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IMPACT OF NEGATIVE FACTORS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIETY IN THE USE OF ICTS
Oleg P Ievlev Keywords: information ecology,
Moscow Technical University of Communications and ^unic^s
technologies, Internet addiction,
and Informatics, Moscow, Russia,
negative ICT factors, information ¡[email protected] dependent diseases.
Currently, the Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) have penetrated into all spheres of human life, becoming an integral part of any public relations. The widespread use of information systems in culture and medicine, social sphere, economy, education and transport infrastructure becomes everyday reality. On the basis of modern ICTs have been developed new areas of social, economic and political activities of mankind, striving to the information society. However, ICTs, as well as other widespread today technology trends, despite many positive factors for a creative society and man, exert a negative impact on the direct user, his health, livelihoods, as a single living being, and as a member of society. As our research showed, so far, some of these effects have been studied, some are only being discussed. So, in general, this effect has been studied not completely yet and requires a comprehensive system analysis for the identification, classification and development of recommendations for early detection and adopting a set of actions from each of ICTs ecosystem stakeholders. The article contains classification of sources of negative impact factors on human health and society when using ICTs, analysis and classification of harmful and diverse impact factors, such as, physical, chemical, psychophysiological, socio-pathological risky factors by using ICT terminal equipment, Internet and ICT applications' addictions, information dependent diseases, information and psychological effects and distortion of information. The article attempts also to form a model of assessing the negative impact factors on human health and society in the use of ICTs. Recommendations on applied tools for modelling are proposed.
Information about author
Oleg P. Ievlev, Dean of Information technologies faculty of Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics, Ph. D., associate professor, Moscow, Russia
Для цитирования:
Иевлев О.П. Влияние негативных факторов на здоровье человека и общество при использовании ИКТ // T-Comm: Телекоммуникации и транспорт. 2017. Том 11. №3. С. 71-75.
For citation:
Ievlev О.Р. (2017). Impact of negative factors on human health and society in the use of ICTs. T-Comm, vol. 11, no.3, рр. 71-75.
!n our days the Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) have penetrated into all spheres of human life, becoming an integral part of any public relations. The widespread use of information systems in culture and medicine, social sphere, economy, education and transport infrastructure becomes everyday reality. On the basis of modem ICTs have been developed new areas of social, economic and political activities of mankind, striving to the information society.
ICTs can be used for a variety of human activities, so they are transforming virtually every sector of society and the economy. Innovations in 1CT create new opportunities to improve human health and nutrition, ease of access to information, to expand knowledge, to stimulate economic growth and citizens' participation in public life. The defining feature of the ICTs - Is their ability to help a person in collection, processing, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information and knowledge. Management of knowledge has beeome extremely important in today's global economy, where success often depends on the ability to quickly acquire and effectively use the valuable cumulative information, as well as operational and cost-effective way to transfer it to others.
The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), held in two phases in Geneva 2003 and Tunis 2005, set out a clear vision to harness the vast potential of information and communication technologies to achieve the development aspirations of all the world's inhabitants. Recognizing the importance of ICTs as valuable assets for economic growth, world leaders expressed their strong political commitment towards building an inclusive, people-centered and development-oriented information society. World leaders, representing governments, civil society, private sector and technical community developed a strategic framework concept of partnership of stakeholders from different sectors aimed at promoting the dissemination and use of ICT [1J. This concept allows the use of the potential of ICTs for expanding an access - especially of vulnerable groups - to education, health care, banking and other services. It recognizes that ICTs open the road to information and knowledge. These technologies offer the possibility of environmental risk mitigation of natural disasters and sustainable food production.
However, ICTs, as well as other widespread today technology trends, despite many positive factors for a creative society and man, have a negative impact on the direct user, his health, livelihoods, as a single living being, and as a member of society. As our research showed, so far, some of these effects have been studied, some are only being discussed. So, in general, this effect has been studied yet not completely and requires a comprehensive system analysis for the identification, classification and development of recommendations for early detection and adopting a set of actions from each oflCTs ecosystem stakeholders.
It is obvious that a person has the highest risk of being exposed to the negative impact of ICTs is that who is directly confronted with the sources of harmful and adverse factors of ICT, as a direct user of the corresponding terminal equipment and software. On this basis, it is proposed to consider the following sources of negative impact:
1, The terminal ICT equipment, including computers, mobile phones, tablets, routers and repeaters of radio access (Wi-Fi) and peripherals (printers, scanners), etc.;
2. ICT services and applications, including information and communication services and mobile applications, e-mail, social networking, etc.;
3. Information resources (information).
Further in the article we consider each of these sources in terms of content and degree of risky effects on human health, the impact of possible outcomes and recommendations to prevent and minimize the impacts.
