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УДК 634.75:631.816.32:631.544.45
ВЛИЯНИЕ АНТИИСПАРИТЕЛЯ СТРАЖ ПАРА НА КОЛИЧЕСТВО И КАЧЕСТВО УРОЖАЯ КЛУБНИКИ
М. Микичук, Г. Микичук, Е. Моздзер
Западно-Померанский технологический университет в Щецине (Польша), e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
В данной работе дана оценка влияния антииспарителя под торговой маркой Страж Пара на природную смолу, качество и количество урожая земляники садовой сорта Сальса. В 2009-2010 гг. проведен однофакторный опыт в случайном порядке с четырьмя повторами. Исследования проведены в теплицах Западно -Померанского университета в Щецине. Опрыскивание растений раствором антииспарителя Страж Пара в концентрации 0,75% проводили перед цветением. Как выяснилось, эта процедура существенно повлияла на качество урожая и массу ягод. Ягоды, полученные с растений, которые были опрысканы раствором, отличались более высоким содержанием аскорбиновой кислоты и меньше накапливали нитраты по сравнению с контролем. Антииспаритель Страж Пара также повышал содержание калия и магния в листьях клубники, одновременно с увеличением содержания магния в ягодах. Применение данного антииспарителя сокращало накопление свинца листьями изучаемого сорта клубники.
Ключевые слова: земляника садовая, антииспаритель, количество и качество урожая.
THE EFFECT OF ANTITRANSPIRANT VAPOR GARD ON THE CROP YIELD AND QUALITY OF STRAWBERRY FRUITS Malgorzata Mikiciuk, Grzegorz Mikiciuk, Ewa Mozdzer
West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, e-mail: [email protected]
The aim of the study being carried out was to evaluate the effect of antitranspirant produced with natural resins, with the trade name Vapor Gard, on the crop yield and quality of strawberry fruits of the cultivar Salsa. A single-factor experiment was conducted in a completely randomized system, with four replications, in 2009-2010. Examinations were performed in the vegetation hall of the Western Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. Spraying of strawberry plants with anti-transpirant Vapor Gard, at a 0,75% concentration, was applied before flowering. This preparation was found to have an effect on increasing the crop yield and one fruit weight of strawberry cultivar Salsa. The fruits of strawberry plants being sprayed with this antitranspirant were characterised by a higher content of ascorbic acid and accumulated less nitrates than those of control plants. Antitranspirant Vapor Gard had an effect on increasing the potassium, calcium and magnesium contents in the strawberry leaves as well as that of magnesium in the strawberry fruits. The application of this antitranspirant reduced accumulation of lead in the leaves and fruits of the strawberry cultivar being examined.
Keywords: strawberry, antitranspirant, Salsa, crop yield and quality.
Strawberry belongs to plants with high water requirements. Water deficit is one of the most important factors limiting the crop yield and fruit quality of this species [1-4]. Many authors point to the necessity of strawberry plantation irrigation, particularly in fruit growth and ripening time [2, 3, 5, 6]. However, high irrigation costs and limited water resources necessitate cultivation of strawberry cultivars with higher drought resistance and search for new technologies that limit water needs of these plants. One of the methods of increasing plant resistance to water deficiency may be application of antitranspirants [7]. Therefore, the study being carried out aimed at evaluation of the effect of antitranspirant Vapor Gard on the crop yield and quality of strawberry fruits of the cultivar Salsa.
MATERIAL AND METHODS. In 2009-2010, a pot experiment in a completely randomized system was carried out in four replications in the vegetation hall of the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. The object of the study was the strawberry cv. Salsa. The experimental factor was spraying with antitranspirant Vapor Gard (Miller Chemical and Fertiliser Corporation, USA), at a 0,75% concentration. Antitranspirant was applied one-time before the flowering of strawberry. Pots of 10 dm3 capacity were filled with 8 dm3 of soil material. For all plants, the same mineral fertilization was used. The doses of fertiliza-
tion were (kg/ha): 50 N, 80 P and 100 K. Potassium, phosphorus and half a dose of nitrogen fertilization was applied prior to planting. Half a dose of nitrogen was used before the flowering of the plants. In mid April 2009, «frigo» plants were placed in containers, 1 piece per a pot. The plants wintered in pots in an unheated greenhouse. Soil moisture was measured by means of soil contact tensiometers. All plants were watered when the tensiometer showed 450 hPa. Then plants were watered with 0,5 dm3 H2O/pot. Well grown, healthy leaves, and ripe fruit were taken for determination. The content of L-ascorbic acid, nitrate and nitrite was determined in juice by a reflectometer Merck RQflex 10. Total acidity in fruit was determined by titration of a water extract of strawberry homogenate with 0,1 N NaOH to the end point of pH 8,1 (according to PN-90/A-75101/04). Soluble solids content was determined by a refractometer Atago Pol 1. The content of total macro and micronutrients in fruit and leaves of strawberry was determined in plant material dried at 105°C. The plant material (5 g) was wet mineralized in a 03:01 mixture of nitrogen (V) and chloric (VII) acid. The content of the elements in leaves and fruit of strawberry was determined by means of the AAS method.
The results of the research were put to a one-factor analysis of variance. The significance of differences between the
зарубежный опыт
1. Chemical parameters of strawberry fruit ^ cv. Salsa
Soluble solids, % L-ascorbic acid, mg/100 g Total acidity, g of citric acid/100 g N-NO3 n-no2
mg/100 cm3
Control 8,86a* 61,9a 0,91a 14,21b 0,18a
Vapor Gard 9,10a 78,2b 0,95a 8,15a 0,19a
*Means assigned identical letters do not differ significantly at the level of significance a = 0,05.
