CC BY
2
UDC 811.113.5
Aleksandra Livanova
St. Petersburg State University
Ekaterina Lavrinaitis
Independent Researcher
Polina Tsikoreva
Independent Researcher
VERBS OF OSCILLATORY MOTION PER SE IN THE NORWEGIAN
LANGUAGE: AN ATTEMPT AT CLASSIFICATION
For citation: Livanova A., Lavrinaitis E., Tsikoreva P. Verbs of oscillatory motion per se in the Norwegian language: An attempt at classification. Scandinavian Philology, 2023, vol. 21, issue 2, pp. 218-236. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2023.202
The article is an initial attempt to identify, represent, and classify verbs of oscillatory motion in Norwegian. The mentioned verbs belong to the lexical-semantic group of motion verbs, but while preserving the integral feature of the semantic group (the physical movement of living beings and objects in space), they have their own characteristic features. Verbs denoting motion in which the object, while moving from the initial point to another, tends to return to it and generally remains within the confines of a more or less defined location, are grouped as verbs of oscillatory motion. The authors of studies conducted on the material of other languages divide this group into two subgroups: verbs of oscillatory motion per se (swaying) and verbs of vibrational motion. The second subgroup is beyond the scope of this article. The linguistic material is drawn from the online explanatory Norwegian dictionary [NAOB] and supplemented with data collected from contemporary mass media sources. As a result of the study, we identified and described 32 verbs of oscillatory motion. The results of this study can be used for further typological studies of Norwegian and other languages.
Keywords: lexical-semantic group, motion verbs, oscillatory motion, verb, semantic analysis, Norwegian language.
This article is an attempt to represent verbs of oscillatory motion in the Norwegian language. To our knowledge, there have been no specific studies conducted on this topic so far.
Verbs of oscillatory motion belong to the lexical-semantic group of motion verbs. Previous studies have examined both broad lexical-semantic groups of motion verbs and individual subgroups, as well as individual verbs. Several studies have been dedicated to Norwegian verbs [Livanova, 2018; Livanova, Vorobyeva, 2020; Livanova, Mordashova, 2020].
Although "Motion verbs undoubtedly belong to the core of the system of semantic means denoting spatial relations" [Maysak, 2005, p. 101], there are still numerous languages that are undescribed in this regard, and a number of unresolved questions.
We share the opinion of Vladimir Plungyan, who understands motion as a more general term. "Displacement is, on the one hand, a specific case of motion, and on the other hand, its prototypical representative" [Plungyan, 2011, p. 328]. In the case of displacement, there is a change in the localization of the moving participant of the situation. By grouping motion verbs together, we are guided by the same considerations that were expressed in the research paper [Novikov, 2011, p. 11], adhering to the view that the field includes units at both the lexical and other language levels. At the lexical level, the field includes units of various parts of speech classes, while the lexical-semantic group includes units belonging to the same part of speech.
Lexical units denoting physical movement of living beings and inanimate objects belong to the semantic group of motion verbs [Maysak, 2005]. For all of them, it is implied that the starting and ending points of the motion do not coincide. This property is clearly expressed in verbs of displacement. However, languages also have verbs that denote motion in which the object, although moving from the initial point to another, tends to return to it and remains within a more or less defined location. These are verbs that denote oscillatory motion. While maintaining the integral characteristic of the semantic group of motion verbs, they possess a number of particular features.
The Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Verbs defines the typical semantics of verbs of oscillatory motion as "to move in one place or within a limited space", while performing repeated up-and-down or side-to-side movements. The base Russian verb suggested is kole-
batsya1: 'to sway', and the list includes a total of six verbs [Babenko, 1999, p. 67].
In the semantic dictionary of the Russian language, predicates of motion are divided into predicates of rectilinear, rotary, and non-rectilinear motion. Oscillatory motion, trembling, and localized motion are classified as non-rectilinear motion. The typical semantics of verbs of oscillatory motion is described as "to move rhythmically in different directions", and the semantics of verbs of trembling is described as "to be in a state of continuous and uniform oscillations" [Vasilyev, 2002, p. 76]. These two groups are also identified in the works of [Dvornikova, 2010, p. 278] and [Solovar, 2018, p. 306].
