table 3. Weighed average contents of macrocomponents in grass_
Years of experiment Fertilizing variant LSD0,05 Normal content in the grass
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weighed average contents of potassium in grass [g K/kg s.m.]
2007 38,12 29,60 34,12 38,07 42,01 36,29 37,39 37,60 3,85 6,0-83,5
2008 27,37 26,93 26,75 31,08 20,72 16,79 21,07 28,92 2,77
Weighed average contents of calcium in grass [g Ca/kg s.m.]
2007 4,79 5,52 4,62 3,56 4,16 5,02 4,56 3,32 0,49 1,0-43,5
2008 1,66 1,96 2,17 2,92 1,64 2,86 2,62 2,04 0,21
Weig ied average contents of magnesium in grass [g Mg/kg s.m.]
2007 1,95 2,00 1,9 4,72 2,01 4,71 2,20 4,83 0,52 1,2-3,9
2008 1,60 1,88 1,78 2,07 1,83 2,41 2,15 2,00 0,16
Weighed average contents of sodium in grass [g Na/kg s.m.]
2007 0,17 0,25 0,49 2,63 0,33 2,85 0,63 2,71 0,10 1,5-5,5
2008 0,20 0,18 0,74 0,78 0,72 0,82 0,63 1,20 0,09
Calcium. Festulolium cultivated on fluidal ash alone had the highest content of calcium (5.52 g Ca/kg of dry mass); addition of organic substance to substratum decreased calcium abundance in growing plants. In the second year of the experiment it has been observed considerable (ca 50 %) drop of total calcium in grass. Calcium content was between 1.64 and 2.92 g Ca/kg of dry mass and had typical value for grass (table 3.).
Magnesium. In the first year of the experiment Festulolium growing on fluidal ash substratum and on soil test variant had magnesium content ca 2 g Mg/kg of dry mass which corresponded to magnesium content in grass growing on other substrata containing soil. However, grass growing on substrata consisting of ash and organic substance as well as preparation EM-1, absorbed more magnesium (from 4.71 to 4.83 g Mg/kg of grass dry mass).
In the second year of the experiment total magnesium in grass significantly decreased and standardized. Magnesium content was from 1.60 to 2.41 g Ca/kg of dry mass and achieved values typical for grass (Tab. 3.).
Sodium. Combining ash and soil with organic fertilizers was the reason for considerable growth of the amount of sodium in grass. In both years of the experiment grass cultivated on substratum of fluidal ash combined with organic substance had higher content of total sodium (at the level of 2 g Na/kg of dry mass in first year and 0.7 Na/kg of dry mass in second year). Similarly as for other macrocomponents, in the second year of the experiment it achieved much lower value of sodium in Festulolium.
Conclusions. Combination of soil or ash with sludge and straw resulted in significant growth of dry mass of yield of Festulolium braunii var.Felopa, particularly in the first year of the experiment.
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Нащональний лкотехшчний унiверситет УкраТни
Application of activating substances, i.e. Effective Microorganisms preparation (EM-1) and Ceramic Powder EM-X did not have significant effect on the volume of grass yield in the first year of the experiment and decreased slightly the yield of grass dry mass in the second year.
During the whole vegetation season in first and second year Festulolium braunii var. Felopa was able to grow on ash alone.
Combination of fluidal ash with sludge and straw increased the amount of potassium in Festulolium braunii var. Felopa.
Festulolium cultivated on fluidal ash alone had the highest calcium content, while addition of organic substance to substratum decreased calcium abundance of growing plants.
Magnesium content of Festulolium braunii var. Felopa growing on substrata consisting of ash and organic matter as well as preparation EM-1 was ca 4 g Mg/kg of dry mass.
Combination of fluidal ash and soil with organic fertilizers increased considerably sodium content in grass.
References
1. Higa T.: 2005. Modelowe rozwi^zanie, Ekoprofit, nr. 3, 20-24.
2. Hycnar J.J.: 2009. Eurocoalash weryfikacja popiolow ze spalania w^gla. Energetyka, 4853.
3. Kabata-Pendias A.: 1999. Biogeochemia pierwiastkow sladowych / Kabata-Pendias A., Pendias H. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. - Warszawa.
4. Krzywy E.: 2004. Gospodarka sciekami i osadami sciekowymi / E. Krzywy, A. Izewska, Wydawnictwo AR, Szczecin, 186.
5. Ostrowska, A.: 1991. Metody analizy i oceny wlasciwosci gleb i roslin / A. Ostrowska, S. Gawlinski & M. Szczubialka. - IOS Warszawa, 225-226.
6. Panak H.: 1995. Przewodnik metodyczny do cwiczen z chemii rolnej. ART. Olsztyn.
7. Staniak M.: 2007. Czynniki agrotechniczne warunkjce plonowanie i wartosc pokarmow^. Festulolium. Studia i raporty IUNG - PIB, z 9, 147-158.
8. [Електронний ресурс]. - Доступний з http://www.vilamalia.com.