2. Content of macroelements and sodium ^ in leaves and fruit of strawberry cv. Salsa
P K Ca Mg Na
g/kg dry matter mg/kg
Leaves
Control 2,25a* 14,2a 7,72a 2,15a 20,9a
Vapor Gard 2,64a 16,1b 10,50b 2,78b 19,3a
Fruit
Control 2,38a 14,75a 10,21a 1,14a 24,1a
Vapor Gard 2,44a 15,08a 9,42a 1,78b 22,4a
*Means assigned identical letters do not differ significantly at the level of significance a = 0,05.
3. Content of micro- and traceelements in leaves and fruit of strawberry cv. Salsa, mg/kg dry matter
Fe Mn Zn Cu Pb Cd
Leaves
Control 428,2a* 26,9a 16,8a 5,83a 2,51b 0,18a
Vapor Gard 397,5a 32,5a 16,1a 6,78a 1,25a 0,10a
Fruit
Control 562,3a 31,3a 13,2a 3,25a 2,80b 0,11a
Vapor Gard 621,4a 28,1a 13,8a 3,76a 1,28a 0,10a
*Means assigned identical letters do not differ significantly at the level of significance a = 0,05.
averages were defined by Duncan's test at p = 0,05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. According to Masny and Zurawicz [8], the cultivar Salsa is distinguished by abundant crop yields and production of large, firm fruits with high vitamin C content. It was showed in the study being carried out that antitranspirant Vapor Gard had an effect on increasing the sum of the total yield of two years of research (Fig. 1) and weight of the individual fruit of this strawberry cultivar (Fig. 2). In the opinion of Latocha et al. [7] the application of antitranspirant Vapor Gard did not have any effect on increasing the fruit weight of several acti-nidia cultivars.
As reported by Masny and Zurawicz [8], the content of soluble solids in the fruits of cultivar Salsa is 7,57 to 8,54%. In the study being carried out, the content of soluble solids ranged from 8,86 to 9,10%. No effect of the preparation being applied on the trait under discussion was observed (Tab. 1). Antitranspirant Vapor Gard had an effect on increasing the content of ascorbic acid in the fruits of strawberry cultivar being examined. As reported by Moor et al. [9], the
mg/100 g FM. According to these authors, water deficiency and high temperatures during fruit ripening are the cause of a significant decrease in the vitamin C content in strawberry fruits. On the other hand, Koszanski et al. [10] states that irrigation of strawberry plantation favours an increase in the vitamin C content in its fruits. No effect of the preparation being applied on total acidity of the strawberry fruits of cultivar Salsa was observed. The application of this antitranspi-rant reduced accumulation of nitrates and did not have any effect on the content of nitrites in the strawberry fruits. This is because the improvement of water conditions, as stated by Koszanski et al. [10], contributes to an increase in the activity of nitrate reductase and decreases the content of nitrates in plants.
The spraying with the said antitranspirant did not affect the phosphorus and sodium contents in the strawberry leaves, whereas it favoured an increased accumulation of potassium, calcium and magnesium in them (Tab. 2). The contents of macroelements and sodium being found in the strawberry leaves of cultivar Salsa are within the limits given
content of vitamin C in strawberry fruits may range 6 to 156 in the literature [11-18]. According to Zurawicz et al. [19],
500 400 nt300
n »200
100
0
b
p
i
Vapor Gard
Fig. 1. The sum of the total yield of
two years of research (20092010) of strawberry cv. Salsa.
*Means assigned identical letters do not differ significantly at the level of significance a = 0,05.
15 12 9 ; 6 3 0
b
Vapor Gard
Fig. 2. Weight of the individual fruit of strawberry cv. Salsa
*Means assigned identical letters do not differ significantly at the level of significance a = 0,05.
Control
Control
the phosphorus and potassium contents in the leaves of control plants should be considered as low ones, whereas those in the leaves of plants being sprayed with antitranspirant as optimal ones. According to the authors, the leaves of control strawberry plants were characterised by an optimum magnesium content, while those of strawberry plants being sprayed with preparation Vapor Gard by high magnesium content. In the case of strawberry fruits, only the content of magnesium increased as a result of the application of preparation Vapor Gard. As far as the content of macroelements in strawberry fruits is concerned, it is also similar - like in the leaves - to the values given by many authors [20-22].
In the case of microelements and trace elements, the application of antitranspirant decreased the lead content only, both in the leaves and the fruits of strawberry cultivar Salsa (Tab. 3). The contents of microelements and trace elements being determined in the leaves and fruits of strawberry cultivar under
examination are within the content limits given for strawberries in the literature [10-13, 15-17, 20-26]. It should be noted that the content of heavy metals in the fruits of strawberry cultivar under examination did not exceed the acceptable standards (Official Journal of Laws, No. 37, item 326 of 2003).
Conclusions. 1. Antitranspirant Vapor Gard had an effect on increasing the crop yield and one fruit weight of strawberry cultivar Salsa. 2. Fruits of the strawberry plants being treated with antitranspirant Vapor Gard were characterised by a higher content of ascorbic acid and accumulated less nitrates than those of control plants. 3. Anti-transpirant Vapor Gard had an effect on increasing the potassium, calcium and magnesium contents in the strawberry leaves as well as that of magnesium in the strawberry fruits. 4. The application of this antitranspirant reduced accumulation of lead in the leaves and fruits of the strawberry cultivar being examined.
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