Verbs of proper oscillatory motion have been studied in different language systems: English and German [Veleishikova, 2010], Russian and German [Dvornikova, 2010], Russian and Polish [Rakhilina, Pro-kofyeva, 2005], Uralic languages [Shapiro, 2015], and Finnish [Shapiro, 2013]. This study history is presented in the article [Dvornikova, 2010]. Scandinavian languages have not been the object of study in this regard. Vibrational verbs are beyond the scope of this article, which only attempts to create a primary classification of Norwegian verbs of oscillatory motion per se. The metaphorical use of these verbs is mentioned only in cases where it helps to identify the peculiarities of their semantics.
The linguistic material examined in the article is taken from the online Norwegian explanatory dictionary NAOB with some additions. The translation of lexemes into Russian is verified with the dictionary [Berkov, 2003], and into English, with the dictionary by Kirkeby [Kirke-by, 1986]2. In the course of the linguistic analysis of the 32 Norwegian verbs, we were able to refine their main translation equivalents in Russian and English. The number of examined units indicates that the Norwegian language makes detailed distinctions between types of oscillatory motion. For comparison, [Dvornikova, 2010] lists 17 German verbs, and the systems mentioned in [Davidyuk, 2018, p. 132] are described as rich with 15 verbs. In this article, the authors attempted to present not only the central verbs of the group but also peripheral elements.
1 The Russian verbs mentioned in the article are transliterated from the Cyrillic into the Latin script.
2 In case of missing English equivalent, we use the sign ~ and provide the closest explanation.
The dedicated verb study [Michalsen, 2019, s. 109-117] provides a list of the 250 most common Norwegian verbs, which does not include oscillatory motion verbs. In the list of ten thousand most frequent word forms presented in the frequency dictionary [Heggstad, 1982, s. 81-138], four verbs are included: svinge 'to swing', b0lge 'to wave', vaie 'to wave', and vifte 'to flutter'3. It can be assumed that the more verbs are included in the group, the lower the frequency of each of them in speech. This circumstance distinguishes oscillatory motion verbs from other motion verbs, which "belong to the most significant units of natural language" [Maysak, p. 101].
However it may be, the above allows us to highlight the verb svinge 'to swing' as the dominant verb in this group, which is also evidenced by its use in physical terminology to denote the corresponding phenomenon. In the Norwegian encyclopedic dictionary, physical oscillations are referred to as svingninger 'swings' [Store norske leksikon, 1991, s. 285], which is a derivative of the verb svinge.
The usage analysis of the verbs in this group allowed us to classify them into several subgroups according to their differential semantic features. The following characteristics were taken into account: agentiv-ity, type of object and support, medium in which the oscillations occur, amplitude, intensity and direction of oscillations, synonymy, figurative uses, and inclusion in other lexical-semantic groups. The examples used in the article, unless otherwise specified, are taken from the Norwegian explanatory dictionary NAOB.
(1) We will start with the two least semantically marked verbs, namely svinge 'to swing' and pendle swing from side to side, i. e. in movement of a pendulum'.
The labile verb svinge 'to swing' is polysemous, and although all its meanings are related to changes in the position of an object, the meaning relevant to our analysis is only listed as the third item in the extensive article of the NAOB dictionary. The subject of svinge can be both material objects and living beings, as well as non-material objects. It is used metaphorically to indicate fluctuations in temperature, exchange rates, and so on. The point of support, medium, and direc-
3 The provided data are approximate since both publications do not indicate the part of speech, do not eliminate homonymy, let alone distinguish between literal and figurative usage.
tion of oscillation are irrelevant for this verb: svinge can be used instead of verbs with narrower semantics, which is why it is often used in the definitions of many verbs within the subgroup in the NAOB dictionary.
However, this verb is used more often for denoting intense oscillatory movements with a wide amplitude:
Lampene i taket begynte a svinge under rystelsen. 'The lamps in the ceiling started swinging during the shaking'.
Secondly, the impression is that in spoken language, written communication, and literary texts, native speakers prefer to use more precise terms (this question requires a separate study). Thus, svinge is not as dominant in the group as the verb kachatsya 'to sway' is in the Russian language (see [Rahilina, Prokofyeva, 2005, p. 305]).
Another example leads us to the next verb, which can be classified as one of the least marked in the mentioned aspects, the intransitive verb pendle:
pendelen, loddet svinger 'the pendulum, the sinker swings'.