The most studied and "normalized" source of negative impact factors is work with a computer, which belongs to the category of works related to risky and harmful working conditions. Classification of adverse and harmful factors at work on the computer is included in the GOST state standards [2] and [31.
The physical harmful and adverse factors (1) include: increased levels of radiation; static electricity and dust outside the working area; reduced levels in the working area; elevated levels of glare; uneven distribution of brightness in the field of view; high brightness light image; high value of voltage in the electrical circuit, etc. Chemicals harmful and adverse factors (2) include an increased content in workplace air of carbon dioxide, ozone, ammonia, phenol and formaldehyde. Psychophysiological harmful and adverse factors (3) include eye and attention strain; intellectual, emotional and prolonged static loads; labor monotony; a large amount of information processed per unit of time; inappropriate workplace organization.
The "computer addiction7' factor could be referred of the negative impact on human health too. The term "computer addiction" defines a pathological addiction of a person to work or spent time at the computer, e.g. [4]. The features of this addiction, as well as addiction to use a mobile phone, various other gadgets are: withdrawal symptoms, the desire to get the object, reduction of a critical attitude to the negative sides of addiction, loss of interest in relation to the social side of life, visage and daily living wants. In this connection, it is proposed to supplement the existing classification by (4) socio-pathologic a I harmful factors.
The impact of negative factors when using computers and other terminal devices has been studied quite completely- there are a number of international, regional and national standards in this field and regulatory requirements for equipment, ergonomics, the environment, recommendations on workplace equipment. Main domestic standards are Sanitaiy rules and norms (SanPIiNs) and State standards (GOSTs), e.g., SanPiN 2.2.2 / 2,4.1340-03 "Hygienic requirements for personal computers and the organization of work", GOST "Display tools for individual use. General ergonomic and safety requirements".
The list of foreign countries* standards includes two groups: the first group contains the EMC and electrical safety requirements (European CE, SEMKO AB, Canada FCC Class B, (he Swedish E-2000, the international EPA EnergyStar) and the second group stands for the standards that contain the requirements for ergonomics: Swedish MPR-II, the international standard ISO 9241, the German TUV Ergonomie, VESA DDC, TCO. The World Health Organization WHO (http://www.who.int/ru) identified the study of the biological effect of low-frequency EMF on the display, as one of the priority directions in science. In Germany, work w ith PC and VDT joined the list of the 40 most hazardous occupations. In the US, EMF problem is recognized as a national.
The oilier terminal device, the use of which causes global concern is ihe mobile phone. The mobile phone has a thermal (power) and no thermal (vortex) impact. As a result of heat exposure (more than 10 uW/cm ) possible violations of various human organs (clouding of the lens of the eye, violation of the functional parts of the middle car, etc.) could occur [5]. The WHO issued the following opinion on the latest mobile and wireless networks: "In view of the very low ¡eveI of radiation, the assumption that the weak RF signals from base stations and wireless networks can cause serious damage to human health, not scientifically proven" [6].
The second negative impact source is ICT services and applications, including information and communication services and mobile applications, email, and social networks.
A related lo "computer addiction" factor is the Internet addiction. Symptoms of the Internet addiction is a compulsion to check e-mail, chai rooms living, uncontrollable urge to scarch and search various kinds of information in the network.
In some cases, people are addicted to watching porno and reading porno literature on various sites. This phenomenon could not be called the Internet addiction, if the same people like to read the usual "dirty" magazines and watch pom movies on TV. In this case, the Internet is the only source of information, and the very addiction should be viewed as a violation of sexual behavior or sexual relationship.
A little different is the case related to video games and correspondent addiction. As in the case of visiting pornographic sites, a computer is only an instrument to access the desired information and as itself the work on PC for people suffering gambling does not attract in general.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is planning to recognize Internet addiction as a mental disorder. A new International Classification of Diseases (ICD-I1) is preparing now, which should enable this problem. As soon as the Internet addiction is included into official list of diseases it can be treated by doctors with drugs and psychotherapy. According lo psychologists, the same diagnosis could be diagnosed to taking settles, online games, SMS and social networks addicted people.
The third negative impact source is information resources (information). The analysis of open sources showed that today there is no any sufficiently substantiated and detailed classification of the impact of information on the person. This is due to the novelty and complexity of this issue, as well as to the fact that the classification procedure itself and its result depend on the tasks that need to be addressed, and on the elected bases and criteria used in the classification.