Гибчинская М., Хури Г., Романовски М., Юргель-Малецкая Г., Папротна И., Башуцкая У.Б. Содержание макрокомпонентов в траве Festulolium Braunii сорта фелопа, выращенной на субстратах из жидкой золы каменного угля, осадка стоковых вод, соломе и препарата ЭМ-1
Целью исследований была оценка фитомелиорации жидкой золы каменного угля в сочетании с осадками стоковых вод, соломой и препаратом активных микроорганизмов (ЭМ-1). Базируясь на результатах двухгодичного эксперимента из Festulolium braunii var. Felopa, проанализирована ее урожайность и содержание калия, кальция, магния, натрия в траве. Применение активизирующих веществ, то есть препарата активных микроорганизмов (ЭМ-1) и керамической пыли (EM-X), не имело существенного влияния на объем урожайности травы в первый год эксперимента и незначительно снизило урожайность сухой массы травы в следующем году. В течение всего вегетационного периода первого и второго годов Festulolium braunii var. Felopa была пригодной к росту на золе самостоятельно. Сочетание жидкой золы с осадками и соломой увеличило количество калия в Festulolium braunii var. Felopa. Содержание магния в Festulolium braunii var. Felopa увеличилось на субстратах, составленных золой и органикой, а также препаратом ЭМ-1 и составляло около 4 грамма Mg кг-1 в сухой массе.
Ключевые слова: Festulolium Braunii var. Felopa, урожайность, макроэлементы
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Збiрник науково-техшчних праць
Науковий тсиик НЛТУ УкраТни. - 2010. - Вип. 20.1
Gibczynska M., Hury G., Romanowski M., Jurgiel-Malecka G., Paprotna J., Bashutska U. Content of macrocomponents in grass Festulolium Braunii (braun's festulolium) var. felopa growing on substrata: black coal fluidal ash, sludge, straw and preparation EM-1
The aim of carried out studies was assessment of reclamation of black coal fluidal ash by combining it with digested sludge, straw and Effective Microorganisms preparation (EM-1). Based on results of 2-years-long experiment with Festulolium braunii var. Felopa, the yield and content of following macrocomponents: potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium in grass have been analysed. Application of activating substances, i.e. Effective Microorganisms preparation (EM-1) and Ceramic Powder (EM-X) did not have significant effect on the volume of grass yield in the first year of the experiment and decreased slightly the yield of grass dry mass in the second year. During the whole vegetation season in first and second year Festulolium braunii var. Felopa was able to grow on ash alone. Combination of fluidal ash with sludge and straw increased the amount of potassium in Festulolium braunii var. Felopa. Magnesium content of Festulolium braunii var. Felopa growing on substrata consisting of ash and organic matter as well as preparation EM-1 was ca 4 g Mg/kg of dry mass.
Keywords: Festulolium Braunii var. Felopa, yield, macroelements
УДК 630*53:582.632.1 Магктр В.1. Блищик; проф. П.1. Лакида, д-р с.-г. наук -
НУ бюресурав i природокористування Украти, м. Кшв; доц. 1.В. Блищик, канд. с.-г. наук - Березшвський лковий коледж, м. Березне
ОЦ1НЮВАННЯ Б1ОТИЧНО1 ПРОДУКЦП СТОВБУР1В ДЕРЕВ В1ЛЬХИ КЛЕЙКО1 У ЗАХ1ДНОМУ ПОЛ1СС1
Здшснено оцшювання продукцп стовбурiв дерев вшьхи клейко! в дослщжува-ному регюш. Наведено шформативш показники, як1 характеризують якюну структуру деревини та кори стовбурiв дерев вшьхи клейко!. Оцшено потенцшш мождивосп ще! деревно! породи у процес стоку вуглецю з атмосфери. Встановлено, що оцшювання бютично! продукцп дерев мае багато спшьного з давно опрацьованим у люв-ницта та люовш таксацп вченням про поточний об'емний прирют стовбурiв дерев, який визначаеться в одиницях об'ему. Поточний об'емний прирют стовбурiв дерев вшьхи клейко! у вагових одиницях i е !х рiчною продукщею.
Ключов1 слова: бютична продуктившсть, продукщя, ф^омаса, поточний при-рют, щшьшсть, модельне дерево, тимчасова пробна площа, регресшш рiвняння, ко-ефщент детермiнацi!.
В умовах розвитку науково-техшчного прогресу та iнтенсивного росту населения свггу лiсовi масиви i окремi лiсовi екосистеми набувають зна-чення одного з иайголовиiших компоненпв бiосфери, якi iстотио впливають на глобальш екологiчнi процеси. Лiс як тип рослинносл вiдiграе провiдну роль в акумулюванш сонячно! енергi! в бютичному енергетичному потоцi бi-осфери, у продукуванш кисню та у фжсуванш вуглекислого газу (СО2), який видшяють рiзнi джерела.
У сучасних умовах, коли на перший план висуваеться оцшювання фу-нкцш люу як елемента бiосфери та найдiевiшого стабiлiзатора навколишньо-го середовища, треба очжувати ще бiльшого змикання завдань люово! науки, загальних екологiчних i соцiальних проблем. Тому головнi роздши дослi-джень екосистем - бютична продуктившсть лiсiв i циркуляцiя бiогеохiмiчних процесiв у бiосферi - ^м свого пiзнавального i загальнотеоретичного зна-
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