The verb pendle is derived from the noun pendel 'pendulum' but can also denote oscillations in the horizontal plane:
De tok ut kompasskurs, men nala i kompasset pendlet. 'They took a compass bearing, but the compass needle swung from side to side'.
Outside of scientific literature, this verb is most often used metaphorically, indicating trips to and from a place of work, study, etc.:
[Prosjektene kunne gi] arbeidsplasser til folk som ellers matte flytte eller pendle. '[The projects could provide] jobs for people who would otherwise have to move or commute'.
Both of the discussed verbs are stylistically neutral.
(2) Three labile verbs specialize in denoting the oscillations of a rigid object with a specific type of support: gynge 'to rock', huske 'to seesaw', and vippe 'to tilt. The agent can be either an object or a person, usually located on the thing itself. Stylistically, all three verbs are neutral. The
amplitude and intensity of the oscillations are not expressed in the semantics of these verbs. The difference in meaning between them lies in the location of the support.
For gynge, the support is located at the bottom, and the swinging motion is back and forth. The classic example of an object that rocks is a gyngestol 'rocking chair'. This verb can also describe the oscillations of the supporting surface itself, such as the floor or a suspension bridge:
gulvene gynger av elde 'the floors sway with age'.
And finally, swinging can also occur from side to side. Objects whose swinging motion is indicated by the verb huske are suspended in space. The noun huske denotes a swing. For this verb, the location of the support is not absolute:
Lavrans sat og husket dattersonnen i knaet. 'Lavrans sat and swung his grandson on his knee'.
The verb vippe denotes the swinging of elongated objects, whether rigid or flexible, lifted and balanced on a base of support. The support is often located in the center but can be shifted closer to one end. The noun vippe denotes both a seesaw plank and a well crane. The verb vippe also describes the swaying of branches and the rocking of birds perched on branches, etc.:
grenene vipped paa en halvstor furu 'the branches swayed on a medium-sized pine tree'.
trosten vippede... fra det ene tra over i det andet 'the thrush hopped, swaying from one tree to another'.
When the imbalance semantics are actualized, the verb can denote other types of oscillations, as seen in the following example:
han vippet paa stolen 'he was rocking on the chair'.
Although this verb is borrowed into the Norwegian language from Middle Low German [NAOB], its position in the system differs from the one described for the modern German verb wippen in the article [Veleishikova, 2010, p. 56-57], where it is characterized as a "specifi-
cally designated linguistic unit for the direction parameter", marking the upward-downward motion. In the Norwegian language, there is more than just one verb that fulfills this function.
(3) Several verbs — rikke 'budge', rokke 'budge', rugge 'budge', and vugge (or vogge) 'rock' — primarily denote the causation of displacing a rigid object from equilibrium with a support from below (to rock). In their intransitive form, they indicate the rocking of an object resting on a solid base, causing it to be taken out of balance. The first three verbs differ primarily in the amplitude of the oscillation and the mass of the object (from smaller to larger for both indicators). All three can be used to describe the oscillation of body parts:
Det er kun med overkroppen han rokker. 'He only rocks with his upper body.
The same applies to the verb vugge, but it also has a narrower meaning of rocking a cradle (or a baby in it) or rocking motion of a cradle or a baby. The cradle itself is also called vugge. Additionally, this verb can denote rocking on water. It differs from the first three verbs in the subgroup by the absence of the component "budging the object to cause its displacement". In terms of meaning, it is close to the verb gynge, so it could be included in subgroup (2):
Ved vinduet star en gyngestol som vugger svakt. 'By the window stands a rocking chair that rocks gently'.
The outer periphery of this subgroup consists of the verbs bysse 'to lull', bikke 'to totter', and tippe 'to tilt, tip'.
The first one can also be classified as a sound verb: by origin, it is onomatopoeic, denoting the sounds of singing accompanying the lulling of a baby in one's arms. The fact that this verb currently primarily denotes motion can be evidenced by the following quote:
Om en baby har blitt bysset i sovn i armene, vil hun ofte 0nske den samme byssebevegelsen. 'If a baby has been lullabied to sleep in someone's arms, they will often desire the same lulling motion' [Lillemini].
