ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (57), 2024
УДК 551.515.9:338.1
Рхиа Джесрин Каур, студентка Международного медицинского института Курского государственного медицинского университета, Курск, Россия
e-mail : rheareen0 5 @gmail. com
Научный руководитель: Власова Ольга Владимировна, и.о.заведующего кафедрой экономики и менеджмента ФГБОУ ВО «Курский государственный медицинский университет»
ВЛИЯНИЕ СТИХИЙНЫХ БЕДСТВИЙ НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ РОСТ
Аннотация: стихийные бедствия все чаще признаются серьезной угрозой экономической стабильности и экономическому росту во всем мире. В данной исследовательской работе рассматривается влияние стихийных бедствий на экономический рост, уделяя особое внимание как краткосрочным, так и долгосрочным последствиям. На основе анализа различных тематических исследований, экономических моделей и статистических данных в статье представлен всесторонний обзор того, как стихийные бедствия нарушают экономическую деятельность, препятствуют развитию и влияют на источники доходов. В статье также рассматриваются стратегии восстановления и политика, которая может смягчить эти последствия.
Ключевые слова: стихийные бедствия, экономический рост, экономический ущерб.
Rhea Jesreen Kaur, student of the International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
e-mail: rheareen05@gmail.com Science tutor: Vlasova Olga Vladimirovna, head of Economics and Management department of Kursk State Medical University
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (57), 2024 IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
Abstract: natural disasters are increasingly recognized as significant threats to economic stability and growth across the globe. This research paper examines the impact of natural disasters on economic growth, focusing on both immediate and long-term effects. By analyzing various case studies, economic models, and statistical data, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of how natural disasters disrupt economic activities, hinder development, and affect livelihoods. The paper also discusses recovery strategies and policies that can mitigate these impacts.
Keywords: natural disasters, economic growth, economic toll.
Natural disasters, which include hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and tsunamis, pose serious risks to economic growth and development. As climate change intensifies, the frequency and severity of these disasters are expected to increase, making it crucial for nations to understand and prepare for their economic impacts. The consequences of natural disasters can be devastating, leading to loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and significant economic losses.
The immediate economic impact of natural disasters can be catastrophic. Critical infrastructure, such as transportation networks, power grids, and water supply systems, can be severely damaged or destroyed, disrupting essential services and hindering economic activity. Businesses of all sizes may face significant disruptions, including supply chain breakdowns, property damage, and loss of revenue. In many cases, businesses are forced to close temporarily or permanently, leading to job losses and economic contraction. Agricultural sectors are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters. Crop failures, livestock losses, and damage to agricultural infrastructure can lead to food shortages, price increases, and reduced agricultural exports. This, in turn, can affect food security, increase poverty, and strain the overall economy.
The long-term economic consequences of natural disasters can be far-reaching and persistent. Prolonged recovery efforts can lead to economic stagnation or even contraction, especially in regions already facing economic challenges. Governments
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (57), 2024 often incur significant debt to finance disaster relief and reconstruction efforts, which can strain public finances and limit future investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
Natural disasters can also deter foreign investment, as investors may perceive disaster-prone areas as risky. This can lead to reduced foreign direct investment and domestic investment, hindering economic growth and development. Moreover, these events can exacerbate environmental degradation, leading to soil erosion, water pollution, and deforestation. These environmental problems can further impact economic activities, such as agriculture and tourism.
The human cost of natural disasters is also significant. The loss of life, injuries, and displacement of populations can have profound social and psychological impacts. Increased stress, anxiety, and mental health issues can reduce productivity, increase healthcare costs, and hinder social cohesion.
Hurricane Katrina in 2005, one of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history, caused widespread devastation in the Gulf Coast region, particularly in New Orleans, Louisiana. The storm surge breached levees, flooding large areas of the city and causing extensive damage to homes, businesses, and infrastructure. The economic impact of Hurricane Katrina was immense. The storm caused billions of dollars in property damage, disrupted supply chains, and led to significant job losses. The tourism industry, a major economic driver for the region, was severely affected. The recovery process was slow and arduous, and many displaced residents never returned to their homes.
The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent tsunami triggered a nuclear crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The disaster caused widespread destruction, including damage to infrastructure, transportation networks, and residential areas. Millions of people were displaced, and the economic impact was significant. The disaster disrupted global supply chains, particularly in the automotive and electronics industries. Many factories and manufacturing facilities were damaged or destroyed, leading to production disruptions and shortages of essential goods. The
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (57), 2024 nuclear crisis further exacerbated the economic impact, as it led to increased costs for cleanup and decommissioning, as well as long-term health concerns.
The 2018 Camp Fire was one of the most destructive wildfires in California's history. It ravaged the town of Paradise, California, destroying thousands of homes and businesses. The fire displaced tens of thousands of people and caused billions of dollars in damages. The economic impact of the Camp Fire was significant. The destruction of homes and businesses led to job losses, reduced tax revenue, and increased demand for housing and infrastructure. The fire also had a negative impact on the local tourism industry, as many visitors were deterred from visiting the affected areas.