An increased demand of person for information and information technologies gives rise to many issues. On the one band, the everyday information flow, which falls on the person, is so great, that it is hard to handle it in time. On the other - the habit of living in information environment creates a need for obtaining information constantly, so the "information addiction" appears.
Now we are not speaking on the Internet addiction, when a person feels the need to be always online but on addiction to be the information consumer in general. The form could be various - paper, electronic, audio or video (although it should be noted that this behavior arose in the Internet age with its huge fiows of information).
The rapid growth in the use of ICT in society has marked certain trends that may be related to the information, as a risk factor:
an increase in the incidence of mental disorders, neuroses, cardiovascular disease, increase in the number of suicides, the highest share in the structure of mortality information-dependent causes [8].
The observed increase in morbidity and disability due to mental illness — directly and the increase the incidence of blood circulatory system diseases, increased mortality and a high proportion in the structure of mortality information-dependent reasons - Indirectly, may be associated with unfavorable in formation environment in a country, region and the world and evidence the negative impact of information on human health and society in general.
The WHO predicts [9] that by 2020, mental illness will come in first place in the structure of morbidity, ahead of cardiovascular disease. According to the WHO statistics, the every 4-51,1 inhabitant of the planet currently suffers from mental illness. By 2020, the situation threatens to get worse: every 3rd person to be sick. Of course, we are not talking about serious mental illness, but the proportion of soft forms and the border slates will increase significantly. By 2020. depression will be released as the second leading cause of disability and death. Now the disease is on the first place by number of days of disability.
The International Classification of Diseases, the 10th revision, ICD-10 (http://mkb-IO.com) defined nosological entities that have an etiological relationship with the influence of information: mental and behavioral disorders (F class, F00-F99), acute stress reaction (F43), a reaction to severe stress and adjustment disorder (F43.0), post-traumatic stress disorder (F43.1), depressive episodes (F32), recurrent depressive disorder (F33); gambling - pathological attraction to gambling, computer games, may be similar to the conduct disorder, addictive behavior, including Internet-dependence (F63.0), etc.; factors influencing the health status and contact with health services (Class XXI, Z00-Z99); potential health hazards related lo socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances (Z55-Z65), problems related to work and unemployment (Z56) , the threat of losing a job (Z56.2), a busy schedule (Z56.3), conflict with boss and eo-workers (Z56.4), improper operation (Z56.5), other physical and mental stress at work (Z56.6).
In addition, according to the Information theory of emotions by P.V. Simonov [10J and Concept of stress of H. Selye [111, socially relevant information leads to the development of emotional stress and its consequences in the form of diseases: cardiovascular (ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, heart attacks, strokes, etc.), digestive system (stomach ulcer), immune system, cancer diseases, mental illness, increased levels of accidents and suicides (this applies to classes II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII oflCD-10).
Other forms of information negative impact of human and society are Information and psychological effects and distortion of information (disinformation).
Information and psychological activities of various groups and associations of people, in particular, some political parties, political movements, nationalist and religious organizations, financial and economic and commercial structures, lobbying and mafia groups, ctc, could be a harmful for a person. Their activity becomes dangerous, when in order to achieve their goals, they begin to use various kinds of information and means of psychological influence, thereby changing the behavior of people in a way that causes damage to their own interests.
[f the information has undergone modifications carried out for destructive purposes, such information is defined as a distorted or misinformation [12]. Thus, the distorted information is a destructive kind of socially significant information, distorting the adequacy of political reality.
Let us consider a model for assessing the negative factors on human health and society hy using ICT.
The cumulative flow on the input of the model corresponds to the negative impacts in the use of ICTs discussed above, and namely, arising from:
1. The terminal ICT equipment, including computers, mobile phones, tablets, routers and repeaters of radio access (Wi-Fi) and peripherals (printers, scanners), etc.;
2. ICT services and applications, including information and communication services and mobile applications, e-mail, social networking, etc.;
3. Information resources (information).
The total flow of negative factors: = where i - the
type of source of exposure. Each type of exposure is characterized by parametersKf = {AT,...A/,...}, such as focus, intensity, duration. The parameter values we will define as discrete, for example, using the following values: acceptable, dangerous, marginal permitted or minor, medium, high, etc.
The total negative effects flow is directed to the person who is characterized by a set of conditions Sc= {}T,...Yk,...}, such as age, occupation, education, income, marital status, living conditions, health status, etc.