The second verb, bikke 'to totter', is used to describe a (tall) object with support from below that sways or loses balance. The object can return to a stable position or fall:
Jeg sitter pa do, og plutselig sa begynner en Lano flaske som star pa benken pa bade a bikke fram og tilbake uten at noen er borti den! 'I'm sitting on the toilet, and suddenly a Lano bottle on the bathroom counter starts tilting back and forth without anyone touching it!' [Ung.no — kvalitets-sikret informasjon til ungdom]
The fact that bikke can denote falling due to loss of balance is also evidenced by its figurative meaning used in spoken language, comparable to the Russian slang verb perekinutsya 'to die' (literally 'to overturn'):
Nar jeg bikker, kommer [broren min] til a selge hele dritten. 'When I kick the bucket, [my brother] will sell the whole crap'.
In terms of meaning and usage, the verb tippe is similar to bikke. It is a relatively recent borrowing from the English language (not present in the paper version of the NAOB dictionary of 1995):
Vitenskapen bak koppen som ikke tipper er at den bruker en sikkerhets-sugekopp. 'The science behind the cup that doesn't tip is that it uses a safety suction cup'.
In many respects, tippe is similar to vippe, the last verb in subgroup (2), which is indicated in the definitions in Norwegian dictionaries as its synonym.
(4) The verbs bikke and tippe, which are peripheral in subgroup (3), could also be classified as peripheral in subgroup (4). It includes verbs that convey the notion of an unstable object. This subgroup itself is also heterogeneous and can be divided into four clusters: 1) rangle, sjangle, skrakle, skrangle that all mean 'to sway (causing noise)'; 2) slenge 'to dangle, hang', slentre 'saunter'; 3) rave 'to reel'; svaie 'to sway'; 4) vagge 'roll', vakle 'wobble', vingle to stagger'. However, all the verbs in subgroup (4), despite their differences of meaning, can indicate an unsteady gait, while the verbs bikke and tippe cannot.
Cluster 1. In the first cluster, the agent is primarily a human being. The prototypical verb is sjangle 'to stagger':
hun sjangler som en fyllik 'she walks staggering like a drunk'.
Since the cause of an unsteady gait is often alcoholic intoxication, and the swaying of intoxicated individuals bumping into objects along their path is accompanied by noise, the verbs in this group have developed a figurative meaning of 'staggering around pubs' or 'going out on a drinking spree.
For rangle 'go boozing, on a spree', this meaning has become predominant in standard Norwegian:
en gammel barndomsvenn som jeg rangla et d0gn sammen med 'an old childhood friend with whom I went binge drinking for a day'.
The infrequent verbs skrakle 'to rumble', and skrangle 'to jolt, rattle' primarily denote the noisy vibrations of vehicles on uneven roads:
trikken skranglet forbi 'the tram rumbled past'. However, they are also used when referring to a person:
det skulde bli nydelig at se hende skrangle rundt paa en scene med det lange, stokstive benranglet sit 'it would be delightful to see her staggering around on stage with her long, skinny, stiff-legged body'.
Cluster 2. Purposeful human activity is often associated with a straight and fast stride, while relaxed unsteadiness indicates the absence of a specific goal. This idea is conveyed by the verbs in cluster 2 slenge and slentre with the meaning 'to saunter aimlessly'.
Du kan ikke ga slik og slenge 'You can't just saunter like that'. Slenge is also used to indicate an unsteady gait:
en full mann gikk og slang i gaten 'a drunk man staggered along the street'.
Intransitively, the labile verb slenge when used with inanimate objects also means 'to (hang and) sway':
[familien] ble sittende i bilen og se pa husken som slenger frem og tilbake '[the family] sat in the car and watched the swing swaying back and forth'.
This verb also describes the disorderly swaying of loosely fitted clothing or similar items:
Klarne hang og slang pa ham. 'His clothes were hanging and swaying
on him'.
Notably, flared pants are called bukse med sleng 'pants with a sway (with a derived noun).
Additionally, slenge has developed a stative resultative meaning of lying in disorder:
Kj0kkenutstyr som la og slang pa gulvet under kj0kkenbenken. 'Kitchen
utensils lying in disorder on the floor beneath the kitchen counter'.
For the verb slentre the figurative meaning associated with behavior has become predominant:
otte mennesker slentrede om paa tunet 'eight people sauntered around
the yard'.
We classify this verb as peripheral within the group.
To sum it up, many of the verbs from clusters 1 and 2 represent the instability of movement, lack of specific goal and direction, and describe the actions of a person. As a result, these verbs develop figurative meanings related to specific types of behavior. This is also characteristic of Russian verbs like boltatsya 'to hang around' and shatatsya 'to sway'.