The 1998 floods in Bangladesh resulted in the loss of millions of tons of rice, exacerbating food insecurity and impacting the country's economy.
In addition to economic impacts, natural disasters can have significant social and human capital consequences. Displacement of communities, loss of livelihoods, and disruption of education can have long-term effects on human development. The 2010 Haiti earthquake, for example, led to widespread displacement and destruction of schools, impacting the education of millions of children and hindering the country's human capital development.
Malaysia, a Southeast Asian nation, is not immune to the effects of natural disasters. These events can have profound implications for economic growth, affecting infrastructure, human capital, and overall economic stability. Natural disasters in Malaysia often result in significant infrastructure damage. For instance, the floods in 2014, which affected several states including Kelantan and Terengganu, caused estimated losses of RM2.5 billion (approximately $600 million). Damage to roads, bridges, and public utilities not only disrupts local economies but also hampers national supply chains. The impact on businesses can be severe. Flooding and landslides disrupt operations, leading to temporary closures and financial losses. In 2017, severe flooding in Penang affected over 3,000 businesses, resulting in losses estimated at RM1.5 billion. This disruption impacts employment and reduces economic activity in affected regions. Agriculture is a vital sector in Malaysia,
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (57), 2024 contributing significantly to the economy. Natural disasters can devastate crops and livestock. For example, the 1991 floods affected paddy fields in Kedah, leading to substantial losses in rice production and subsequent food supply issues. Natural disasters often displace communities, leading to a temporary loss of workforce. The 2014 floods displaced over 200,000 people, severely impacting local economies. Displacement not only disrupts employment but also affects education and healthcare access.
After severe flooding, there is often an increase in waterborne diseases, which can burden healthcare systems and reduce workforce productivity. The 2017 Penang floods led to increased cases of leptospirosis and other diseases, impacting public health resources.
The education sector is also affected, with schools being damaged or repurposed for emergency relief. This disruption hinders educational attainment, particularly in rural areas. The 2014 floods caused significant interruptions to schooling, affecting thousands of students.
To mitigate the economic impact of natural disasters in Malaysia, a multifaceted approach is necessary:
1. Reconstruction and economic stimulus: post-disaster recovery often leads to investments in resilient infrastructure. Following the 2014 floods, the Malaysian government invested in better drainage systems and flood control measures, aimed at reducing future risks. Such investments can stimulate economic growth in the long run by improving infrastructure.
2. Diversification of economy: disasters can prompt a reevaluation of economic strategies. Malaysia has focused on diversifying its economy beyond traditional sectors such as palm oil and rubber, integrating technology and services. For instance, the recovery efforts post-disaster have led to increased interest in sustainable agricultural practices.
3. Innovation in disaster management: the experience of natural disasters has prompted innovations in disaster management and response strategies. Malaysia has
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (57), 2024 increasingly adopted technology in monitoring and responding to disasters, enhancing resilience and reducing recovery times.
4. Community engagement and education: engaging communities in disaster preparedness and response planning is vital. Public education campaigns about flood risks and emergency preparedness can enhance community resilience.
5. Public-private partnerships: collaborations between the government and private sector can enhance recovery efforts and improve infrastructure resilience. These partnerships can facilitate funding for disaster mitigation projects and foster innovation in response technologies.
6. Long-term urban planning: Sustainable urban planning that considers the risks of natural disasters is essential for reducing future vulnerabilities. This includes enforcing stricter building codes and zoning regulations to prevent construction in high-risk areas.
Natural disasters pose significant challenges to economic growth and development. By understanding the complex interplay between natural disasters and economic performance, and by implementing effective strategies and policies, nations can mitigate the impacts of these events and build resilience for a sustainable future. As climate change continues to intensify, it is imperative to prioritize investments in disaster risk reduction, climate adaptation, and sustainable development to safeguard economic growth and well-being.
References
1. Fischer, H. (2006). The Economic Impact of Hurricane Katrina. Southern Economic Journal, 73(1), 201-221.
2. Nakatani, T., & Kuroda, K. (2013). The Economic Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Economic Analysis and Policy, 43(2), 239-261.
3. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) reports on the Camp Fire.
4. Malaysian Meteorological Department. (2014). "The Impact of Floods in Malaysia: A Study on the 2014 Floods."
ПОЛИТИКА, ЭКОНОМИКА И ИННОВАЦИИ № 4 (57), 2024
5. World Bank. (2015). "Natural Disasters and Economic Growth in Malaysia."
6. National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA) Malaysia. (2018). "Disaster Management in Malaysia: An Overview."
7. Kaur, S., & Kaur, M. (2019). "Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: Evidence from Malaysia." Asian Economic Policy Review.
8. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2016). "Climate Change and Flooding: Impact on Malaysian Agriculture."
9. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2020). "Building Resilience to Disasters in Malaysia."