At the output of the model- predicted effects on human being {Pl,,..Pm,„.}such as fatigue, psychiatric disorders, vision deterioration, etc.
This model could be more complicated if we consider the state of a group of people, society and other ICTs ecosystem stakeholders, which involves the interaction between them to achieve the common aim- prophylaxis and preventing the effect of negative impact, for example through the development of standards, recommendations, the restrictive measures at the state level (governments) . In addition, the model can include measures to mitigate or eliminate the consequences of actions by, for example, physical therapy, procedures, psychological care, and medical treatment.
It is clear that further formal description of the model, as well as obtaining simulation results is a difficult task. The solution requires the involvement of various methods and tools of mathematical, simulation apparatus.
The analysis of open sources, e.g. [13], [14] allowed identifying the following applied tools:
1. System analysis of human information perception processes in order to create at least a simplified mathematical, algorithmic, computer models of perception. There can be used a variety of approaches, which tested in the sphere of applied mathematics, probability theory and mechanics.
2. At the initial stage of the investigation it may have to use a variety of identification experiments, specialized laboratory facilities, applicable psychophysiological methods and sociological studies.
3. With the help of psychological tests and scales, techniques, fixing vegetative-vascular reactions to emotionally significant information exposure, using neuroimaging techniques (positron emission tomography, EE0 mapping) it can be developed an
acceptable and unacceptable qualitative and quantitative parameters of information effects in terms of the impact on the mental health.
4. To solve the problems of information ecology, especially in the field of research, it is recommended to use techniques such as timing (including self-observation), methods of expert assessments, interviews and surveys (including an assessment of the quality of life). As part of the laboratory experiment, with the participation of volunteers it is possible to use more complex neurophysiological research.
5. The main methods of assessing the impact of the environment on human health: clinical epidemiology methods, statistical data analysis and Data Mining. The basis of the Data Mining techniques makes all sorts of classification methods, modeling and prediction, based on the use of decision trees, artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming, associative memory and luzzy logic.
Литература
1. Site ITU, World Summit on Information Society: Tunis Commitment - Tunis 2005, viewed 08 February 2017, http://wWw. itu.i nt/net/wsis/o utcom e/booklet/index.htm I.
2. State standard of the USSR GOST 12.0.003-74*: Occupational safety standards system. Dangerous and harmful production effects. Classification, viewed 12 January 2017, http://dokipedia.rn/doeument/5164280(/n Russian)
3. State standard of the USSR GOST 12.0.001-82: Occupational safety standards system. Basic rules, viewed 12 January 2017, http://dokipedia.ru/documeiit/5159944 (in Russian)
4. Computer addiction as a social issue: VII International electronic scientific conference 2015, viewed 13 January 2017, http://www.liensmed.ru/programmer4.html. (in Russian)
5. Site Neitronic: Do you speak on mobile phone? viewed 10 January 2017, http://neitronik.com/index-6.htm.
6. Site Telekomideya: LIE - weapons of mass destruction?, viewed 11 January 2017, http://ieleeoinideas.eom/-/iiews-705866. {in Russian)
7. Site M24.ru Network edition: Dependence on selfie and social networks can recognize the disease, viewed 12 January 2017, http://www.rn24.ru/artieles/74278. (in Russian)
8. Scientific journal Modern high technologies: Parakhonsky A.l\ Effect of the information environment on public health, viewed 13 January 2017, http://wWw.top-technologies.ru/ru/article/view?id=22837. {in Russian)
<J. Site RG.ru, Russian gazeta- Pharmaceuticals№5478: Prevent disease, viewed 13 January 2017, http://www.rg.ru/201 I /05/! 6/depress i у a. htm I. (in Russian)
10. Simonov P.V. Information theory of emotions, viewed 13 January 2017, http "JI www. persev. ru/book/p v-simpnov- informaci on naya-teoriya-emociy. (in Russian).