Cluster 3. The verbs that stand somewhat apart are rave 'to reel' and svaie 'to sway'.
The verb rave, just like the verbs in the first cluster of the considered subgroup, has the meaning of staggering or swaying while walking:
hun raved for hvert steg hun tog 'she staggered with each step she took'.
However, unlike the mentioned verbs, the semantic aspect of sound is not present in the verb rave, nor in the semantics of the second verb in the cluster, svaie 'to sway' (can also mean 'to lean'). However, this verb can describe both the unsteadiness of a person's gait and uncontrolled oscillatory movements of the upper body:
Han satt ogsvaiet bak rattet. 'He sat behind the wheel, swaying'.
Mannen holdt en 0l, svaiet kraftig med overkroppen ogpratet smvlende 'The man held a beer, swayed heavily with his upper body, and slurred his speech'.
Furthermore, the subject of this verb can be a tall and relatively narrow artifact; usually, the upper part of the object sways in relation to the stationary lower part:
svart h0ye bygninger svaier fra side til side 'very tall buildings sway from side to side'.
Cluster 4. The meaning of swaying or walking unsteadily is presented in the semantics of all verbs in this cluster (vagge, vakle, vingle 'roll, wobble'):
En h0ygravid kvinne kommer vaggende inn. A heavily pregnant woman wobbles inside'.
Han vaklet inn pa sykehuset i Alicante. 'He staggered into the hospital in Alicante'.
Kvinnen forteller at... den na siktede mannen... skal ha vinglet opp avgmften ogfremstatt beruset. 'The woman tells that... the now accused man... staggered out of the ditch and appeared intoxicated' [VG 2023].
However, each of the three verbs has its semantic peculiarities. For vagge, the main meaning is to gently, rhythmically, and steadily sway a part of the body mainly from side to side, occasionally back and forth:
Patricia vagget ettertenksomt pa hodet. 'Patricia swayed thoughtfully with her head'.
For vakle, the subject can also be an artifact:
Etgodt bordstativ bidrar til et stabiltskrivebord som ikke vakler. 'A good table stand contributes to a stable desk that doesn't wobble'.
The idea of instability serves as a basis for the metaphorical use of the verb vakle, in the sense of 'experiencing doubts':
Han var allsidig utrustet og vaklet mellom musikken og medisinen som levevei. 'He was versatile and wavered between music and medicine as a livelihood.
In contemporary Norwegian, the subject of the verb vingle is most often a means of transportation or, metonymically, the person riding in it:
En ung kvinne matte fikse litt pa haret mens hun kj0rte, og vinglet nok til at dem i bilen bak henne varslet politet. 'A young woman had to fix her hair while driving and swerved enough for the people in the car behind her to notify the police'.
Vingle, just like vakle, has developed a metaphorical meaning of uncertainty in opinions. However, while vakle is relatively neutral in evaluation, vingle tends to express a negative assessment:
Utenriksminister ... beskyldes for a vingle og fomle. 'The Foreign Minister is accused of wavering and fumbling' [tv2, 2011].
So, for some verbs in group (4), the support from below and the human agent are not obligatory components of the meaning, but they possess the semantics of sound (rangle, sjangle, skrangle). In this aspect, they are similar to verbs in group (7).
(5) Three verbs in their primary meaning describe oscillations in a water medium or on the water surface: b0lge 'to wave', duppeto rock, sway (on the water)', and duve 'pitch (about a vessel on the waves)'.
In the normal case, the subject for b0lge is a water body. Figuratively, b0lge is used to denote both soft and hard surfaces that have a wavy shape (i. e. a roof) or wavy movements (i. e. a field). It does not have the metaphorical meaning of being nervous, as in Russian.
The verbs duppe and duve primarily denote the rocking of an object on a swaying water surface. However, duppe suggests rather abrupt movements:
de tre kajakkene duppet opp og ned pa b0lgene 'the three kayaks bobbed up and down on the waves'.
In its turn, duve signifies smooth swaying:
To bäter lä og duvet ved siden av hverandre. 'Two boats lay swaying next to each other!
Moreover, metaphorically, duve can denote gentle swaying of other types of objects (women's hips, cradle, etc.) in a different context:
...gras og blomstervekster duver i sommervinden '...grass and flowers sway in the summer breeze.
(6) Two verbs specialize in denoting irregular oscillations of objects in the air medium: flagre 'to flutter' and vaie 'to wave'. Most often, they refer to fabrics fixed on one side.
Flagre denotes the uneven fluttering or waving (in the wind) of a sheet during (sharp) gusts of wind:
1100 behäer flagrer i vinden. '1100 bras flutter in the wind' [NRK 2011].
On the other hand, vaie signifies graceful billowing or waving, and it belongs to a more formal style:
Pä brua vaiet flaggene, mens ved siden av "flagret" soppelet. 'On the bridge, the flags billowed while next to it, the trash "fluttered"' [Hit-ra-Fr0ya].
(7) Three verbs describe the erratic oscillations of objects hanging from above: dangle '« to dangle', dingle 'to dangle, swing', and slenge 'to dangle, hang').
For the intransitive verbs dangle and dingle, with the latter being significantly more frequent, an important semantic aspect is the sound associated with the corresponding movement (jingling, jangling). The subject of such a verb, playing the semantic role of a grammatical patient, often consists of objects made up of small parts that clink together when swinging:
odelagte lysekroner dingler fra taket 'broken chandeliers dangle from the ceiling' [Bokmälsordboka].
Presumably, because it is usually the small parts of a whole object that jingle, the verb is more commonly used with the vowel -i-, which corresponds to the phonosemantics.
The importance of the phonetic component is also evident in formations where both of these roots appear with alternating vowels: dingle-dangle 'hanging ornament' [Lenas gaver til deg selv eller en venn].
However, when emphasizing the semantic component of the disorderly movement of loosely attached parts, the sound component can be neutralized:
[hun] sitter pa torvkassa og dingler med f0ttene '[she] sits on the peat box and dangles her feet'.
(8) The last subgroup consists of two verbs primarily used as transitive verbs to denote the oscillation of a tool or a body part: vifte 'to flutter' and vinke 'to beckon' (or 'to wave'). The main translation for both in Russian is mahat' 'to wave'.
Hun slukket sigaretten og viftet vekk en mygg. 'She put out her cigarette and waved away a mosquito' [Norsk bokmal-tysk ordbok].
The verb vifte is also used as a synonym for flagre:
fanerne viftede 'the banners were waving'.
According to this, it could be analyzed together with the verbs in subgroup (6). However, the specific trait of subgroup (8) is the designation of non-verbal communication signals:
[han] viftet elegant med hatten til avskjed '[he] elegantly waved his hat goodbye'.
Whether the signal indicates approach or departure is usually evident from the prepositional complement or adverbial modifier used in the statement:
[Dovregubben] vinker sine fortrolige nxrmere til sig. '[The Mountain King] beckons his confidants closer'.
Moreover, the verb vinke is conventionalized as a verbal equivalent for an etiquette non-verbal gesture:
han hilste pa dem, og de vinket tilbake 'he greeted them, and they waved back'
En hand kan hilse og vinke farvel. 'A hand can greet and wave goodbye'.
Several preliminary conclusions can be drawn about the relevant semantic features of verbs related to oscillatory motion in the Norwegian language:
1. Support point and trajectory of movement:
— swinging of a fixed object, including pendulum-like motion;
— oscillations on a supporting surface;
— axis of oscillation: up and down, back and forth, sideways.
2. The subject of the oscillations can be:
— a person or another living being;
— an artifact (and, metonymically, a person located in/on it);
— a body part of a person or a tool;
— a flexible or rigid object, a sheet.
Earlier, it was noted for Norwegian motion verbs that "many of them are labile" [Livanova, Vorobyeva, 2020, p. 86]. This observation is also relevant for verbs in this group.
The amplitude, intensity, and regularity of oscillation can also be a distinguishing feature for some verbs. A number of verbs in this group have developed metaphorical meanings, but this issue requires separate consideration, as well as the use of these lexemes with prepositional complements, reflexive pronoun seg, adverbial modifiers, and noticeable phonosemantic characteristics shared by verbs in certain subgroups (dangle, dingle, rangle, sjangle, skrangle, vingle; ragge, rugge, vagge, vug-ge; rikke, rokke).