11. Humanity- legal portal PSYERA: Concept of stress Selye H., viewed 14 January 2017, http://p5yera.ru/koneepciya-5tressa-g-sele_7517.htm. (in Russian)
12. Collegiate Dictionary Word about man: "Disinformation", viewed 15 January 2017, http://www.Slovochel.ru/dezinformacija.htin. (in Russian)
13. Site of Institute of the problems of Northern development: The problems of information ecology, viewed 20 January' 2017, http://www.ipdn.ru/rics/docl/OD/l-sha.htm. (in Russian)
14. Electronic Journal of Modem problems of science and education: Oil the question of the development of the foundations of health information, viewed 22 January 2017, http://www.se ience-ed ucation.ru/ru/artic le/view?id= 13738. (in Russian)
ВЛИЯНИЕ НЕГАТИВНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ НА ЗДОРОВЬЕ ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ОБЩЕСТВО ПРИ
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ ИКТ
Иевлев Олег Павлович, к.т.н., доцент, декан факультета Информационных технологий МТУСИ,
Москва, Россия, [email protected]
Аннотация
В настоящее время инфокоммуникационные технологии (ИКТ) проникли во все сферы жизнедеятельности человека, став неотъемлемой частью любой области общественных отношений. Обыденным стало широкое использование систем передачи информации в культуре и медицине, социальной сфере, экономике, образовании и транспортной инфраструктуре. На базе современных ИКТ получили развитие новые сферы социальной, экономической и политической деятельности общества, стремящегося к информационному. ИКТ, как и другие, широко распространенные сегодня технологии и тренды, несмотря на многочисленные позитивные креативные факторы для человека и общества, оказывает негативное влияние на непосредственного пользователя. Как показало наше исследование, до сих пор, это влияние изучено не полностью и требует комплексного системного анализа с целью идентификации, классификации негативных факторов при использовании ИКТ, разработке рекомендаций по своевременной профилактике и принятию определенного комплекса мер каждой из заинтересованных сторон экосистемы ИКТ. Приводится классификация источников негативного воздействия на здоровье человека и общество при использовании ИКТ, анализ и классификация опасных и вредоносных факторов, включая физические, химические, психофизиологические, социо-патологические факторы риска для пользователя терминального ИКТ оборудования, Интернет зависимость, зависимость от ИКТ приложений, информационно-зависимые заболевания, информационные и психологические факторы воздействия, дезинформацию. Делается попытка сформировать модель для оценки воздействия негативных факторов на человека и общество при использовании ИКТ, даются рекомендации по средствам и методам моделирования.
Ключевые слова: информационная экология, информационные и коммуникационные технологии, Интернет зависимость, негативные факторы ИКТ, информационно-зависимые болезни.
Литература
1. Сайт ITU, World Summit on Information Society: Tunis Commitment Tunis 2005, 8 февраля 2017, http://www.itu.int/net/wsis/out-come/booklet/index.html.
2. Государственный стандарт СССР ГОСТ 12.0.003-74: дата обращения 12 января2017, http://dokipedia.ru/document/5l64280.
3. Государственный стандарт СССР ГОСТ 12.0.001-82: дата обращения 12 января 2017, http://dokipedia.ru/document/5l59944.
4. Computer addiction as a social issue: VII International electronic scientific conference 2015, дата обращения 13 января 2017, http://www.tiensmed.ru/programmer4.html.
5. Сайт Neitronic: Do you speak on mobile phone?, дата обращения 10 January 2017, http://neitronik.com/index-6.htm
6. Сайт Телекомидея: LTE - weapons of mass destruction, дата обращения 11 января 2017, http://telecomideas.com/-/news-705866.
7. Сайт M24.ru Network edition: Dependence on selfie and social networks can recognize the disease, 12 января 2017, http://www.m24.ru/articles/74278.
8. Парахонский А.П. Effect of the information environment on public health // Современные высокие технологии. Дата обращения 13 января 2017, http://www.top-technologies.ru/ru/article/view?id=22837.
9. Сайт RG.ru, Русская газета. Pharmaceuticals №5478: Prevent disease, дата обращения 13 января 2017, http://www.rg.ru/20ll/05/l6/depressiya.html.
10. Симонов П.В. Информационная теория эмоций, дата обращения !3января 20l7, http://www.persev.ru/book/pv-simonov-infor-macionnaya-teoriya-emociy.
11. Humanity-legal portal PSYERA: Concept of stress Selye H., дата обращения l4 January 20l7, http://psyera.ru/koncepciya-stressa-g-sele_75l7.html.
12. Collegiate Dictionary Word about man: "Disinformation", дата обращения l5 января 20l7, http://www.slovochel.ru/dezinfor-macija.htm.
13. Сайт: Institute of the problems of Northern development: The problems of information ecology, дата обращения 20 января 20l7, http://www.ipdn.ru/rics/docl/OD/l-sha.htm.
14. On the question of the development of the foundations of health information // Electronic Journal of Modern problems of science and education. Дата обращения
22 января 20l7, http://www.science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=l3738.