Comparison with the results of other studies shows that the system of semantic oppositions relevant to verbs of proper oscillatory motion in Norwegian is distinct from the extensively described systems of related Germanic languages such as English and German in the paper [Veleishikova, 2010]. As noted in [Dvornikova, 2010, p. 281], "German verbs of proper oscillatory motion have a narrower semantics compared to similar Russian verbs". This observation is even more applicable to the Norwegian language, which has more verbs of oscillatory motion than German or Finnish, which is described as having a "sufficiently rich system" with ten verbs [Shapiro, 2015, p. 32].
The large number of verbs can be explained by the historical development of the Norwegian language, which borrowed vocabu-
lary both from related Germanic languages, including dialects of the German language at various stages, as well as numerous Norwegian dialects. It is true also for Norwegian that the semantics of each verb in the group "combines several features of different nature". This conclusion was previously drawn by comparing data on different languages in the article by Shapiro [Shapiro, 2015, p. 30]. The meanings of the verbs tend to overlap. This aspect also requires more thorough study, including a comparison with cognates in closely related Danish and Swedish. The low frequency in written texts and the complexity of systematic oppositions in the semantics of the examined verbs can indicate their limited importance in the life of the language community and their peripheral position in the naive picture of the world.
DICTIONARIES AND INTERNET RESOURCES
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Александра Ливанова
Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет Екатерина Лавринайтис Независимый исследователь Полина Цикорева
Независимый исследователь
ГЛАГОЛЫ СОБСТВЕННО КОЛЕБАТЕЛЬНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ В НОРВЕЖСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ: ПОПЫТКА КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ
Для цитирования: Livanova A., Lavrinaitis E., Tsikoreva P. Verbs of oscillatory motion per se in the Norwegian language: An attempt at classification // Скандинавская филология. 2023. Т. 21. Вып. 2. С. 218-236. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2023.202
Статья является первичной попыткой выявления, репрезентации и классификации глаголов колебательного движения в норвежском языке. Указанные глаголы относятся к лексико-семантической группе глаголов движения, однако, сохраняя интегральный признак семантической группы — физическое перемещение живых существ и предметов в пространстве, имеют свои характерные особенности. Глаголы, обозначающие движение, при котором объект, двигаясь от исходной точки к другой, стремится вернуться к ней и в целом остается в пределах локации, более или менее широко очерченной, выделяются в группу глаголов колебательного движения. Авторы исследований, проведенных ранее на материале других языков, делят эту группу на две подгруппы: глаголы собственно колебательного движения (качания) и глаголы движения вибрационного характера. Вторая подгруппа остается за рамками этой статьи. Языковой материал почерпнут из сетевого толкового норвежского словаря (NAOB) и дополнен данными, собранными в современных средствах массовой информации. В результате исследования было выявлено и описано 32 глагола собственно колебательного движения, которые были разделены на 8 подгрупп на основании релевантных особенностей как характера движения, так и его участников и среды, в которой оно происходит. Большое по сравнению с другими языками количество глаголов колебательного движения может объясняться особенностями исторического развития норвежского языка, при этом значения глаголов неизбежно пересекаются и накладываются друг на друга. Результаты данного исследования могут быть использованы для дальнейшего типологических изучения норвежского и иных языков.
Ключевые слова: лексико-семантическая группа, глаголы движения, колебательное движение, глагол, семантический анализ, норвежский язык.
Aleksandra Livanova
PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State University,
7-9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation E-mail: a.livanova@spbu.ru
Ливанова Aлександрa Николаевна
кандидат филологических наук, доцент, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет,
Российская Федерация, 199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7-9 E-mail: a.livanova@spbu.ru
Ekaterina Lavrinaitis
Master in Philology, Independent Researcher,
27, Morskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199058, Russian Federation E-mail: ekatlavr@gmail.com
Лавринайтис Екатерина Андреевна
магистр лингвистики, независимый исследователь,
Российская Федерация, 199058, Санкт-Петербург, Морская наб., 27 E-mail: ekatlavr@gmail.com
Polina Tsikoreva
PhD in Philology, Independent Researcher, 9, Cobblestone Lane, Belmont, 94002, USA E-mail: polina.tsikoreva@gmail.com
Цикоревa Полина Николаевна
кандидат филологических наук, независимый исследователь, США, 94002, Белмонт, Cobblestone Lane, 9 E-mail: polina.tsikoreva@gmail.com
Received: June 30, 2023 Accepted: July 15, 2023
